Architecture of Han culture Art Other Family-related customs

Facial cleansing is the ceremony of removing sweaty hair from the face and cutting the frontal hair and sideburns. It is one of the symbols of a woman's marriage in old China. It is also known as "face twisting" or "face twisting". Open face in the sedan chair before the woman's home, but also married to the man's home after the ceremony. Open face must be parents and children of both women. The utensils are new tweezers, colorful threads or coins. After the opening of the face, the person who opens the face is rewarded.

The routine procedure is as follows, first apply powder to the face, especially at the edge of the hair rubbed. After the red double line, change into three heads of the "small organs", each hand pull a head, the line between the two hands taut, the other head had to use the mouth to bite, pull apart, into the shape of the "ten" frame. At this time, only the hands up and down action, the red double line will be divided and closed. When the thread reaches the human face, the hair can be twisted off. This off the eye, most aunts and sisters-in-law to complete, there are also called to assist the mother grandmother to do.

Before the bride opens her face, the groom must first bride's face three sweat hairs. This move sounds strange and scary. Gathering three hairs, the bride where to stand? It's just a figure of speech, but it's just three gathers, symbolically. What is the symbolic meaning here? Understanding of local customs know that the groom is willing to do, that the wedding night, everything as expected, the bride's new life is he opened. Of course, the groom is not easy to do, the bride is not casually let you move this hand. If you want to do it, you must use a shelled cooked duck egg, first in the bride's face a few smears. Here, in fact, lurks what the bride wants to say, as well as the groom's approval. By asking the groom to do this, the bride intends to show that she was as perfect as a duck's egg, and that it was the groom who made her no longer yellow. However, while the bride was busy showing herself, she forgot one thing, to check whether the groomer was regular before marriage. I am afraid that there was no ready method of doing this even then. It doesn't seem fair to the bride. I don't know if brides at the present time care about this, and if there are any new methods. Not having explored it, I don't know.

Customs are different, the process of engagement is not the same, the following for your reference;

Engagement rituals to remember

Engagement is also known as "Wending", formerly known as "Naji" and "Najing", "Najing" and "Najing". "

The engagement is not as complicated as the marriage, but the traditional custom is still very important, both men and women need to prepare a number of gifts, the process is as follows:

The groomer is going to go on the road to marry!

The groom first home after the family rituals, and then with the matchmaker with a car to the woman's home to marry. When you get out of the car and enter the door, you can't run away from the red envelope!

(A) tribute officer: commonly known as "Mr. Box", specifically responsible for sending gifts to the line of recruitment matters. Tribute to the officer must control the number of people (make up an even number), vehicles (six or twelve), bride price (even number and properly packaged with red paper), six gifts.

(2) family rituals: before departing to the woman's home, the man first home ancestor worship ceremony, which will be used to pick the "box of cakes" or cakes, incense offerings to the ancestor Song, will be going to the woman's home somewhere to hire, please show the ancestor blessing of this marriage rafters beautiful and happy.

(3) Departure: After performing the family rituals, the Tribute Officer is responsible for carrying all the bridegroom's gifts to the car, and the groom and the matchmaker ride together to the woman's home.

(4) Red packets: Before departure, the Gongli Palace, in addition to taking care of the number of people, the number of cars, the bride-price, but also have to remind the groom to prepare more red packets. Such as: come to open the groom's car door uncle, "pressure table", six relatives who go with the need to have a bride to meet the gift, hold the wash water of the female new friends, matchmaker gift.

How to get hired after a lifetime engagement?

You have heard of the saying, "Eat rice and marry a good son-in-law"! That's why there should be rice crackers in the six rites of passage.

Additionally, why is it necessary to prepare four colors of sugar? It is to symbolize the new couple's sweetness and sweetness, the meaning of the white head to old age.

The bride-price not only represents the man's intention to repay the woman's parents, thank the woman's family for their painstaking efforts to raise the new bride, but also represents the man's face. So most of them are willing to add to the scenery, decent, and each piece of bride price also contains a good luck, increase the symbolism of success.

The bride-price is usually divided into six simple gifts or twelve elaborate gifts, the bride-price according to the individual's budgetary arrangements, and it may be worthwhile to ask the matchmaker to ask the woman's parents for advice, ask the woman's opinion, to make the best of both worlds.

