What was the impact of Zheng He's little voyage to the West compared to the impact of Columbus' comparative voyages on the world?

Zheng He's voyage to the West was to show China's great power, which was determined by China's feudal peasant economy

Columbus was a bourgeoisie class, which aimed at expansion, and the bourgeoisie was a profit-seeking class

Columbus's discovery of the Americas furthered people's understanding of the world, and at the same time spread advanced ideas and production methods to the Americas, but the bourgeoisie he represented made it inevitable that the Americans would be enslaved and plundered by them

Zheng He and Columbus were the same in terms of their impact on the world.

Zheng He and Columbus were the same, he was to show off the national prestige of the Ming Dynasty and promote friendly relations between China and South Asian countries

Not to be banned, Zheng He went to the West has a very important role to play in China's understanding of the world, you can assume that if China had always been in contact with the outside world, it is still possible to lag behind and suffer from the defeat of the history of humiliation, it is still possible to have a history of humiliation, it is still possible to have a history of backwardness. You can assume that if China had kept in touch with the outside world, it would have been backward and defeated, and it would have had a humiliating history.

Zheng He did not discover the Americas is inevitable and accidental, Zheng He belonged to the landlord class economic base decided that his thinking is feudal and stuck in the old ways, so he sailed many times only to the South Seas and did not go around the world.

But history has a certain degree of chance like Columbus discovered America, he was going to go to India so he sailed west, but he stumbled into the West Indies and discovered America.

Responders: gaonai989 - Jianghu Xinxiu Grade 4 3-22 16:28

A question often asked by tourists traveling to Beijing is where are the hutongs in Beijing. Beijing's hutongs first originated in the Yuan Dynasty, with a maximum of more than 6,000, the earliest history is a piece of hutongs between Chaoyangmennei Street and Dongsi, the planning is quite neat, and the distance between the hutongs and hutongs is roughly the same. Those running north-south are generally streets, relatively wide, such as the South Xiaojie and North Xiaojie from Beijing Railway Station to Chaoyangmennei Street, which are also called Ma Ma because they used to be mainly for horse-drawn carriages. Hutongs are generally east-west oriented, relatively narrow, and are mainly used for walking, with courtyard houses on both sides of the hutongs.

Divided geographically, the hutongs north of Qianmen are generally wider and more neatly planned, while the hutongs south of Qianmen are generally narrower and less neatly planned. Because during the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government did not allow foreigners to live in the capital for security reasons, so foreigners concentrated in Qianmen and outside Chongwenmen, and thus formed the Qianmen commercial district; many of the outsiders were lifts who came to Beijing to catch the exams, and thus formed the Liulichang Cultural Street, and there were many entertainment venues in the Tianqiao area, and Beijing's theaters were concentrated in the southern part of the city.

The place where the common people of Beijing concentrated their activities was in the Shichahai area.

Because Beijing's hutongs are not centralized, and are generally not accessible by car, and are quite tiring to explore, this site has selected some photos of hutongs for a general idea of what they are like.

"Qianshi Hutong" is the narrowest hutong in Beijing (left and below), located on Jewelry City Street outside Qianmen. In the past, this hutong was filled with money shops, hence the name Qian Shi Hutong. The narrowest part of the hutong is only 80 centimeters wide, so when two people meet, they can only pass sideways. The hutong is about 30 to 40 meters long.

Old Beijing Hutong

The hutongs are a major feature of Beijing. As a modern cosmopolitan city rises from the ruins of the hutongs, people worry: will the hutongs fade away? It is probably for this reason that some people have picked up a seemingly archaic topic: how did the hutong become the name of a street? How was the word coined? Because a new point has been made, the old story is being revisited today.

