Ancient linguists in the history of Chinese.

Xunzi (about 303 BC-238 BC), also known as Xunzi and Zhao in the Warring States Period. He has been to Qi and Qin countries. In his later years, Chun was called into Chu by Shen Jun as the Lanling Order. Xunzi was a famous thinker at the end of the Warring States period, and he was a master of all the philosophers. Xunzi's linguistic thought is mainly embodied in Zhengmingpian. This paper focuses on the relationship between words and concepts, language and thinking, dialects and homophones, and points out that the relationship between "name" and "reality" is "established", which correctly reveals the social essence of language and is the first theoretical cornerstone of China's ancient language research.

Yang Xiong (53 BC-AD 18), also known as Yang Xiong, was born in Chengdu (now Chengdu, Sichuan), a Shu county in the Western Han Dynasty. He is a poet, philosopher and linguist. He is a stutterer and can't talk about drama, but he is eager to learn and think. Good at Ci Fu, official to the Yellow Gate, experienced success, love and peace in san huang. When Xin Mang called for a doctor, he died of poverty and disease. His works include Qi Xuan's Envoys Explaining Other Dialects, Xunbian, Biezi, Biography of Cang Xie, Fayan, Taixuan, Ganquan Fu, Changyang Fu and Hunting Feather Fu. Among them, Dialect, 15 (this edition 13 1 1900), which lasted for 27 years, preserved a lot of precious ancient Chinese words and dialect materials. It is not only the first monograph on dialectology in the history of China, but also plays an important role in the history of world linguistics, which has been passed down to this day. Three works involving language and characters, such as Biezi, Xun Debate and Biography of Cang Xie, have all been lost.

Liu Xin (about 553 BC-AD 23) was a famous Zi Jun, later renamed Xiu, and was named Ying Shu, a bibliographer and classical Chinese scholar in the Western Han Dynasty. Pei Gong (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province) was his fifth grandson and Liu Xiang's second son. He is a young scholar who is good at writing and has learned a lot about poetry. He was Huang Menlang when he was emperor, and later served as a captain of Zhong Yi and Jing. Zeng and his father Liu Xiang were responsible for collating books. After Liu Xiang's death, Liu Xin continued to sort out the books of Six Arts, and based on Liu Xiang's Bielu, he wrote Seven Views. Qilue is the first classified catalogue of books in China, including compilation (general introduction), six arts, hundred schools of thought, poetry and fu, skills, art of war and methods. The original book was lost earlier, and most of its main contents were kept in the History of Han, Art and Literature. In the study of Confucian classics, Liu Xin worked hard to establish classical Chinese classics such as Zuo Zhuan, Shi Mao, Wen Gu Shangshu, and wrote Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period and Er Ya Zhu, all of which were lost. In the Qing Dynasty, Ma Guohan compiled The Lost Book of Fang Shan in Yu Han.

Xu Shen (about 58 AD-about 147) was born in Zhaoling, Runan (now east of Yancheng County, Henan Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is a classical scholar and linguist in China. He is a man of great learning. He has worked as a county magistrate, a wine-offering official of Taiwei Nange, and a long history official. He is known as "Xu's wine official" in the world, and once served as a school official in Dongguan. Xu Shen's main achievement is Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which established the theory of "Six Books" to study the structure of Chinese characters. According to this theory, he analyzed 9000 words collected in the book one by one, pointed out the original meaning and structure of each word, and at the same time analyzed 540 Chinese characters and established the radical index method. These achievements have made Xu Shen enjoy a lofty position not only in China, but also in the history of world linguistics.

Ma Rong (AD 79- 166) was a Maoling native of Fufeng (now northeast of Xingping City, Shaanxi Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is a famous master and writer of ancient Chinese classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is willful and informal, good at playing drums and flutes, and a student. Ma Rong has made great contributions to the development of China's classical masterpieces, and his works are rich, including Biography of Similarities and Differences, Notes on Filial Piety, Analects of Confucius, Notes on Shi Mao, Zhouyi, Li San, Shangshu, Lienv, Laozi, Huainanzi and Shi Mao.