Men's and women's marriages are now official

The sound of firecrackers is heard. The sound of firecrackers, the man to marry the people arrived! On the day of the wedding, ancestors will be worshipped, tea will be served, and the ceremony will not be considered complete until a ring is put on to hold hands until the end of life.

After the ceremony, how does the woman return the gift?

The Chinese have always been concerned about the "return of gifts", after the man over the gift, the woman should naturally also be prepared to return gifts, can not let the man return empty-handed ah.

The Han Chinese - wedding customs

The marriage of the Han Chinese young people in the past by their parents, most of the parents from childhood to the engagement of marriage, and in some cases, marriage, that is, the child is not yet born, the parents of the two sides to establish a marriage for them.

The same name is not married: that is, the same family name of men and women do not marry each other, began in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, is the implementation of the Zhou nationality outside the clan marriage provisions left behind. Spring and Autumn period, people with the same name marriage will cause offspring deformity and infertility has been further understanding, but the same name marriage still occurs in the aristocracy from time to time. After the Warring States period, the family name to the family name, after the Han Dynasty, the family name is not divided, and thus the same surname is not married more than not prohibited. To the Tang Dynasty, the marriage of the same name and follow the ancient system, be prohibited. Song, Yuan, a Tang law, the same name for the marriage of dry cane and leave. Ming and Qing Dynasty, a larger area, a large population, early to become a territory-based society, replacing the original blood-based clans. Therefore, "Ming Law" and "Qing Law" are divided into the same surname, the same clan for two, the surface of the provisions of the two are prohibited from intermarriage, the actual same surname and different clans can also be married. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the law, will not be married to the same surname and relatives not married to the merger, only prohibit the marriage of the same clan.

Before the engagement, a matchmaker is invited to the woman's home to propose marriage. At the time of betrothal, the man gave the woman some belongings as "betrothal gift", and at the time of marriage, the woman had to bring a lot of belongings to the man's family, which was called "dowry".

On the day of the wedding, the bridegroom will be on a limousine or sedan chair, to the woman's home to "meet the bride", limousine or sedan chair in front of the band. After the bride is welcomed into the male family, to worship heaven and earth and parents. After the ceremony, the newlyweds into the cave. At this time, the male family hosted a banquet to entertain friends and relatives who came to congratulate the bride. In some places, there is also a cave, listen to the custom of wall feet.

Check the day: Han marriage customs. Also known as reporting days. Popular in most counties and villages in Guangxi. A step in the engagement of the rural negotiation of marriage. Young men and women know each other to understand, report to parents, trust media communication, the man to the woman to send a bride price, and then set the date of marriage.

In the old days, more first please fortune-teller row "eight characters", such as the fate of the match before proceeding. In some places, both parents will be engaged for their children. Such as the Quanzhou County area, the two sides agreed, the matchmaker on behalf of the male party to send wine and meat clothing to the female party, the date agreed to accompany the female parents and uncles to the male family meeting, the male party hosted a banquet. The young man to hold the pot to pour wine, the first female uncle after the toast to their own uncle, and then the first guest after the host in order to toast. Both sides agreed on the wedding date, the engagement is complete. After that, men and women send the female side of the gift, bride price, the female side to prepare the dowry, the male side to prepare the furniture, according to the schedule for the wedding. If the woman urged the wedding, will do a pair of glutinous rice poi (commonly known as "reunion poi") sent to the male family, the man understood, hospitality and invited the neighbors to accompany the guests. Generally respect the woman's initiative to advance the wedding date.

Helang song: Han marriage customs, popular in northeast Gui Xing'an County area. After the ceremony and dinner, friends and relatives surrounded the groom in the main hall, singing He Lang song. The songs are improvised congratulatory messages, as well as jokes and witty words. Family and friends sing a song, the groom drink a cup of wine. At midnight, the groom is sent to the bridal chamber. Female singers to wait behind closed doors, men and women singing "open door song", as much fun as possible to open the door. Singing after the door to the room, from "congratulations to the groom a cup of wine" sung to "ten cups", the groom in turn from 1 to 10 cups of wine (wine strength is not winners can be a male singer on behalf of the drink). Then sing "happy wine", the new couple drink a cup together. Finally, the singers will close the wedding by singing "Buckle the Door Song".

