The Folk Life of the Qige Nationality

Ge Jia is a rice country, and rice cultivation is not much different from other ethnic groups. Handicrafts in Ge Jia mainly include batik, embroidery, flower weaving, silverware, stone tools, musical instruments and bamboo weaving. Batik leather has a long history and is famous for its uniform pattern, alternating density, unique pattern and unique style. It has been exhibited in Japan, America, Mexico and Canada. In September 1988 and October 165438, Ge Jia batik products won the honorary prize of the 1st Great Wall Folk Art Festival and the silver cup prize of the National Export Exhibition of Township Enterprises. In 65438+February of the same year, Ge Jia batik cultural relics were exhibited in San Francisco, USA, which was well received.

First, embroidery leather embroidery is mostly used to match batik clothing. There are Ping Xiu, plate embroidery, flower arrangement embroidery, pick embroidery and so on. Butterflies, fish, birds and flowers embroidered with geometric patterns are mostly red.

Second, batik batik is an ancient folk printing and dyeing process, which was called "Wax Valle" in ancient times. Together with "twisted valerian" and "sandwiched valerian", it constitutes three basic types of dyeing and weaving technology in ancient China.

The Ziggy family in Ping Huang inherited and promoted the traditional batik process, making it an indispensable part of life. Headscarf, vest, curtain, clothes, skirt, travel bag, umbrella cover, pillow towel, rice basket cover, bed sheet, bag, schoolbag, tablecloth, etc. They are all decorated with batiks, and even the children's suspenders are exquisitely dyed batiks. The pattern combination of Ping Huang Qige batik is mainly composed of lines, geometric figures, national beliefs and totems, and more are flowers, birds, insects, fish and beasts, as well as myths or folklore.

Silver ornaments Silver ornaments are made of leather by folk artists. Silversmith artists are mostly in Tang Dou and Fengxiang Village. The silver decoration process is complicated. Take the plate collar as an example. There are three dragons robbing treasures and four fish and four birds carved on the neck. There is a round silver plate hanging in the middle of the neck, where Wolong plays in the water. Nine different knives, swords, halberds and spears are hung on the plate. There are 48 different strings of lions, tigers, fish, birds, butterflies, horns and bells hanging on both sides. The patterns in silver ornaments are mostly similar to batik patterns. Silver silverware is a traditional craft of Pijia, which is mostly an ornament in women's clothing. No headdress, neck ornaments, hand ornaments. Headdress: there are hairpins, silver forehead and earrings. Neck ornaments: ring collar, hollow collar, large snail collar, plate collar and silver chain. Hand ornaments: there are circle, snail circle, garlic leaf circle, faucet circle, silkworm figure, caterpillar circle, earthworm circle, hollow circle and so on.

Gejiale instruments include lusheng, wooden drum, suona and so on. And their craftsmanship is very particular.

Leather home bamboo handicrafts, including sun mats, sleeping mats, fish baskets, blue baskets, laundry baskets, etc. Chong 'an is the hometown of advocating prosperity. Wang Ba, Guichong and Bamaochong (Wajiao) are rich in bamboo products and have a long-standing reputation, and have the reputation of "the hometown of bamboo weaving". Ironmakers have craftsmen engaged in ironing, processing axes, sickles, shovels, wooden knives, hoes, rakes, kitchen knives, home darning machines and so on.

Many carpenters and cobblers are engaged in stone processing, which can process stone tablets, stone tables, stone benches, stone mills, water mills, stone mills and so on. Stone arch bridges can be erected. Woodworkers can build beautiful wooden houses and so on. Clothing is one of the components of national cultural life. As far as the clothing of the Pi family is concerned, according to historical records, as early as the Han Dynasty in Thailand and Thailand, there was a saying of "spiny bun". At present, the spiny bun (height12cm, diameter 5cm) on the top of Pijia women's heads and the waxed clothes they wear can confirm each other. To the Three Kingdoms, Tang, Ming, Qing and Republic of China, history books were accumulated. In the Qing Dynasty, in Volume V of Qing Ping County Governance by Duan Daoguang, there were "pocket-sized ... women wrapped in flowers in a high bun ... women wearing flower hats with beaded tassels on their sides, dragging a picture after meeting in front. Women wear sea hats, wrapped under hats, and headscarves are oblique kerchiefs ... The skirts and feet of clothes are embroidered ... "The twelfth episode of A Brief History of Qiannan by Daoguang also said:" A woman wears a bun, a flowered cloth, shawls at both ends, and clothes cover her knees and are embroidered between her chest sleeves. It used to be called the wind of holding a crossbow with a sword ... "But there are similar records in the compilation of Qing Gan Long Zhen Yuan Fu Zhi. These records completely show the modeling features of Ge Jia's clothing. For thousands of years, the clothes of leather women have hardly changed. Long-term stable appearance and tenacious vitality are inseparable from the adaptation to the natural environment and working life, while national fashion and national psychological quality are more important factors. Leather clothes are divided into casual clothes and finished clothes. Clothing is hand-made batik embroidered clothes. Including red tasselled beaded hat, bun, corolla handkerchief, floral dress, see-through dress, apron piece, waist piece, pleated skirt, red leggings, socks, "high spike shoes" and so on. Casual clothes are light, simple, generous, practical and beautiful, and it is very convenient to carry them on your shoulders, regardless of field labor production or Shan Ye collection.

