Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of customs and traditions ...... similar to clothing ah ...... customs ah ...... what ...... to be detailed ...... authority ......

Spring and Autumn and Warring States period is the transition from slavery to feudalism, is the advanced feudal production relations over the backward slavery production relations of the era, in the academic is the sons of the flourishing, a hundred schools of thought unprecedented active era. All kinds of art flourished and had sound and color. Spring and Autumn and Warring States lasted for hundreds of years, the independent development of the vassal states, the formation of a different cultural atmosphere, Mr. Li Xueqin summarized as several cultural circles: the Central Plains Cultural Circle, the Northern Cultural Circle, the Qilu Cultural Circle, the Chu Cultural Circle, the Wu-Yue Cultural Circle, the Ba-Shu-Dian Cultural Circle. Mutual integration in the war of mutual annexation. After the unification of Qin, *** with the formation of colorful Chinese culture. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, the Greek culture in Europe is also entering the development of the heyday of the two major cultural systems of the East and the West are opposite each other. Comparison of the two, Greece is known for its skillful carving, leaving countless art treasures for future generations, radiating an indelible light in the history of the world's fine arts; China's Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period is known for its multi-functional bronzes, bronzes are a collection of carvings, paintings, calligraphy, craftsmanship in one of the integrated works of art, integration of practical and aesthetic, both to communicate human rights and the divine right of the tokens, but also the difference between the hierarchy of the name of the mark. Clothing Clothing Warring States Clothing Due to years of war, all kinds of rituals were gradually abolished during the Warring States period. The costumes of the seven warring states, Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin, were changed accordingly due to the limitations of the terroir. From the painted wooden figurines in the tombs of Warring States Chu unearthed in Changsha, Hunan Province in recent years, we can see the representative features of the costumes at that time. At this time the dress to the lower body along the wide edge of the winding type of fat clothes. Its winding is to wrap the front lapel to the back body, that is, to take the horizontal line and diagonal line of the space complementary, to obtain the static in the movement and movement in the static decorative effect. Because of the thin material, in order to prevent the thin clothes from wrapping around the body, so the use of flat and stiff brocade fabric edging, and then decorated with cloud patterns on the edge, that is, "clothes for embroidery, brocade for the edge", will be practical and aesthetic skillfully combined. These ideas and production methods fully reflect the wisdom of the ancient design and intelligence. During the Warring States period, men's clothing was knee-length, decorated with continuous rectangular patterns and stripes, which were very similar to the lacquerware side decorations of the time. Men's clothing was based on the basic style of crossed collars, narrow sleeves, and belts around the waist. During the Warring States period, most of the hooks were made of gold, silver, copper, iron and jade, and the hooks were engraved with floral motifs, sometimes with turquoise, to show that they were noble and rich. There is also a kind of gold and silver wrong handmade craft, the appearance of the gold and stone processing, its appearance is more exquisite and luxurious. Iron smelting industry in the Warring States period is relatively prosperous, can be made to hang on the man's body of the copper knife; technology is also superior, such as a 25-centimeter-long small curved knife, the back of the knife is carved with a variety of patterns, then widely loved and worn by the people, called "Rong knife". At this time the hanging knife, is not entirely practical, to a large extent, decorative instead of practical. Painting Literature is very rich, especially wall paintings. From the book written in the Warring States period of the "Classic of Mountains and Seas", the great poet Qu Yuan of the State of Chu, "Heavenly Questions" reflect the content, you can get a glimpse of the huge scale of the murals had at that time, but unfortunately, have not been handed down to the present day. Unfortunately, none of them have been handed down to the present day. We can only understand the paintings of that time from the bronze images, lacquer images and the only two surviving silk paintings. Through the huge and complex bronze images: mulberry picking, hunting, shooting, banquets and music, land and water attacks, etc., it can be seen that the craftsmen at that time already had a fairly high capacity for composition and image shaping, and had already initially mastered the art of balance and symmetry, contrast and other laws. Although due to the limitation of conditions, the characters in the picture do not have facial expression, but the manners are vivid and the proportion is appropriate, which indirectly expresses the mentality of the characters, just like what Xunzi said, the form has and the god is born. Lacquerware unearthed from the tomb, are depicted with patterns, simple and bright colors, the figures on the dynamic to win, the expression of the five senses is more simple, the painting is still in the early years, but the innocent and lively, full of vitality of the characteristics of the early years are fully expressed. Some lacquer coffins decorated with paint, can be regarded as the earliest oil paintings. The four silk paintings of the Warring States period that have been handed down to the present day, especially the Figures of Dragons and Phoenixes and Figures of Dragons, represent the highest