Sitting in the red hall: Han marriage customs, popular in the northeast of Gui Quanzhou County area, young men and women on the eve of marriage, respectively, in their own family ancestor and accept the elders admonition. Bride wearing red hanging decorations, accompanied by the same class of sisters, sitting in the hall of fine voice euphemistic singing "crying marriage song", read the parents' grace, the narrative of sisterly love. Sisters exhort the bride to honor the elderly, harmony with siblings, praise the groom handsome and hardworking. When the bride complained of unsatisfactory matters of the heart, the sisters persuade and comfort. Singing late into the night clothes and farewell and gifts. The groom is also accompanied by the same class of brothers sitting in the main hall of their own homes, to accept the elders of thrift and management of the family, the teachings of the world. Teaching the end of the old man retired from the hall, the boys joked and giggled after the groom, happy late at night before dispersing.

Begging the key: Han Chinese marriage customs, popular in the northeast of Gui Quanzhou County area. The bride's marriage key, by their younger siblings or nephews of men and women in the "bridegroom" in charge. Before worship, the bridegroom to send the bridegroom to send a sealed package to discuss the key, so that after worship to open the box, show which the rice money, symbolizing the marriage of the grains, family wealth. The bridegroom will not accept the key because it is too small, and the groom will add the key several times. The bridegroom accepts the sealed package, the bridegroom to ask for the key, joy and the bride to worship.

Looking at the house: one of the Han Chinese wedding customs, an important program in the rural marriage. Also known as watching the door, checking the house. Popular in most counties and villages in Guangxi. At that time, the woman and the two girls called "with the aunt" in more than 10 friends and relatives, accompanied by men and women to visit the home situation (there are women who do not go). The man hosted a banquet. Matchmakers to introduce the two sides of the marriage to get acquainted. Women's friends and relatives on behalf of the financial requirements, the male side usually agreed to, and give the guests "traveling money". The next day, the two sides through the matchmaker to discuss. Some places also allow access to the marriage of the man's inner room rummage through boxes and boxes to check the real situation, and then through the matchmaker to discuss the marriage.

Black room bride kidnapping: Han Chinese marriage customs, popular in Guidong He County area. In the lower course of the mountainous areas, the bride after two days and two nights of crying marriage, the day of crossing the door early in the morning with the female companions to hide the black room. Men and women to meet the marriage team arrived, the bride's older brother (or cousin) and pro-Wei in the male youth broke into the door. The female companions throw sand and wave bamboo sticks to resist. The robbers try to drag the female companions out of the door to eliminate interference. If two robbers lost, then increase to 4 or even more than 10 people, until the bride forced back out the door. And then by the man to welcome the bride team of two (or four) women take turns carrying the bride to the groom's home. In the competition for the bride, the man gave the woman to wipe the pot smoke ink, the woman tore the man's clothes, so that the ancient legacy of the wedding robbery evolved into a young men and women's jokes and games.

Bai Tang CaiYu: Han marriage customs, popular in most counties and townships in Guangxi. An important program in the wedding. Often by the groom's uncle to light a pair of candles on the table, and say colorful words of congratulations and prayers. Such as Guidong Hexian commonly used colorful words: "Dragon alone light light, high light Huatang, husband and wife and life, happiness and fortune into a double", "hand in hand with the bonus zhang two long, congratulations on nephews marry the bride, luanfenghuang and song add happiness and longevity, husband and wife and a hundred years of harmony long." After the words of congratulations, the bride and groom worship heaven and earth, ancestors, and to worship the marriage.