Zheng Xuan (A.D. 127-200) was born in Gaomi, Beihai (now southwest of Gaomi County, Shandong Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is a master of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty, and he is called "Hou Zheng" in the world, which is a sign that he is different from Zheng Zhengxing and Zheng Zheng's son. When I was young, I used to be a country husband, but I don't intend to be an official. I went to imperial academy to attack Zhouyi and his biographies, followed by Zhang's Ancient Literature History and Zuo Zhuan. Then I went to the Western Heaven to learn ancient classics from Ma Rong, so I learned a lot of classics. After returning to China, I worked in Laiyang, where there are thousands of scholars. He was imprisoned when the party was closed. After his release, Duman stayed at home and concentrated on writing. General blades, Yuan Shao and others asked him to be an official, but they all refused. Later, it was called Daxing Nong, which was also called Zheng Xingnong in the past. Scholarship focuses on the study of ancient classics in China, and at the same time adopts the study of modern classics in China, attaching importance to group classics, which greatly improves the status of ancient classics in China. Among them, Jian and Zhu have the greatest influence and have been passed down to this day. Other books, such as Zhouyi Annotation, Analects of Confucius Annotation, Shangshu Annotation, Shi Pu, Liu Yi Lun and Refuting Five Classics' Different Meanings, have all been lost.

Liu Xi (unknown) was born in Beihai in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ming Shi is China's first etymological monograph. The book imitates erya style, with eight volumes and 27 articles, and more than 1,500 words. The interpretation is mainly based on phonology, that is, to explore the origin of word names according to their pronunciation. Although it inevitably runs through the appendix, it reveals the characteristics of Chinese phonetic synonyms to a great extent, which has important reference value for the study of Chinese etymology, exegetics and phonology.

Guo Pu (AD 276-324), a native of Wenxi (now wenxi county, Shanxi) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was an official and businessman at first, and then joined the army to write essays in Wang Dun. He was killed for remonstrating Wang Dun's rebellion. He is uninhibited, disrespectful, well-read, and good at exegesis, especially ancient Chinese and strange characters. Annotations are very rich, which pay attention to the comparison between ancient and modern times and preserve a lot of Jin Dynasty corpus, which is of high academic value. These include Er Ya Zhu, Dialect Zhu, Shan Hai Jing Zhu, Mu Chuan Zhu, Chu Ci Zhu, Zi Xu Fu Zhu, Shang and so on. , spread to this day, and there is a monk release.

In ancient times (A.D. 5 19-58 1), Liang Chen Shiwu (now Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province) of Southern Dynasties was a philologist. Li Guan, Dr. imperial academy, General Jin Wei, Prince Geng Ling, Assistant Minister Huang Men, Guang Luxun, etc. I once majored in the history of Liang. Jade Piece is a philological work after Shuowen Jiezi, which occupies an important position in the history of China philology. The book has 30 volumes, divided into 542 parts according to the style of Shuowen, with 169 17 words and detailed explanations. The original book has been lost, and the revised edition of Chen Pengnian and others in the Song Dynasty has been passed down to this day, and it was renamed Pian Yu, with a large number of words and an old system. Fortunately, there are still the remnants of Pian Yu between the Tang and Song Dynasties, from which we can get a glimpse of the original appearance of Pian Yu. Gu's other works include Historical Records, Furuitu, General History, Biography of National History and Erya Yin.

Lu Fayan (AD 562-? ) noun, a word for "kindness", is a phonologist from Linzhang (now Linzhang County, Hebei Province) in Sui and Wei counties. Zeng Guan accepted Lang Feng, but was later dismissed because his father Lu Shuang offended the imperial court. Qieyun reflects the characteristics of ancient Chinese phonetics, is the main material for studying ancient Chinese phonetics, and is also an indispensable reference and basis for studying ancient Chinese phonetics and modern Chinese phonetics. It plays a very important role in the history of linguistics in China. The book consists of five volumes, with a rhyme of 193, and the outline is jointly formulated by Yan Zhitui and Xiao Gai. After the Song Dynasty, the original books died out, and it was not until the late Qing Dynasty that some written or revised versions of biographies of Tang Dynasty were found in Dunhuang Grottoes, Turpan, Xinjiang and the Forbidden City, and most of them were incomplete volumes. However, the book Guang Yun edited by Song people completely retains the content and style of Qieyun.