One, "Hutong" was not originally Chinese

The word "hutong" was first used in the Yuan opera. In Guan Hanqing's "Single Dagger Club", there is the phrase "kill a bloody hutong". In the Yuan opera "Salmon Island, Zhang Sheng boiled the sea", Zhang Yu asked Mei Xiang: "Where do you live?" Mei Xiang said, "My family lives in Brick Pagoda Hutong." Brick Pagoda Hutong is on Xisi South Street, and the name of the place remains unchanged to this day. The Yuanist Xiong Mengxiang's Analyzing Jin Zhi says it all: "The word Hutong is a dialect." Where dialect it, the Yuan dynasty capital. Ming Shen Bang in the "Wandi Miscellany" further said: Hutong this Yuan people language. Both Yuan people language, that can not be Chinese. Yuan Dynasty divided people into four classes: Mongols, color people, Han people, southern people. The so-called Han people, refers to the Han people in the north, the female Zhen people, the Khitan people, the Goryeo people. These four types of people were not of the same ethnicity, nor did they speak the same language. Then the "Yuan people's language" is certainly not the "southern people's language", as for the Semyon people, including more ethnic groups. Therefore, "the language of the Yuan people" can only be the Mongolian language.

Second, the hutong and well close

Some scholars believe that the hutong is from the "hu dongge" - wells change over. I agree with this view. Because from the actuality of the metropolis, the hutong and wells have a closer relationship.

First from the formation of the hutongs. Yuan Dadu was built up from a wilderness. Its central axis is drawn along the water, the metropolis of the palace is also along the "sea" and built. Then other streets, neighborhoods and residential areas, in the design and planning, can not help but take into account the location of the well. Or first digging wells and then build houses, or leave the location of the well in advance and then plan the layout of the courtyard. Either way, it is "because of the well and into the alley". Until the Ming and Qing dynasties, every hutong has a well, this is undoubtedly. Then from the name of the hutong. Beijing Hutong name causes, but only a few: named after the temple, named after the government offices, government agencies, named after the construction site named after the workshop, named after the government, named after the people, named after the market and so on. However, the largest number, is named after the well, the light "wells Hutong" there have been ten; plus large wells, small wells, east and west, north and south, before and after the well, dry wells, wet wells, sweet wells, bitter wells ...... not less than forty or fifty. This shows that the hutong and wells are closely related.

Three, the strange name of the original phonetic translation

Beijing, some hutong name is strange, because the Chinese language can not be explained. However, if the name of these hutongs into Mongolian, it is good to explain. Try to give some examples: shit shell Lang Hutong, this name is how ugly, how ugly! Why did the residents of this area give such a name in the first place? In fact, this name is translated into Mongolian as "Sweet Water Well"! There is a "Mohe Hutong", which means "smelly well" in Mongolian, probably because it was polluted. In addition, such as drum whistle Hutong (or written as hoop Shao Hutong), bitter water wells; Ju'er Hutong or Bureau Hutong, double wells; Grinders Hutong or Chariot Hutong, fine wells; Ba'er Hutong, small wells; Malian Hutong or Antlis Hutong, wells dedicated to livestock drinking water ......

Beijing also has a lot of " hat Hutong ". "Hat Hutong" Mongolian is the meaning of bad wells, broken wells, in front of the addition of a family name, indicating that this bad well belongs to a private family. This is not far-fetched, next to the White Hat Hutong, there was a "White Hui Hui Hutong", indicating that this was once the residence of the White Muslims. And "pig hair Hutong" near there was a "Zhu family Hutong", that here did live Zhu family. Nearby Yangmao Hutong is Yangmeizhu Xiejie.

This is not surprising, as some of the names have been mispronounced over the years: are there fewer Chinese place names that have been mispronounced? But it's true that some Mongolian names are hard to verify.

Hutong is the phonetic translation of well, there should be no doubt about it. But there are a few points must be emphasized, hutong and well, in the Yuan dynasty, both have the meaning of "city", Shaluo city can also be called Shaluo Hutong, is the meaning of the coral city. In ancient Chinese, there was the word "city", "wells and become a city". The same in the era of the Yuan dynasty, hutongs and wells also have the meaning of "street", "analysis of the Jin Zhi" Bell Tower: "building has eight corners of the four wells of the number, cover the east, west, south, north and south of the street is the most extensive. The meaning is clear, "well" is equal to the street.