Back to the door: the old Han marriage customs. That is, after the wedding three, six, seven, nine, ten days or full moon, son-in-law with gifts, with the bride to return to her mother's home, worship scorpion wife's parents and relatives. The son-in-law's rite of passage, which began with the welcome of the bride, is now complete. This custom began in ancient times, generally known as the "return to the Ning", for the meaning of home to visit their parents after marriage. In later times, the name of the ceremony varied from place to place. In the Song Dynasty, it was called "Baimen"; in the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Shuanghuimen" in the north, "Huijin" in the south, "Wushang" in some areas of Hebei, "Wake Auntie" in Hangzhou, "Wushang" in the north, and "Wushang" in the south. In some areas of Hebei, it is called "calling aunt", and in Hangzhou, it is called "returning to the groom". Modern Tongbao on the third day after the wedding, also known as the "three dynasties back to the door". This is the last ceremony of the wedding, there are daughters do not forget the gift of parenting, son-in-law to thank the parents-in-law and the newlyweds love and beauty and other significance, in general, the women's family are hosting a banquet, the new son-in-law into the seat, accompanied by the female clan elders to drink. The newlyweds returned on the same day, or stayed for a few days, and if they stayed, they did not stay in the same room.

Ancient Han Wedding Customs

Three things:

Applying for and seeking a marriage: when a man reaches a certain age, he will be asked by his parents to seek a good marriage. First of all, they will look for a matchmaker, and after finding a good matchmaker, they will introduce their family situation, the target of their request, give the matchmaker a gift, and show their bride price and other things. The matchmaker then goes to the corresponding home to introduce the man's family. If the woman's parents agree, the man can go to the woman's home or the woman to the man's home to matchmaking (in ancient times, men and women could not go in person, but only by their parents on behalf of the parents) by the parents of both sides to talk about the situation of the two families, men and women, the conditions of the two sides If both sides agree, then they will be given to each other to give betrothal tokens, such as jade with, etc. Or if the woman agrees, the woman will be to the man to give the man a tea the man thinks that can be said that the tea that is on the table after the tea "Tea money" (how much is not limited, but must be an even number) drank tea. Even if the promise of marriage

Engagement:

Ask for the name; if the men and women of the eight characters clip, no collision, the two sides will give each other Geng post, written on the name of the two people, birthdate, eight characters, age, etc., for the engagement of the credentials.

Naji: After the betrothal, the man chooses an auspicious day to pass the rite of passage, and after a few days the rite of passage is officially performed

Passing the rite of passage: Fifteen to twenty days before the wedding, on the day of the auspicious day, the man sends the bride price, the hairpin, and the marriage certificate to the woman's house to propose

(Settling of the bed): A few days before the wedding the wedding bed will be moved to the proper position by the good fortune of the woman. Then, before the wedding, the goodwife will be responsible for making the bed, spreading the mattress, bed sheets, and dragon and phoenix quilts on the bed, and removing all kinds of joyful fruits, such as jujubes, cinnamon balls, dried lychees, red and green beans, and lishui. No one is allowed to enter the new room or touch the new bed until the couple enters the room on the wedding night.

(Dowry): The woman has to prepare the dowry and bring it to the wedding day. The dowry is a symbol of the status and wealth of the woman's family. The dowry includes bronze mirrors, a variety of ornaments, money and treasures, etc.

(Pre-wedding): The man's ancestor worship - before going out to marry the bride, he should first worship his ancestors to report that the marriage has been finalized, and to pray for blessings. The woman will be groomed and dressed by her mother before going to the more Covered with a red head

Ceremony:

Welcome the bride: Ancient weddings were held in the evening. Welcoming the bride is the highlight of the wedding. The bride is brought out by her sister or bridesmaid and handed over to her father, who in turn hands her over to the groom. Before leaving the bride's home, the bride and groom bow to their parents and parents-in-law to say goodbye. The sedan chair. After the bride arrives at the man's home, the groom's family members will open the door of the sedan chair and invite the bride to the bride's home, and then one of the man's blessed elders (mostly women) will give the bride and groom a red rope with a concentric knot, and then the two of them will hold each other's red ropes and walk into the wedding hall. The girl will hold a bronze mirror and shine it on the bride and groom for happiness and fulfillment

Worshipping: the formal part of the wedding. In front of the hall, presided over by the guest of honor, the bride and groom stand in line to worship heaven and earth, parents; husband and wife to worship, music, ceremony completed

After the ceremony: the second morning, the bride and groom together to see the in-laws, the bridegroom should also introduce all the relatives of the family to the bride Then the bride and groom to the elders to serve tea, the third day, the bride and the bridegroom with the ancestors to go to joint sacrifices, the bride will formally become a member of the family, the wedding officially ended.