Lu Deming (A.D. 556-627) was named Yuen Long, whose name was Deming, and he was an exegetical scholar of Confucian classics. During the Tang Dynasty, he was born in Wu, Suzhou (now Wu County, Jiangsu Province). When Chen was a teaching assistant, Chen died of illness and returned to his hometown. When Yang Di was recruited as a teaching assistant, he worshipped the doctor and Prince Zhongyun in Tang Zhenguan and made Wu Jun a public. His works mainly include Classic Interpretation, Lao Zi Shu and Yi Shu, all of which have been handed down from generation to generation. Among them, Classic Annotation is a collection of more than 230 phonetic annotation materials since the Han, Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is an important material for studying the Chinese phonological exegesis and classic versions in the Han, Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties. The book has 30 volumes, covering 14 kinds of classics, including twelve classics such as Zhouyi and The Book of Songs, and two sub-books such as Laozi and Zhuangzi. Mencius was not listed as a classic in the Tang Dynasty and was not accepted. It was included in Laozi and Zhuangzi because of the influence of metaphysics.

Xu Xuan (A.D. 7 19-992) was born in Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) in the early Northern Song Dynasty and was a philologist. At the beginning of the Southern Tang Dynasty, he served as a senior minister, such as You Cheng, Hanlin Bachelor, Gu Jinshi, and Shangshu of the official department. After entering the Song Dynasty, the official worshiped and rode away as a servant. Good at writing, good at official script. In the imperial edict, Zheng Zhong and others jointly revised Shuo Wen Jie Zi, corrected its mistakes, supplemented 19 words that were missing from the original text, and added 402 words that were not included in the original book (that is, new attached words), each of which was added with anti-tangent, and some words were annotated. At the same time, the original book is divided into 30 volumes from 15, with 540 tables at the beginning. The revised Shuo Wen Jie Zi restored the original appearance of the book to a great extent and improved its practicability. It is the most popular school to study Shuowen, and is called "Great Xu Ben" in the world.

Xu Kai (920-974 AD) was a philologist with Xu. Shinan Tang Guan was a bachelor in Jixian Hall, a scholar in literature and history, etc. Song Jun died in the city when he captured Jinling. He lost his father at the age of four, learned from his younger brother, read widely, memorized, and had a good primary school. His achievements are as famous as his younger brother Xuan, and he is called "Big Xu" by the world. The 30-volume series of Shuowen Jiezi Zhuan is a comprehensive work to interpret and study Shuowen, which was written before Xu Ben. Every time Xu Yi is expounded in the book, many things, such as "borrowing", "ancient and modern characters", "quoting meaning" and "seeking meaning by sound", have started the study of Shuowen in the Qing Dynasty and attracted the attention of people who have been studying Shuowen, and have been called "Little Xu Ben" internationally.

Zhou Deqing (A.D. 1277- 1365), a phonologist, was born in Gao 'an, Ruizhou (now Gao 'an, Jiangxi) in the Yuan Dynasty. Being good at melody, he wrote "The Rhyme of the Central Plains" in the first year of Taiding (1324). This book was written according to the actual pronunciation in the north at that time, which is quite different from the orthodox rhyme book since Qieyun. The book is divided into 19 parts, and the balance is divided into yin and yang. In the Middle Ages, the upper voice was classified as a falling tone, and the alto was cancelled. These characteristics are very close to the pronunciation of Beijing dialect today. Because this book reflects the important changes of Chinese phonetics in Yuan Dynasty, it is of great value to the study of modern phonetics and the history of Chinese phonetics, so it has attracted the attention of academic circles.