The well nest in old Beijing. In the era of no running water, Beijing residents rely mainly on wells for drinking water. Those who did not have a private well had to draw water from a public well. The unicycle in the picture is specially designed to deliver water to people's homes. Welcome tourists from all over the world to come and visit!

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> Beijing Folklore Digital Museum > Hutongs

When you walk into the modernized Beijing, what people are interested in is not the skyscrapers and wide roads, but the small, winding and deep hutongs, and the warm and beautiful siheyuan (courtyard houses).

Some people call the culture of the ancient capital "hutong culture" and "courtyard culture", which is not too much.

How many hutongs are there in Beijing? According to documents, in the Ming Dynasty, there were thousands of hutongs, including more than 900 in the inner city and more than 300 in the outer city. In the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,800 hutongs, and in the Republic of China, there were more than 1,900 hutongs. At the beginning of New China, there were more than 2,550 articles. Later merged some of the old names, the new named some; since the reform and opening up, with the development of the economy and urban construction, and demolition and renovation of some of the development so far, the Beijing Municipality has the name of the streets and alleys of more than 4,000.

In order to protect the style of the ancient capital and maintain traditional characteristics, Beijing urban area has designated more than 20 hutongs as historical and cultural protection zones, such as Nanluoguxiang, Xisi North one to eight, etc. has been designated as a quadrangle bungalow protection zone.

"Hutongs," or small streets and alleys, are called "lanes" in Shanghai (the south). After the Ming Dynasty, it was officially standardized as "hutong". In the past, it is generally believed that the "Hutong" is the Mongolian translation of the town or Mongolian "wells" of the loan word, because wherever there is a residential settlement must have a water source (wells), the Beijing urban area to the center of the wells, the distribution of residential areas for a long time. In the past, Beijing was composed of millions of small and large courtyards back to back, face to face, flat rows side by side in an orderly manner. For the convenience of access, each row of courtyards between the necessary to leave the passage, thus forming the hutong.

Each hutong is formed, people will naturally give it a name, the name once the majority of people accepted, called open, it really represents the hutong in the whole city's location, become people's interaction, communication and other activities indispensable sign. This is the practical role of hutong names. As the name of the hutongs from the Yuan Dynasty began to form the hutongs, has been only by people's oral tradition, as for the text written on the sign hanging in the hutong mouth, only after the Republic of China.

Beijing's hutongs, although it looks all-encompassing, there are rivers, lakes and seas (Dajiang Hutong, Hebeifang Hutong, Unity Lake, Seaside Hutong), mountains, rivers, sun and moon (Patterico Mountain Hutong, Chuan Dian Hutong, Houshang Hutong, Yueguang Hutong), people's surnames (Zhang Zizhong Road, Jiajia Hutong), the market commodities (CaiShiKou Hutong, YinBao Hutong), factories and workshops (Grinding Factory, Paintwork Hutong), flowers and plants, fish and insects (HuaZhi Hutong, CaoYuan Hutong). Flower Branch Hutong, Grass Garden Hutong, Goldfish Hutong, Beekeeping Jiedao), Yunyu Starry Night (Yunju Hutong, Yu'er Hutong, Daxing Hutong, Empty Factory), chicken, duck, fish and meat (Chicken Claw Hutong, Duck Shop, Fresh Fish Mouth, Meat Market Street) and so on, a wide range of names, people look at the edge of the eye confused, but if you analyze it carefully, or has its own internal rules. More official institutions, palace temples, warehouses, workshops, bridges, rivers, markets, trade, commodities, people surnames, scenery and folklore, etc. to decide the name of the hutongs, alleys, many of which are still in use today.

In Beijing, large and small hutongs crisscross the city, weaving a collection of thousands of capital. Hutongs are deep . Deep in the hutongs are countless warm homes, which is the fundamental reason why Beijingers have special feelings for hutongs.