level of painting at that time. Such as composition, balanced with changes, image proportion dynamic, line strength and so on have achieved a certain degree of success. Especially the figure of the imperial dragon, the line is strong and elastic, the image of the man wearing a sword, the expressive power of the line, etc., all seem to be more mature. Chinese painting is characterized by line modeling. Rock paintings, which were widely distributed and colorful, enriched the content of paintings from another side. Sculpture The level of carving was far from the same as that of Greek sculpture in the same period, and large-scale carvings of independent significance had not yet been found. The carvings at that time mainly consisted of clay and wooden figurines buried with the dead, jade and stone carvings, and bronzes and lacquer ware made in the form of animals and human figures, as well as other arts and crafts. In terms of the complexity of the type and the richness of the material and method, it is not as good as the Greek carvings. The carvings of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods have been found to be made of lacquer, bronze, jade, clay, wood and other materials, with images of animals, figures, gods and monsters, birds, dragons and phoenixes, etc., and the techniques of round carving, bas-relief carving, color painting and inlay. The carving of figures can not only distinguish the differences in rank, men and women, young and old, gender and age characteristics, but also individual character traits. The decorative, pictorial and symbolic characteristics of traditional Chinese carving had already taken shape at this time, and the influence of this tradition was extremely far-reaching. Calligraphy It occupies an important position in the history of Chinese calligraphy. Bronze inscriptions (Jinwen) and Shikuwen represent the first climax of the development of Chinese calligraphy, and their styles are either strong and simple, or clear and elegant, with special aesthetics, which are treasured by later generations. Allied books, simple books, whether it is Dan Shu or Zhu Shu, its font and a distinctive flavor. Such as Houma alliance book, the blade of the pen marks obvious, turning and staccato powerful, line thickness slightly change, into the pen out of the pen to form the head of the silkworm, some people call it tadpole book, to form a special sense of beauty. The seal script provided the earliest example for the later seal carving art. Music and dance were valued by successive rulers and loved by people of all classes, and their social role was considerable. For the upper classes, music and dance were firstly used for major ceremonies such as rituals and banquets, while for the people it was mainly for entertainment and rest. At first, the court music and dance and folk music and dance were strictly separated. To the Warring States period, the court music and dance absorbed a lot of folk music and dance components, resulting in Zheng sound, Chu dance, Chu sound, Song sound, Wei sound, Qi sound, etc., these with a strong color of folk music and dance of the court music and dance, is the inevitable phenomenon of history, has caused some old-fashioned people's fear and opposition, but music and dance changes with the same trend as the progress of history is irreversible. From the literature and unearthed objects, the scale of the court music and dance activities in the Warring States period is very large, from the Zenghouyi Tomb dozens of complete sets of chimes, chimes, not only the scale of the large, and the function of the instrument is also quite advanced, to solve the history of the music of the many unresolved issues. At that time, in addition to the music and dance for sacrifice, for praying for blessings to get rid of evil spirits of religious dance is very developed, such as wax sacrifice, Nuo Yi, from the court to the folk are very popular. Chu sound and Chu dance, represented by Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs". In terms of music theory, the pre-Qin sons each adhere to their own view of music. Taoism, Mohism, and Legalism held a negative attitude toward music and dance, but there were differences in the starting point of opposition and the degree of negation: Confucianism affirmed music and dance, while Confucius, Mencius, and Xun affirmed it with their own emphasis. Whether affirmative or negative, all of them stated their own reasons, and all of them gave inspiration from one aspect or another, and all of them are worthy of study by future generations. Architecture Mainly the capitals of the Great Powers, such as the Eastern Zhou royal city of Luoyi, Qi Linzi, Yan Shimodu, the former city of Handan in the State of Zhao, the city of Qin Xianyang, Chu Ying, Zheng Hancheng, and so on. The architecture of this period with other art categories have achieved a high degree of success. The vassal states for their own survival and expansion, all spared no manpower and resources to create their own capital city, making it a military, political and cultural center. Because of the different geographical location of the capital city of each country, the construction of the local conditions, so each has its own characteristics. But in many ways are the same or similar, such as the Palace City are surrounded by walls and ditches, the city by the Palace City and Kuo City, two parts of the Palace City, the Palace City of the King's Palace in the city's most prominent position in the central axis, the Kuo City, the city (business district), the Palace City and Kuo City apart, the left and right symmetrical layout of the main building according to the axis of the left and right distribution, and so on. In terms of architectural achievements, the invention of multi-functional tiles and bricks, which provided great convenience for the development of architecture. The invention and use of the arch laid down the unique aesthetic form of classical Chinese architecture, and the terrace and pavilion architecture