Changdi (A.D.1541-1617) was a native of Lianjiang County (now Lianjiang County, Fujian Province) in the Ming Dynasty, and was an exegetical scholar in phonology. He joined the army when he was young, from an official to a guerrilla general. He is good at phonological exegesis, treats ancient sounds with the concept of historical development, opposes the theory of "Ye Yin", and points out that "there are ancient and modern, there are places in the north and south, and words are changed and sounds are shifted". This correct understanding had a great influence on the study of ancient phonology in Qing Dynasty. He is the author of Textual Research on the Ancient Sounds of Mao Poetry, Ancient Meanings of Qu and Song Poetry, Reading Poems and Insufficient Words, Fuxi Tuzan, Shangshu Yan Shu, etc.

Gu (A.D.1613-1682) was originally named Jiang, and was later renamed. A native of Kunshan (now Kunshan, Jiangsu) in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, he was a famous phonologist and scholar. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, he was a scholar. He was educated in the patriotic thoughts of his heirs and mothers from an early age, with the heart of serving the country. He once joined the Fu Society to fight against the eunuch strongmen. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, they took an active part in the anti-Qing uprising in Kunshan. After failing, they fled to the north, studied for life and refused to be an official. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), the court compiled Ming History, which was flatly rejected. Gu's academic ideas are practical, opposed to empty talk, and focused on textual research, which created the wind of simple learning in Qing Dynasty. In astronomy, geography, classics and history, phonology and exegesis, epigraphy and other aspects, he is omniscient, extensive and profound, and his writings are extremely rich, so he can be called a master of a generation. The 38 volumes of Wuyin, which lasted for 30 years, is the foundation stone of ancient phonology in Qing Dynasty. In addition to five books on Yin studies, Gu's works related to language and writing include Jin Shi Lu, Textual Research on the Stone Classics, Errors in the Nine Classics, Zuo Zhuan, Records of the Days, Archaeological Records of JD.COM, and Rhymes of Tang and Song Dynasties to Supplement the Similarities and Differences.

Jiang Yong (A.D.1681-1762) was born in Wuyuan County (now Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province) in the Qing Dynasty, and was a phonologist. I have been studious and thoughtful all my life, and have no intention of career. Classics, primary schools, regulations, systems, geography, and clock methods are all involved. Confucian classics is famous for its textual research, which opened the wind of Confucian classics in Anhui school. He is good at phonology and the originator of phonology school. The ancient rhyme is divided into thirteen parts, which corrects Gu's theory of ten parts. His linguistic works mainly include Norm of Ancient Rhyme, Four Tones Table, Phonological Analysis and so on. His Confucian classics works mainly include Zhou Li's Yi Lue, Li Shu's Outline, Yi Li's Biography of Tong Jie, etc.

Dai Zhen (A.D. 1723- 1773) was a scholar and phonologist from Long Fu, Xiuning, Anhui Province in the Qing Dynasty. I once asked to learn from Jiang Yong, and then after having obtained the provincial examination, but courtesy was not the first. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), he was appointed as the editor of Siku, and was soon endowed with a scholar's background, so he chose Jishi Shu in imperial academy. He has read widely all his life and is good at primary school, mathematics and geography. He is a representative of Anhui Textual Research School. The phonology is divided into nine categories and twenty-five articles. The first article puts forward the three-tone mode of yin and yang in ancient phonology. His works mainly include Phonetic Rhyme, Phonetic Category Table, Continued Dialect, Dialect Interpretation, Six Books Theory, Erya Word Interpretation, Mencius Word Meaning Interpretation, Textual Research on Mao Zheng's Poems, Qu Yuan's Annotation, Li Yi's Textual Research, Ancient Calendar Interpretation, and Hehe.