Beijing Folklore Digital Museum All rights reserved.

The origin of the name of Beijing Hutong

After decades of construction after the liberation, the urban area of Beijing was more than three times larger than it was at the beginning of the liberation. The area of new houses of all kinds is equivalent to building 10 old Beijing cities.

How many hutongs are there in Beijing? According to documents, there were as many as several thousand in the Ming Dynasty, including more than 900 in the inner city and more than 300 in the outer city. In the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,800 hutongs, and in the Republic of China, there were more than 1,900 hutongs. At the beginning of New China, there were more than 2,550 articles. Later merged some of the old names, the new named some; since the reform and opening up, with the development of the economy and urban construction, and demolition and renovation of some of the development so far, the Beijing Municipality has the name of the streets and alleys of more than 4,000.

In order to protect the style of the ancient capital and maintain the traditional characteristics, the Beijing urban area has designated more than 20 hutongs as historical and cultural protection zones, such as Nanluoguxiang, Xisi North one to eight, etc. has been designated as a quadrangle bungalow protection zone.

The old Beijing hutongs have been formed into a checkerboard pattern since the Yuan Dynasty. The formation and development of the hutongs also left traces of historical changes in their names and reflected the social flavor.

"Hutongs" are small streets and alleys, called "lanes" in Shanghai (the south). After the Ming Dynasty, it was officially standardized as "hutong". In the past, it is generally believed that "Hutong" is the Mongolian translation of the town or Mongolian "well" of the loan word, because wherever there are residential settlements there must be a water source (well), Beijing urban area to the center of the well, the distribution of residential areas for a long time. Recently, the Beijing Evening News published a new article, that "Hutong" is not a loan word for Mongolian "well", is Chinese.

Each hutong is formed, people will naturally give it a name, the name once the majority of people accepted, called open, on behalf of the hutong in the whole city in the direction of the real, to become the people's interaction, communication and other activities indispensable signs. This is the practical role of hutong names.

Because the name of the hutongs from the Yuan Dynasty began to form the hutongs, has been only by people's oral tradition, as for the text written on the sign hanging in the hutongs on the mouth, only after the Republic of China.

Beijing's hutongs, although it looks all-encompassing, there are rivers, lakes and seas (Dajiang Hutong, Hebeifang Hutong, Unity Lake, Seaside Hutong), mountains, rivers, sun and moon (Patterico Mountain Hutong, Chuan Dian Hutong, Houshang Hutong, Yueguang Hutong), people's surnames (Zhang Zizhong Road, Jiajia Hutong), the market commodities (CaiShiKou Hutong, YinBao Hutong), factories and workshops (Grinding Factory, Paintwork Hutong), flowers and plants, fish and insects (HuaZhi Hutong, CaoYuan Hutong). Flower branch hutong, grass garden hutong, goldfish hutong, beekeeping folder), clouds and rain stars (cloud residence hutong, rain child hutong, big star hutong, empty factory), chicken, duck, fish and meat (chicken claw hutong, duck store, fresh fish mouth, meat market street) and so on, a wide range of names, people look at the edge of the eye confused, but if you analyze carefully, or has its own internal rules.

Many of the official institutions, palace temples, warehouses, workshops, bridges, rivers, markets, trade, commodities, people's family names, scenery and folklore, etc. to decide the name of the hutongs, alleys, many of which are still in use today.

1. image signs to name

Therefore, many hutongs are to a more obvious image signs to name, which also shows the Beijing people's real, straightforward and funny, like wider hutongs, people call it by mouth into a "wide street", narrow is called "clip road", slanting is called "the road", "the road", "the road", "the road", "the road", "the road", "the road", "the road", "the road" and so on, and so on. ", the slanting is called "oblique street", winding called "eight Bay", rectangular called "box", short has The short ones are called "One Foot Street", the low-lying ones are called "Shimokwa-zi", the thin ones are called "Bamboo Pole", the flat ones are called "Bian Tan". The first one is called the "trumpet", and the second one is called the "trumpet".