was a unique type of architecture in that era. In addition, the strict hierarchical restrictions on architecture have been followed by successive generations of buildings. The arts and crafts of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods were the most dynamic, rich in varieties and with the greatest achievements. Bronze craftsmanship was in the transition period from its peak to its decline, which can be described as brilliant. Compared with the Western Zhou and the Shang Dynasty, many new features were produced. Form from the original solemnity and majesty to the light and practical direction of development, produced many new shapes, daily life with the increase in bronze, the production is also increasingly sophisticated. Bronze inscriptions, with some exceptions, most of them become shorter, like the Western Zhou kind of casting long inscriptions to show Hirsch family history or to promote the ritual system of bronze basically disappeared. Bronze decoration developed to two extremes, one with a majestic and mysterious atmosphere of the animal face pattern into a simple geometric pattern; one is to depict scenes of real life. Decorative techniques, engraving and cutting of decoration were more shallow and fine, and the rough flower in the early period was changed into a neat and fine flower. The improvement and popularization of new techniques (lost wax method, inlay and engraving) made the bronzes move towards a new period of exquisite workmanship. Lost-wax method is a superior technology for casting bronzes, and its advantages can make the decoration of bronzes more diversified and exquisite, and its application and popularization greatly improved the casting level of bronzes. Inlay (or wrong gold and silver) technology used in bronze pattern decoration, can make the bronze modeling varied, ornamented, colorful. Because of the inlaid ornaments with gold, silver, lead, jade, turquoise and other texture, color and lustre, and the bronze surface color contrast, so inlaid decoration eye-catching, prominent. Engraved bronze decoration, the production of more convenient, decorative themes wider than before. In general, the spring and autumn and warring states period of bronze, aesthetic function is emphasized, prominent, practical function weakened, mysterious ritual component is almost gone. This is an important symbol of the bronze craft from the slavery ritual system to break free, reflecting the new concept of the emerging landowning class to Huaqiao for the beauty of the new concept. Jade Craft As a result of socio-economic and political changes, it brought about the renewal of the concept of rituals in the vassal states. The ceremonial and decorative jades that were closely related to the ruling class also changed, and the types of decorative jades increased. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the main types of jade objects were: biks, congs, tubes, beads, pets, pearls, pearls, string ornaments, strings, strings, leathers, magons, rings, penannular jade pieces, kuai, jangs, shanks, go, belt hooks, mirror frames, daggers and so on, most of which were ceremonial objects, and a few of which were household utensils. Jade as a decorative object showing the identity of the nobility, and the wearer of the ornamentation of the night and day, a gentleman without a reason, jade does not go to the body. Jade symbolizes the virtue of a gentleman, and there are seven, nine and eleven virtues. The evolution of jade, more three-dimensional jade carvings in the Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty is still remaining traces of the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, jade is increasingly planar, less varieties, but the production of more sophisticated. Spring and Autumn and Warring States tombs have been excavated, most of the burials have jade, and the number of large, beautifully produced. For example, more than 3,000 jade objects have been unearthed in the mid-Spring and Autumn period Chu tombs in Xichuan, Henan Province. There are also one or two hundred pieces of jade unearthed in general tombs. Some of them are so well-made that people today marvel at them, such as the sixteen-section dragon jade pendant unearthed in Zenghouyi Tomb in Suixian, Hubei Province, and the human-shaped jade pendant unearthed in the Han Tomb in Jincun, Luoyang (more details to follow), which is excellent from the selection of materials to the carving process. Lacquer Craft China was the first country in the world to use natural lacquer, and the craft of lacquer was well developed during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the use of lacquerware became more widespread, the technology was greatly improved, and local styles emerged. Warring States lacquerware in the history of China's lacquerware is a period of great development, a wide range of distribution, a great increase in varieties, the production level of an unprecedented increase in many aspects of the new improvements. First of all, the tire is more varied, wood tires outside the lacquer tires, leather tires, bamboo tires, etc.; the use of color is also richer, red, black, white, purple, brown, green, blue, yellow, gold, silver, etc., with black, red as the dominant tone; patterns and decorations of complex mattresses and regularity. In addition, the combination of lacquer painting with carving and drawing, and even with inlay, is also a major feature of Spring and Autumn and Warring States lacquer ware. Weaving and embroidery craft During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, high achievements were made in weaving and embroidery craft, among which the most physical remains were found in the Chu area, such as 35 pieces of well-preserved clothes found in a small tomb in Mashan, Jiangling, Hubei Province in 1982. The excavated textiles are of two major types: silk and hemp. Silk textiles include silk, coarse, yarn, Luo, qi, brocade, tapestry, group of eight categories, the production of fine is also unprecedented.