Women's wear of leather family should recognize the red tassel beaded hat, crown and handkerchief crown skirt (also known as shield or back card), waxed skirt, waist apron piece (cloth) and pleated skirt, all of which run through batik (waxed) patterns. Red tassels, beads, dresses and red leggings all have embroidery patterns, especially scarlet. Wax flowers are white, embroidery is red, and red and white set each other off. These are the biggest characteristics of household clothes, and they are also the differences between stable ethnic groups and other ethnic minorities. Unique, unique, recorded in the history books of past dynasties, and its reputation is far spread.

Jewelry in Ge Jia is mainly divided into three types: headdress, neck ornament, hand ornament, ear post, ring item, hollow item, snail item, plate item, hand item, bell item, snail bracelet, garlic leaf bracelet, silkworm bracelet and caterpillar bracelet. The style of silver jewelry is fixed and the pattern is relatively uniform. Mainly composed of stars, the sun, dragons, phoenixes, insects, fish and some plant patterns combined with batik patterns. Patterns are printed in hard metal molds or carved by hand, and the shapes of objects are exaggerated and vivid. The silver trowel is a thin piece of silver with the convex patterns of the sun, stars and morning printed on it. When it is worn, it is bent into an arch, which matches the hairpin and looks like a bow and arrow. The pattern of the sun on the forehead is exactly the same as that on the bronze mirror of the Han Dynasty. A ring is a ring-shaped neck ornament. The plate is shaped like an upside-down crescent moon, with a big center and small ends. A fireball is carved in the center of the chessboard, and Ssangyong, Four Phoenix and Four Fish are carved on both sides. A silver plate is hung in the center below, decorated with dragons, and lions, tigers, knives, spears, bells and suona are hung on both sides. Women wear it around their necks and reflect the sun and the moon with silver ornaments on their heads. Jewelry in Ge Jia is mainly divided into three types: headdress, neck ornament, hand ornament, ear post, ring item, hollow item, snail item, plate item, hand item, bell item, snail bracelet, garlic leaf bracelet, silkworm bracelet and caterpillar bracelet. The style of silver jewelry is fixed and the pattern is relatively uniform. Mainly composed of stars, the sun, dragons, phoenixes, insects, fish and some plant patterns combined with batik patterns. Patterns are printed in hard metal molds or carved by hand, and the shapes of objects are exaggerated and vivid. The silver trowel is a thin piece of silver with the convex patterns of the sun, stars and morning printed on it. When it is worn, it is bent into an arch, which matches the hairpin and looks like a bow and arrow. The pattern of the sun on the forehead is exactly the same as that on the bronze mirror of the Han Dynasty. A ring is a ring-shaped neck ornament. The plate is shaped like an upside-down crescent moon, with a big center and small ends. A fireball is carved in the center of the chessboard, and Ssangyong, Four Phoenix and Four Fish are carved on both sides. A silver plate is hung in the center below, decorated with dragons, and lions, tigers, knives, spears, bells and suona are hung on both sides. Women wear it around their necks and reflect the sun and the moon with silver ornaments on their heads.

There is a strict age division for Pijia to wear silver ornaments. Girls usually only wear children's hats decorated with bodhisattva pieces. From the age of six or seven to the birth of a child, no matter whether the family is rich or poor, you should wear a hairpin and a ring on your forehead. The mother won't take off the ring until the child is seven or eight years old. Wipe grandma's forehead and remove great-grandmother's hair. The custom of women wearing silver ornaments according to their age is related to ancient reproductive worship. In primitive times, bows and arrows were symbols of communication between men and women. Bow headdress belongs to girls and fertile mothers. When you are a grandmother, you will no longer have children, so you don't have to wear a forehead (bow). I became a great-grandmother, and I lost my libido, so I lost my hair (arrow). The heritage of reproductive worship is still reflected in the ancestor worship of the Ziggy family, such as the prediction of female physical prosperity in the past. This custom is also an important reason for the prosperity of silver jewelry art in leather family. The leather family takes rice as the staple food and likes to eat glutinous rice, millet, corn and so on. Guests are very attentive, sincere and polite in catering. When eating, the elders are invited to the seat in the middle of the table, and the masters of the elders cross each other. Hakkas (Han nationality) say that "family gifts are more trustworthy", which is true. "Persuading rice" and "wrapping meat" are their traditional customs, which have national characteristics and strong local flavor. They are the same characteristics of stability formed by family members and are worth discussing. (1) Before the meal is started, the guests are invited to sit down, and the host takes the glass to pour the wine, and at the same time adds a bowl to store the table. The first bowl of rice, the first cup of wine, dedicated to the elders and masters. The host uses a pair of chopsticks to cover cooked food such as meat and vegetables in the middle of the rice noodle, and inserts the chopsticks into the rice to stand upright. The host whispered or prayed silently to the ancestors, asking them to drink and taste first, then dipped a few drops of wine on the table with an upside-down chopstick, or drew an "X"; Or play a few drops on the ground to show the memory of Xiangxian. Then, he said to the guests: "I'm sorry everyone came happily, but unfortunately there is no way to entertain guests, please eat your fill"; The guest also replied, "We came empty-handed and worked hard for our host.". Guests who drink also pick up chopsticks, pour a stick of wine, and make a few drops before drinking; Dinner is placed above the dining table. Then the host will order food to honor the guests, and everyone will order a chopstick. Then, according to the order in which the guests eat, they continue to toast each other. For elders or distinguished guests, cut into pieces with a knife like chickens and ducks, one for each person; Show the host's affection by honoring the guests with the head of a chicken and the head of a duck. The host is very sorry if the guest expresses his thanks politely. In this regard, guests will pick it up with chopsticks or reach out to pick it up. If the host refuses, the guest must open his mouth and not put it in the pea or on the table. This is a deep respect for hospitality. When eating, no matter the occasion or the scale, we should pay attention to "persuading rice", which is the aunt or daughter-in-law of the host family. When we spy that the food in the guest's bowl is almost finished, we should say "Grandpa, wife, uncle or brother will help you add more food" and pick up the guest's bowl with both hands. Some people take a clean empty bowl and put a bowl of rice in the tableware. If the guests are not ready, they will not have enough to eat. They should treat them warmly-persuade them to finish their meal quickly, cover them with one bowl, two bowls and three bowls ... and immediately stir the food evenly with clean chopsticks. Sometimes two or three people get together to grab a guest's bowl and add rice, and even chase the fleeing young people, with the intention of inviting guests to eat until the guests can't eat any more.