There are also hutongs named after special symbols, such as Tangzi Hutong, Shihu Hutong, Cypress Hutong (today's Baishun Hutong), Iron Lion Hutong, etc. In addition, there are hutongs named after local features or shapes. In addition, there are also hutongs named after local features or shapes, such as Ear-eye Hutong, Lo Loop Hutong, and Chair Loop Hutong.

2. Named after places

In the early years, the most conspicuous and prominent symbols were city gates, temples, pagodas, fences, wells, rivers and bridge factories, so there were hutongs named Xizhimen Nei and Ouidajie, and the former and latter Yuan'en Temple Hutongs, Dongsil (pagodas), Xidan (pagodas), Dajie Lane (pronounced as Dashilar by the old Beijingers), Shuijing Hutongs, Sanlihe, Yinding Bridge Hutongs, and so on. Bridge Hutong and other hutong names.

3, trees and plants

Some small hutongs do not have these particularly conspicuous signs nearby, the hutongs planted more trees, there are willow hutongs, jujube forest hutongs, tsubaki hutongs and other hutongs named after trees.

4, orientation

Many hutongs in the name in order to find, but also in the name of the hutongs before the addition of the east, west, south, north, before, after, and so on, such as orientation words, such as the east altar root hutongs, the west Hongmen hutongs, the south crescent moon hutongs, the north of the half-wall hutongs, the front of the Baedu hutongs, the back of the mud puddle hutongs, the cap hutongs, and so on.

5, Beijing's vernacular

Because the name of the hutongs is to live in the hutongs of the Beijing people since the initiation of the hutongs, so there are a lot of Beijing's vernacular in the inside, such as the back of the yin child hutong, take the light hutong, boring gourd canister hutong, answer the broom hutong, pancreas hutong, ga ga hutong, and so on.

There are also many hutongs with children's voice, more Beijing flavor, such as Luoer Hutong, Crow Hutong, Rain Hutong, on the children's hutongs, hat hutongs, pots and pans, wells and other hutongs.

6, auspicious words

Some of the hutong name can also show people's good intentions, people are always happy to use some auspicious words to the hutong name. Like with what "happy" ah, "Fu" ah, "life" ah and other words of the hutongs on the happy hutongs, magpie hutongs, Fu Shun hutongs, Fu Sheng hutongs, Shou long hutongs, Shou over a hundred hutongs, etc. and so on. There are also Ping'an Hutong, Anfu Hutong, Jishikou Hutong and Jishikou Hutong with the words "Ping", "An", "Ji" and "Xiang". Hutongs, Jishikou Hutongs, Yongxiang Hutongs, and so on.

There are also romantic hutong names, such as Hundred Flowers Deep, Apricot Flower Day, and so on, and there are also the ridiculous Dog Tail (pronounced "Dog Biba" by the old Beijingers), Sheep Tail Yelping Biba (Hutong), etc.

These are the most popular hutongs in China.

7, to the Yamen official institutions named hutong

such as Lumi warehouse, the salary of the Division, Xishiku, according to the courtyard hutong, the school hutong, Gongyuan hutong, the Division of the army and horses, etc., in order to the royal relatives, the nobleman's official title named hutong such as Yongkang Hou hutong, Wuding Hou hutong, the three insurance old man hutong (the three insurance eunuch Zheng He's former residence is now known as three old hutongs), Wuliang adults hutong, and so on.

8, named after the market trade hutong

such as fresh fish mouth, mule and horse market, jar tile market, sheep market, pig market, rice market, coal market, jewelry market ......

9, named after the temple are Longfusi Street, Dafosi Street, Baochanji Street, the Protectorate of the Temple Street, Zhengjue Temple Hutong, Guanyin Temple Hutong, Fangju Temple Hutong, etc.