After the wedding, the bridegroom must also prepare to thank the matchmaker's money, which is called the "thank you" gift, but also the matchmaker, etc., to express their gratitude

Anciently, weddings were called "Xiaodengke", so men's and women's wedding dresses should be celebratory and solemn, mostly red dresses, and men dress solemnly and formally, usually draped with a red silk scarf or a large red flower, and the bride is wearing a red dress, which is embroidered with a lucky phoenix. The bride wears a red silk scarf or a large red flower, embroidered with auspicious designs of phoenixes and luan, and her hair is coiled up in what is commonly known as a "top", and she wears makeup and a phoenix crown on her head.

The concubine system in ancient China is a world wonder. This system, from the day the matriarchal clan disappeared, began to sprout, and then thrive, unstoppable.

With modern eyes, the Chinese "concubine system" is an extremely inhumane and cruel system. Because it will "class" into the family, into the same bed **** pillow people, into the middle of the brotherhood, forcibly the blood of the family is divided into two categories of oppression and oppressed. This is really a great mockery of human nature. In terms of institutional meaning alone, the concubine system is even worse than the "four-wife system" in Arab countries. I can't help but say that this is the black humor behind the "forgiveness" principle.

In fact, ancient Chinese people have long raised objections to the concubine system. The I Ching says: "Two women living together, their will is not the same, said Ge."

However, vision and equality of human nature, stronger than hedonism and dictatorship, the concubine system still exists, and developed a complete set of rules.

Nowadays, many people say that ancient China was "polygamous". This is wrong, if you are really born in ancient times and say this sentence, will certainly be seen as a person who does not abide by the law of etiquette. Ancient China, is still monogamous, concubines can not be counted as a legal spouse, if you have to say, it can only be "monogamous polygyny and concubinage system".

During the period of clan society, there was the "concubine system" in the country, which was a kind of marriage system that only the chief of the clan was qualified to implement. When a daughter was married off, the family in law had to accompany her with a niece of the same family name. The sister or slave girl who accompanies the daughter is naturally a concubine, and the status of the sister concubine is higher than that of the slave girl, so there is no need to say more.

After that, the "concubine" formally appeared. In the family, although the concubine has the duty to bear and raise children, she does not enjoy the treatment of a "wife". Why? The original reason was very simple - women who were wives were of a higher family background than concubines. Concubines were usually from lowly families, or even gifts from the defeated side.

Therefore, wives were "married" and concubines were "taken", and the property sent to the in-laws when they took a wife was called the "bride price", while the property given when a concubine was taken was called The money given at the time of taking a concubine was called "the money for the purchase of the concubine".

Gu Liang Zhuan (谷梁传)："No concubine for a wife." In other words, a concubine is not eligible to become a wife, and a man who has a concubine but no wife is still an unmarried "bachelor". If the first wife dies, the husband, even if he has a full house of concubines, is still a widower without a wife, and has to find another good family to marry the first wife.

The identity of the concubine, so far, has become a fixed, to the Tang and Song dynasties, but also became an iron law. The Tang Laws clearly stipulate that "concubines are cheap", "concubines are bought and sold", and "taking a concubine or a girl as a wife is punishable by one and a half years' imprisonment."

If the concubine to wife, is a violation of the criminal law, but the incident, is to serve a year and a half of both, and finished as usual to divorce.

"Huiyuan": "Concubine, receive also, said to receive the gentleman and not married." It turns out that concubines are only for men and women to meet, they can only be intimate with their husbands, but they are not qualified to be called husband and wife.

The Book of Rites: "Concubines are bought together to their cheapness with public property." The concubine, who also sleeps with her husband's **** and produces children for him, is nothing more than a bought object.

In addition to this, ancient China was also an absolute class society, patriarchal society, children's marriages were decided by parents. Perhaps to eliminate free love between young men and women, especially those of different classes, the law was even stricter about the distinction between wives and concubines.