Qian Daxin (A.D. 1728- 1804) was born in Jiading, Jiangsu (now Jiading County, Shanghai), a historian and phonologist. Qianlong Jinshi, edited by Li Guan Hanlin Academy, Bachelor of Du Shi, Assistant Minister of Zhan Shifu, etc. Later, due to Ding Fu's sad resignation, he returned to his hometown, stayed at home for more than 30 years, wrote books and lectured, presided over Zhongshan, Loudong and Ziyang academies, and had more than 2,000 apprentices. When I was young, I studied under Hui Dong, Shentong and other famous teachers. I knew everything about diction, history, writing, phonology, exegesis, astronomy, calendar, geography, epigraphy and official system. He is the author of Textual Research on Twenty-four History 100, 23 New Records of Ten Drives and Ten Feeds, 50 Collected Works of Thousand Words Hall, and another Classic Textual Research. In phonology, Qian first put forward the conclusion that "there was no consonant on the tongue in ancient times, there was no consonant on the tongue in ancient times, there were many tongues in ancient times, and the ancient shadow was metaphorical", which made important contributions to the study of ancient sounds.

Duan Yucai (A.D. 1735- 18 15) was a phonologist from Jintan County (now Jintan County) in Qing Dynasty. He studied under Dai Zhen and served as a magistrate in Yuping, Fushun, Nanxi, Wushan and other counties in Guizhou. At the age of 46, he resigned from his father's illness and lived in Qiao Feng, Suzhou, where he wrote books behind closed doors for more than 30 years. He devoted his life to the study of Shuowen, and wrote 30 volumes of Shuowen Jiezi Annotation, which lasted 19 years. He is brave in self-confidence, breaks the meaning of words and reads widely. The study of Shuowen is the most significant and influential study in Qing Dynasty. He also wrote six phonological tables and divided ancient rhymes into seventeen parts, which made great achievements. He also put forward the famous conclusion that "homophones must be in the same department", which solved the important task of expanding ancient rhymes. In addition to the above two books, Duan's works include sixteen volumes, four volumes, thirty volumes, thirty volumes, thirty volumes, twelve volumes and six volumes.

Gui Fu (A.D. 1736- 1805), whose real name is Dong Hui and Tian Xiang, was born in Qufu County (now Qufu County), Shandong Province, and was a philologist. Qianlong Jinshi served as an official in Yongping and Shunning County of Yunnan. During his life, he learned a lot about classics and specialized in primary schools. His achievements in managing Shuowen are as famous as Duan Yucai's, and he is also called Duan and Gui. His works mainly include Shuowen JieZheng Ziyi, Miaozhuan Fenyun, Shuowen Duan Zhuan Example, Shuowen Xiewen Phonology Textual Research and so on. Among them, the 50-volume Yi Zheng, which took 40 years of painstaking efforts, is the proof of righteousness, exhausting the group of books.

Wang Niansun (A.D. 1744- 1832) was born in Gaoyou, Jiangsu Province (now gaoyou county) in the Qing Dynasty, and was a phonological exegetist and textual research scientist. He studied under Dai Zhen and was a scholar when he was in Qianlong. He chose imperial academy Jishi Shu, Shangshu of the Ministry of Industry, Ph.D., Shaanxi Road Counselor and Yongding Yihe. The most famous works are Guangya Shuzheng and Reading Magazine. The ten volumes of Documentary Evidence seek righteousness by sound, which is not limited to form, strict but not chaotic. Eighty-two-volume magazines proofread classics, sub-books and history books, proofreading one word at a time, and proofreading all over the group, which is a model of proofreading. In phonology, there are 22 ancient rhymes, which have made great contributions. There are also masterpieces handed down from ancient times, such as Mao Shiqun's Classic Ancient Rhyme of Chu Ci, Shuowen Jiezi's Collation and Annotation, and Qi Xuan's Messenger's Explanation of Other Dialects.