10, named after handicraft workers and general residents of the hutongs are casserole Liu Hutong (today's Dashaguo Hutong), Wang Paper Horse Hutong (today's Wang Sesame Hutong), geldings Zhang Hutong (today's Bolt Horse Hutong), Meng Duan Hutong, Liu Han Hutong (today's Liu Hai Hutong), and An Chengjia Hutong (today's An Cheng Hutong).

11, hutongs and personal names

Beijing's hutongs, the name is very sophisticated, is our study of the Ming and Qing societies references. After Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, set up his capital in Beijing, most of his meritorious officials lived in Beijing, and many hutongs were named after them.

For example, the hutong where Marquis of Yongkang Xu Zhong's residence is located is called Yongkang Hou Hutong, i.e., today's Yongkang Hutong in the northern city. Wuan Marquis Zheng Heng's residence in the hutong called Wuan Marquis Hutong, later wrongly called the Marquis of Wuwang Hutong, that is, today's Xisi North 8.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, General Xu Da lived in Beijing for a long time, and his eldest daughter married Zhu Di, then King of Yan. When Zhu Di attacked Nanjing, Xu Da's fourth son, Zeng Shou, tipped off Zhu Di and was killed by Emperor Jianwen. Zhu Di into Nanjing after stroking the corpse crying, he became the throne on the Xu Zengshou posthumously as Wuyang Marquis, and soon after the Duke of Ding Guo, Duke of Ding Guo Xu lived in the street called Dingfu Street, that is, today's Dingfu Street in the North City.

As for today's San Bu Lao Hutong is the location of the former residence of the eunuch Zheng He. Zheng He was known as Sanbao old man, he lived in the hutong called Sanbao old man hutong, later blackmail called Sanbao old hutong. Wuliang adults in the east city of hutong, that is, today's red star hutong, is Wu Liang adults hutong misnamed. Wu Liang was a general under the command of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty.

After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the commercial economy developed, and some individual laborers left their names for the hutongs where they lived with their excellent labor. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, there was a laborer surnamed Tang who washed cloth and silk in the southern city, and the hutong they lived in was called Tang Wash Bai Street, which is today's Tang Wash Park Street in Chongwen District.

Xuanwu District, there is a powder room Liuli Street, that is powder room Liu Jia Street misnomer. Dongcheng has a handicraft laborer surnamed Yao, casting pot casting good, where his family is called Yao casting pot Hutong Hutong, and later was blackmailed as Yao Zhiguo Hutong, that is, today's Beijing Station, West Street near the Zhiguo Hutong.

There was a Tofu Chen Hutong in the northern city, which was later called Tofu Pond Hutong. Another feature of the Ming Dynasty was that there were many stores that made paper horses for rituals, reflecting the prevalence of religious activities in the Ming Dynasty. The names of the hutongs include Wangpianma Hutong and Hepianma Hutong, which are now known as Wangzhimax Hutong and Hezhimax Hutong.

Beijing's hutong names, in fact, is centered on people, some hutongs directly to the name of the person to name. There are also a lot of hutongs although not named after people, but there are famous people's homes, such as the rice city hutongs have Kang Youwei's former residence, the northern half of the hutongs in Tan Sitong's former residence, Zhu Chaojie Sun Yat-sen to the Zhongshan Hall, the small Yangjia Hutong is Mr. Laoshe's birthplace, the Guiguo Temple Street, Mei Lanfang's former residence, the rear of the round temple hutong Mao Dun's former residence, the West Sibu north of the three articles have Cheng Yanqiu's former residence, and so on. And other kinds of hutong name is not directly to the name of the person to name, but also have a direct relationship with people's daily life.

The names of the hutongs, such as Wen Chancellor's Hutong, Zhang Zizhong Road, and Zhao Dengyu Road, are all named in honor of the national heroes, which clearly expresses the people's admiration for the national heroes. This shows that the names of hutongs are not only practical references, but also have aesthetic functions and humanistic tendencies.