The Book of Rites says, "If a man who runs away becomes a concubine, his parents and his countrymen are all contemptuous of him," and "the good and the lowly do not marry". That is to say, if the children were prevented from falling in love freely and eloped, the woman was not qualified to be a wife, and both families regarded her as nothing more than a concubine.

During the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi wrote a long poem about this social situation of "elopers as concubines": "The silver bottle is drawn from the bottom of the well, and the silver bottle wants to go up the silk rope. A jade hairpin is sharpened on the stone, and the hairpin is bent in the center. The bottle is sinking and the hairpin is broken. It is like a concubine saying goodbye to you today. I remember when I was a girl at home, I had a different demeanor. Her temples were covered with the wings of cicadas in autumn, and her moths were turned into the colors of distant mountains. I laughed and played with you in the backyard, but I have not met you yet. The concubine was making plums on the short wall, and the gentleman was riding a white horse beside the poplar. I know you will break my heart when I see you. I know you are broken hearted*** You can see the pine and cypress trees on the mountain. The pines and cypresses were transformed into a heart, and the two maids went away together secretly. I've been in your house for five or six years, and I've heard a lot of things from the adults in your family. I was hired as a wife and concubine, but I couldn't afford to serve Artemisia. I knew that I could not live in your house, but I had no place to go. Do I not have parents in my house? I am also full of affection for my hometown. I have not heard anything from you, so I am sad and ashamed that I can't go home today. I'm so sorry that I can't go back today. I've missed my concubine's life for a hundred years because of your one day's kindness. I'd like to tell you that I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to make a good match with you!

A good woman from a good family, just because of elopement with her lover, she lost the qualification of being a wife from now on, "to Jun's house for five or six years, Jun's adults often say. Hire then for the wife to run is a concubine, can not be the main sacrifice to serve Artemisia." After five or six years of serving her in-laws and husband, she was not recognized by the man's family; she was not qualified to participate in the family rituals; and the son she gave birth to was not considered to be the preferred heir of her husband's family.

From this point of view, the concubine system, ravaged, not only these misplaced women, the man who loves her without autonomy, and her son, all suffer under this system. The man can only share the bed with the first wife recognized by his parents, and watch his beloved woman become the first wife's reproductive tool.

Another way to look at it: the system of concubines is based on the premise that men are superior to women. Why is it that when the same person elopes, the woman becomes a concubine and the man is left in peace? What kind of reasoning is that? --In addition, how much happiness can a woman who becomes a man's first wife under such circumstances have?

Additionally, the number of concubines is strictly regulated in the rites and laws.

The Book of Rites stipulates, "After the Son of Heaven, there are six palaces, three wives, nine concubines, twenty-seven lineage women, and eighty-one royal wives."

The Rites of Zhou: "The king's consorts were one hundred and twenty: one queen, three ladies, nine concubines, twenty-seven worldly women, and eighty-one female imperial wives."

The son of heaven could have one hundred and twenty women headed by the empress, who was the first wife, and who had the right to be alone with the emperor; the other concubines were not allowed to be alone with their husbands and had to be approved by the empress whether or not to accompany them. --This system in the Ming and Qing palaces went further: the emperor selected concubines to serve the bed, to send the list to the empress to review, if the empress agreed, then stamped with the seal of the empress. If the empress is determined not to cover this seal, the emperor often have no choice. If you want to abolish the queen, replace the first room, it is often necessary to affect the emperor's reputation, in addition to the emperor, no one wants to take this risk.

The emperor was the son of heaven, he had the largest number of concubines, the son of heaven below, the number of concubines will be in the ritual law sharply reduced:

Daifu can only take two concubines, the scholar can only take a concubine. Ordinary rich people could only have one concubine when their first wives were over fifty years old and childless. Moreover, all concubines were not allowed to stay with their husbands all night, and she had to leave when he went to sleep.

This rule worked just as well for the concubines of emperors.

But, rules being rules, not many were willing to follow them.

The system of concubines was originally a way of enjoyment for men of wealth and privilege, so how could they let the rules bind their hands and feet?

So, in addition to "concubine", there are "Ji", "maidservant", "Kisha" and so on. The name "concubine" is not included in the list. After each name, there is a group of women living in pain.

The "Ji, Maid, and Kiki" were in fact concubines, but without legal status, they were worse off than concubines.