After dinner, consciously leave a few grains of rice in the bowl, and put the bowl on the table, indicating that there are many dishes. While my right hand was still clutching chopsticks, I stood up and picked up one end of the dish on the left board. First, I shouted at the old people at the table one by one, "Grandpa or Uncle, we have sinned against you!" " By analogy, wherever you shout, the heart with one end of the chopsticks caught by the left hand will move there. And the person who is eating nods to answer "music seat" or "slow invitation" in return. Only after dinner will guests put chopsticks on the table; Some hosts are waiting in line with dishes. Laughter, filled with warm neon.

(2) "Baorou" leather girls visiting relatives and friends, no matter what happy events or occasions are trivial, except "persuading the guests to eat" at dinner, "Baorou" is very ethnic. At the banquet, the host and guests get together, and the hostess takes pieces of meat from the banquet and distributes them one by one on the table in front of the guests and the main seat, each with a small pile (block). After sharing, what we eat is vegetables and soup. After dinner, the hostess prepares rice husk leaves or cabbage leaves, wraps the meat slices on the table and takes them home as gifts to share with her children and grandchildren according to their names. This traditional national custom of "wrapping meat" is the embodiment of grandparents' or mothers' affection for children and grandchildren. It is suggested that this custom is the product of hunting wild animals and concentrated consumption of living materials during the matriarchal clan period in primitive society, and it is the relic of the heyday of matriarchal system. It embodies the great contribution of motherhood in the process of human survival and development, and also embodies the social consciousness that modern people rely on the ancients and children rely on their parents. It is the bud of private ownership in the stage of couple marriage. In matriarchal society, women occupy a major position in economic life. The custom of "persuading rice" shows that under the matriarchal clan system in primitive society, the social products that * * * work together and * * * consume together are the symbols of matriarchal clan. Under certain social environment and conditions, over time, people's habit of * * * is formed, which naturally shows national characteristics, thus following rules and becoming virtues and customs in people's friendship. Ge Jia's family likes to live in ravines and valleys and the waist of mountains. Most of the houses are three wooden tile houses, and there are hundreds of households living in the village, and there are dozens of households. Most of the houses in Ge Jia are of shingle structure, and the surrounding walls are like courtyards painted with boiler bottom ash. Every household sticks red couplets, such as "fields crisscross, fireworks people are halfway up the mountain." Some people also have two-story buildings with wide yards. The main room is centered on the hall, which is the place where family members eat, rest and entertain guests on weekdays. On the east side of the hall is the bedroom, and on the right side is the small living room with a fire pit, which is the place for heating, eating and entertaining guests in winter. The kitchen is very wide and the cooker is very big. In the past, villagers used bamboo creek to draw spring water from the back hill and inject it into the water tank, which saved the effort of carrying water. Now they have used pure tap water. Upstairs is usually a warehouse, a girl's boudoir, dry and clean, so that they can make friends. Downstairs are the utility room and cowshed where farm tools are placed. Farmers love cows, and put calamus in cowsheds and hall doorframes to exorcise evil spirits and pray. In the hall, there is a "heaven and earth" god on the main wall, and there is a land god tablet below, which is similar to the beliefs and customs of farming peoples everywhere. Strangely, there is a small bow and arrow hanging on the upper right of the "Heaven and Earth Relativity" monument. The bow is made of peach branches and the string is cotton thread. Zhi Zhu's arrow hangs on the bowstring. They are all wrapped in red and green cotton thread and look colorful.