Kong Guangsen (A.D. 1752- 1786) has many words, one word? Yue, Zhuan Xu, was born in Qufu (now Qufu County, Shandong Province) in Qing Dynasty. He is the grandson of Confucius in the sixty-eighth generation, a scholar and phonologist, who is good at mathematics and literary creation. Studied under Dai Zhen and Yao Nai. Qianlong Jinshi, Jishi Shu, Hanlin Academy, official library review, no intention of career, looking for a home. The book "Poetry" is divided into eighteen parts with ancient rhyme, which advocates the separation of "winter and winter" and initiates the theory of "yin and yang relative". Other works include The Sound and Meaning of the Spring and Autumn Ram, Dai Jibu, Ritual Review, Confucian Classics Review, Internal and External Articles of Shaoguang's Positive and Negative Techniques, etc.

Ruan Yuan (A.D. 1764- 1849) was born in Yizheng County, Jiangsu Province, and was a scholar and collator. Among Qianlong's Jinshi, he chose and experienced Guan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Governor Yungui, University Scholar Tijen Pavilion and Prince Taibao. , and achieved great success. Throughout his life, he took it as his duty to set up education and advocate academics, and successively founded Jingjing Jingshe and Xue Hai Hall in Hangzhou and Guangzhou to cultivate talents. He is knowledgeable, and his works mainly include Ancient Poems, Notes on the Sound and Meaning of Mencius, Notes on Ceng Zi, Notes on Literature Interpretation, Summary of Four Unreceived Bibliography, Records of Stone Carvings in Guangdong and Zhejiang, Notes on Stone Carvings in Zuoshan, Classic Notes on Xuehaitang, Notes on Yi Instruments in Zhong Ding, Jiguzhai, etc. And he is the editor-in-chief of the masterpiece. Among them, * * * 243 volumes of annotations on Thirteen Classics are the best ones.

Wang (A.D. 1766- 1834) was a native of Gaoyou, Jiangsu Province, and was an exegetist. Jiaqing Jinshi, granted editing, lectured, official to the history of the Ministry of Rites, the history of the Ministry of Industry. He studied under his father, was good at textual research and was familiar with grammar. His works mainly include fifteen volumes of Jing Yi and Wen Shu, ten volumes of Jingshichuan Ci, thirty-six volumes of Textual Research on Dictionaries and two volumes of Chunqiu Mingshi. He is rigorous and thorough in his studies, which is beyond the reach of Hui (Dong) and Dai (Zhen). His academic achievements are as famous as his father's, and he is known as "Gaoyou Wang and his son" in the world.

Jiang Youkui (? -1851year) A phonologist from Shexian County, Anhui Province in the Qing Dynasty. At the age of 22, he was a disciple of a scholar and had no intention of pursuing a career all his life. His achievements are mainly in phonology, including ten books such as Rhyme Reading of the Book of Songs, Rhyme Reading of Chuci, Rhyme Reading of Qunjing, Rhyme Reading of Pre-Qin Dynasty, Rhyme Table of Guang Yun, Rhyme Table of Guang Yun, Rhyme Spectrum of Four Tones and Four Tones of Tang Dynasty, which are collectively called Ten Books of Jiang Rhyme. Divided into 2 1 ancient rhyme, it has many original opinions and is highly praised by academic circles. In his later years, he studied Chinese characters, including Six Notes on Shuowen, Shuowen Yunpu, Shuowen Query, Shuowen Biography, Shuowen Huisheng, Zhengzi Classic, and Right and Wrong Official Records. But there are only ten phonological works handed down from ancient times.

Ieee fellow (A.D. 1784- 1854) was born in Anqiu County, Shandong Province, and was a philologist. Daoguang juren studied in the capital for 30 years, and then became an official in Ningxiang County, Shanxi Province. I loved seal cutting since I was a child, and I dabbled extensively in classics and history, especially Shuo Wen. He is one of the four great Shuowen scholars in Qing Dynasty. His works include Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Shuo Wen Ju Du, Character Qiu Meng, Shuo Wen Chuan Jiao, Character Qiu Meng, Shuo Wen Chu Reading Supplement, Shuo Wen and so on. The former systematically studied the style of Shuowen, while the latter comprehensively explained Shuowen on the basis of various theories. In addition to Shuowen, Wang also wrote many books, such as Reading Rites, Notes on Four Books, Reading Rites, Commenting on Sentences, Reading Errors, Saying with Double Rhyme, etc.