In a Tang Dynasty novel, there was a woman named Huo Xiaoyu, whose father was the king of Huo, but her mother was only the king's "favorite servant girl," so after her father's death, she was deprived of her daughter's qualifications, and the two of them were driven out of the royal residence by the king's official concubines and the children born to the official concubines, and reduced to prostitution. The king's residence, reduced to prostitution, and eventually met a thinly veiled lover who died of depression.

Because of the law and social attitudes, most men did not take their "concubines and maidservants" seriously. --Contrary to modern notions of equality, if they acted as if they treated their concubines as equals, they would be the object of ridicule, thought to be self-absorbed and without character.

The Tang dynasty's Qiao Zhizhi fell in love with his concubine, Myeongniang, and because of her lowly status, Qiao Zhizhi, who was an official, could not take her as his wife, so he was willing to remain unmarried. As a result, Myo Niang was forcibly taken by Wu Yansi and threw herself into a well with Qiao Zhizhi's love poems. Wu Yansi was so angry with Qiao Zhizhi that he framed him and sent him to prison, and his family was destroyed. --If circumstances had not prevented Qiao Zhizhi from marrying Myrtle, things might not have come to such a pass. --To people at the time, taking a wife and taking a concubine were two different concepts, and people at the time, in addition to blaming Wu Yansi, thought it was pointless for Qiao Zhizhi to break up his family for a concubine.

Su Shi, a great writer of the Song dynasty, had a bold literary style and was a great man of his generation. Many people know that he was y in love with his wife, Wang, and that his song "Jiangchengzi" made people weep. However, if you examine his attitude towards his concubines, it can be enough to dazzle modern people and have to make another evaluation of his image of deep love.

Su Dongpo's life, many concubines, affair endless, and his attitude towards these concubines, is basically ruthless and unintentional, such as the patriarchal system, just as they regard them as personal belongings.

Su Dongpo relegation, will be around the concubines are given away, which is said to have two concubines have been pregnant, he did not have time to ask (bedside manner to give away has been Kans, even more even in the womb of whether there are children do not have time to ask, what is the attitude?) Liang Shicheng, a eunuch in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and Sun Xia?, a scholar of the Hanlin Academy, both claimed to be the son of Su Shi, born to a concubine given away by Su Dongpo, and even Su Dongpo's recognized son, Su Zong, did not deny the situation, but instead, they were close to Liang and Sun. It is said that Liang Shicheng consideration of brotherhood, and even said to the family accountant: "Where the little Su Shi with money, 10,000 Guan or less, do not have to sue me, according to pay is."

The concubine who was given away with the fetus is still considered a good life, and even more miserable is a concubine named Chuniang. Su Dongpo's friend Jiang Mou came to see him off, happened to see Chuniang, greatly admired, then said to Su Dongpo: "I have a white horse, willing to exchange with the bachelor for a beautiful concubine." Su Dongpo thought, a famous horse for a concubine, it is a good deal, a good deal, and immediately nodded his head to agree. But this news was heard by Chuniang, this talented and beautiful concubine but refused, accused Su Dongpo said: when Yan Ying still know can not be sinned because of the horse, you this hall Su Bachelor, the beautiful name of pity, but want to exchange people for horses! In the heat of anger, Chuniang died on the spot by hitting the locust. --Although the concubine, but also a woman, woman and even by the man they love as a horse and donkey, both hate and humiliation, really no fun.

In addition to the tragic death of Chuniang, Su Dongpo's concubines in the most famous than the dynasty cloud. She was the only concubine who was not sent away by Su Dongpo and was able to accompany him into exile in Lingnan. However, at that time, although Su Dongpo has been widowed, although the dynasty cloud and his sweet **** bitter, although the dynasty cloud also gave birth to his children, she still did not become his wife, to her death, Su Dongpo is still only in her tombstone written on the word "concubine". --Because she was from a lowly background, because concubines as wives was a social taboo. This intelligent woman could only remain unknown for the rest of her life. Even though she was well versed in history and scripture, she was unable to change her life even though she had come to a realization at the end of her life.

Additionally, although concubines were inferior, prostitutes were even more inferior, which was also the concept of the scholarly men. Although they and the famous prostitutes sing with each other, celebrities, but in the heart, they despise them, not ever really love or cherish their life experience. Su Dongpo once called a prostitute his "confidant", but in the end he still loved his reputation and refused to take her as a concubine, so the prostitute could only go home in despair.

Su Dongpo's way of treating his concubines was typical of ancient Chinese scholars. He was known for his boldness and open-mindedness, and his treatment of concubines was no different. How many women in the world would be willing to be a concubine?

To be a concubine is a great misfortune for women. They are not even qualified to show their love for their husbands.

If any man is y in love with his concubine, it would be a laughing stock.

The State of the Union: In the Spring and Autumn period, when the great duke of the state of Lu died, his mother warned his concubines: "When the ceremony is held with outsiders, you are not allowed to cry, nor to look sad, nor to show your swollen eyes to the people! I can't afford to lose my son's face and let outsiders say that he was actually in love with his concubine!

It would have been better if they hadn't been in love with their concubines, but many more men treated them as objects of pleasure, to be beaten and scolded.

Yan Tingzhi favored his concubine Xuanying, and his son Yan Wu was so upset that he used a hammer to smash Xuanying's head while she slept. Did Yan Tingzhi punish his son? No, he did not! Instead, he marveled at his son's courage to kill at such a young age! Later, Yan Wu became a governor, so Yan Tingzhi was even more pleased with himself. The fact that Xuan Ying died like this, and that he was a "beloved concubine", is a big deal.

Southern Song Dynasty, the famous general Yang Zheng, kill concubines is a routine: "concubines dozens of people, all have the music, but a little unsatisfactory, will be caned to kill, and stripped of their skins, from the head to the foot, nailed to the wall, and then dry hard, square lifted and thrown into the water." Frightened the staff mouth can not speak.

The Qing Dynasty, the flamboyant genius of the Bold Paijiang concubines Dong Xiaowan, known as the affair, in fact, Dong Xiaowan in the eyes of the Bold Paijiang, but also is just to be beaten and scolded things only. During the war, when the family fled, Bong Paijiang supported his mother and wife, but he scolded Dong Xiaowan for dragging him down, which is a clear proof. When Dong Xiaowan was sick, he called her around, beating and scolding her, saying that he was sick and out of sorts. --Since the disease was abnormal, why was Dong Xiaowan the one who scolded her? Never scolded his mother and first wife? It is very simple, his heart has long been determined that concubines are just things that can be beaten and scolded.

The husband, who was supposed to love each other, treated his concubine in this way, and the first wife, of course, did not have to be polite.

There are many examples of this, and the history books are full of them.

Not to mention the ordinary family, is the palace, no less. Emperor Xian's birth mother, Wang Meiren, was the granddaughter of a general, originally a noble lady, but she married the emperor, and unfortunately, she was a concubine, so she could only be recognized as a slave under her first wife, the empress. She gave birth to a son, Liu Xie, for her husband, Emperor Ling of Han, causing the Empress to become so jealous that she was buried with a cup of poison before she could even get off the labor bed.

Ling Di, being the husband, did not take Wang Meiren seriously, she was just a concubine, so Empress He passed through with a scare. And although Emperor Xian later became emperor, he never really avenged his mother's death: Empress He was his first mother, and even if she died, Liu Xie couldn't do anything to her. Wang Meiren (who was actually just a child when she died) died without a trace.

The Northern Wei royal family even took the killing of a concubine for granted. According to the rules, the mother of the crown prince had to kill herself. So naturally, no queen would be willing to die, and all the innocent ones were concubines. In the Northern Wei palace, the concubine not only became the first wife's surrogate, but also became the first wife's scapegoat.

The Ming Dynasty had a palace concubine burial system, and these women, all of whom were concubines, never had a first wife. During the Qing Dynasty, the martyrdom of Nurhachu's grand consort Abahai became a historical curiosity. All the people are talking about Huang taiji forced to kill the stepmother, for Abahai injustice - in fact, at the same time was forced to martyrdom of the two concubines of Nurhachu, a few have seen their names and sufferings, and for their grievances? Abahai this wife died unjustly, they do concubines should die?

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