Zhu (A.D. 1788- 1858), a native of Shiyunshan, Qingyuan (present-day Suzhou), was an exegetist and one of the four greatest writers in Shuowen. Out of the door of Qian Daxin, Jiaqing is a juren, trying to learn many times. He was recommended as the main lecturer of Jiangyin Jiyang Academy, and presided over Wujiang Academy and Xiaoshan Academy successively. When Daoguang was elected, he was awarded the discipline officer of Yixian County. Xian was awarded Dr. imperial academy for Ding Sheng, and was promoted to Yangzhou Prefecture. He has been engaged in a wide range of work all his life. In addition to Ding Sheng, his works include Examples of Explaining Characters in Shuowen, Shuowen Yinmu, Liu Shu's Borrowing Classics, Strange Classics, Ancient and Modern Rhyme, Xiao Er Ya, Shuo Ya, Zuo Zhuan Bypass, Li Sao's Supplementary Notes, etc. Among them, Ding Sheng is the most famous, with a total volume of 18. More than 7,000 words are added to Shuowen, which gives consideration to extension and borrowing, breaking the way of arranging words according to ancient rhyme in the original book and bringing convenience to observing the relationship between sound and meaning.

Chen Li (A.D.1810-1882) was born in Panyu, Guangdong (present-day Guangzhou), and was a phonologist. Daoguang is a juren. He worked as a tutor in Heyuan County and a senior in Xuehaitang, Guangzhou. In his later years, he gave a lecture on living in a quiet house, which attracted many scholars. He is proficient in astronomy, geography, music, writing and mathematics, especially in phonological exegesis. He is the author of Qieyun Kao, Shuowen Shengbiao, Phonology Tongkao, Han Confucianism, Shu Dongdu, Shu Dong Zaju and Shuijing Zhu Southwest Water Examination. Chen Li invented the "anti-tangent association method" in the book "A Study of Qieyun", and for the first time, he made a textual research on the sound category and rhyme category of Guang Yun, paving the way for the study of ancient sounds through anti-tangent, with great contribution and far-reaching influence.

Luo Zhenyu (A.D. 1866- 1940) was a native of Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province, and was an ancient philologist. At the age of sixteen, he was a scholar, and then he won the second place in the provincial examination. Later, he founded Agricultural School, Oriental Literature Society, Jiangsu Normal School, Agricultural Magazine, Education World and other magazines. After the Revolution of 1911, he colluded with Japan to support Puyi to establish the puppet Manchukuo, and served as the supervisor and president of the Literary Association. He devoted his life to collecting historical materials, ancient artifacts and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and made important contributions to the discovery, preservation, classification and interpretation of Oracle bones. There are dozens of works, including Pre-compilation of Shuzheng in Yin Ruins, Post-compilation of Shuzheng in Yin Ruins, Essentials of Shuzheng in Yin Ruins, Textual Research on Shuzheng in Yin Ruins, Textual Research on Slip Sand Bamboo Slips, Textual Research on Three Golden Documents, Textual Research on Shi Guwen, and Tile Characters in Qin and Han Dynasties, with more than 100 kinds.

Ma Jianzhong (A.D. 1845- 1900), a Dantu native of Jiangsu in Qing Dynasty, was a grammarian. He studied in France in his early years, graduated from the School of Political Science of Paris University, and worked as a translator and diplomat in the French Embassy. After returning to China, he served as an aide to Beiyang Minister Li Hongzhang, an assistant to the New Deal, and a Taoist official. Ma Shao is studious, familiar with ancient books, works and ancient characters, and proficient in English, French and Latin. His main academic contributions are the compilation of Imitation Latin Grammar and Ma Shi Wen Tong. This book comprehensively reveals the characteristics and laws of Chinese grammar and establishes a Chinese grammar system, which is the basis for systematic study of Chinese grammar.