What are the theoretical models of metropolitan policy decision-making? What are their characteristics?

First of all, the theoretical model of decision-making is a simplified description of some aspects of the real world. It can be:-the presentation of an entity (such as an airplane model)-a chart (such as a flow chart)-a formula (such as S = V÷t)- a concept expressed in words (such as "a desk is a kind of furniture supported by a panel with four sticks on its lower surface") What is a policy analysis model? What is a strategic analysis model? What is the function of policy analysis model (conceptual model)? 1. Simplify our thinking on public policy. 2. Point out the important aspects of policy issues. By paying attention to the important features of political life, it will help us communicate effectively. 4. Put forward unimportant factors in public policy to deepen understanding. 5. Explain the elements of public policy and make predictions. The purpose of policy analysis is not to produce some final policy suggestions, but to help people have a gradually consistent understanding between realistic possibilities and expectations, and to produce a new social relationship and "social psychology" model.

The main theoretical model of policy making 1. Elite mode 2. Group model 3. Multivariate model 4. Complete rational model 5. Bounded rationality model 6. Progressive model 7. Mixed scan mode 8. System model (1) from complete rational hypothesis (optimal), limited rationality (satisfactory) and irrational hypothesis (reasonable) Representative figures and works of elite model: ThomasDye 1970. In The Mock of Democracy, Harmon Zeigler summed up the basic content of predecessors' elite theory: the elite decision-making model is a decision-making theory that regards public policy as a reflection of the values and preferences of the dominant elite. From political elite to social elite, from Saint-Simon to lasswell, the basic points are as follows: society can be divided into a few people with power and a few people without power.

Most people. Only a few people have the right to distribute value to society, while the public cannot decide public policies. A few managers do not represent the majority of the managed. The elite mostly choose the non-elite class from the upper class with higher social and economic status, and the flow to the elite class must be slow and continuous to maintain social stability and avoid revolution. Only those who have accepted the basic knowledge of elites can be included in the ruling group (elites are mobile and elite politics is eternal). Public policy nominally reflects the needs of the people, but actually reflects the values and preferences of the elite. The change of public policy will be gradual, not a revolutionary elite model.

Policy implementation

Academic evaluation: the elite decision-making model reveals the fundamental concept of modern democratic countries.

"Sovereignty lies with the people" and the actual policy process is always dominated by a few people who are directly in power. This is an insurmountable paradox, which makes people clearly realize that public policy will always be the policy of the ruling class in essence. However, this theory ignores the requirements and ability of citizens to participate in politics and the influence of this participation on policy formation. (2) Representative figures and works of group model: 1956, Earl latham, an American scholar, systematically expounded the group decision-making model in his book "Group Basis of Politics". Interest groups refer to groups that share the same political interests or attitudes and are combined in a formal or informal way. The group model shows that the influence of group A of group E is balanced. Basic content: Any interest group will exert pressure and influence on government agencies and gradually reach a balance in mutual competition, which is the source of policy formation and change. Public policies always tend to support powerful interest groups. Group analysis methods: Focus: the influence of the group (number of members, wealth, organizational strength, leadership, proximity to decision makers, internal cohesion) and the way the group implements its influence (including games) Research materials: mainly the descriptions, stories, news reports, close-ups and history books about the influence of interest groups and their behavior strategies. Academic evaluation: the group decision-making model focuses on the role of groups in the decision-making process, and uses it to understand, analyze and deal with various political, economic and social behaviors with conflicts of interest, which broadens the horizon of policy analysis. However, this model exaggerates the importance of groups and fails to fully recognize the influence of other factors in political life. (3) The representative figures and works of multiple decision-making model: 1968, which was put forward by American policy scholar Charles E. blom in his book Decision-making Process. C.E.Lindblom is a famous contemporary western scholar and a professor of economics and political science at Yale University. 19 17 was born in California, USA. /kloc-0 received a doctorate in philosophy from the university of Chicago in 1945, and/kloc-0 received an honorary doctorate from the university in 1973. He was the president of American Comparative Economics Association (1975- 1976), the president of American Political Institute (198 1- 1982) and many other important academic positions. Main works: politics, economy and welfare (1953), science of gradual adjustment (1963), decision-making process (first edition 1968, second edition 1980), politics and market: world politics-economy.

One of the most important works, and one of the representative works of contemporary western comparative economics and political science. Basic content of decision ladder: Political decision-making is a process in which citizens, voters, political parties, leaders of interest groups and direct decision makers exercise their power, influence each other and interact with each other. Academic evaluation: the multi-decision model enables us to fully understand the scope of policy subjects, but ignores the role of policy planning institutions and other subjects. (4) Rational model represents the basic content of people and works (no content): Rational decision-making model refers to the decision-making model in which decision-makers follow the principle of getting maximum output with minimum input, make use of all possible information, and choose the best scheme through objective and accurate comparison or calculation. The so-called rationality in the field of social life refers to a way of thinking and behavior that seeks advantages and avoids disadvantages; In the actual process, this mode of thinking and behavior is mainly manifested in the behavior choice to expand the goal achievement. Basic starting point: the decision-maker is an economic man, and his behavior conforms to two principles: first, his behavior conforms to rationality; The second is to pursue the optimal goal. Six steps of completely rational decision-making theory A. Decision makers face a given decision-making problem. "Decision makers can process and remember all relevant information when diagnosing problems; In other words, all information about the problem is available. " B, decision makers have clear decision-making objectives. The decision maker gets all the decision information. "Decision makers have ready-made methods to obtain all aspects of information related to decision-making situations, which also means that decision makers must fully grasp the information about decision-making environments." The decision maker designs all the choices. Decision makers can identify all options and evaluate the results of each option. F, decision makers compare and calculate the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme, and choose the best scheme. Academic evaluation: Rational decision-making mode is a scientific and ideal decision-making method, which should be used as much as possible in public policy-making system. However, due to its strict requirements in knowledge, information and certainty, there will be many restrictions in practical application. Such as: the diversity and unmeasurability of interests, the personal interests of decision-makers, precipitation costs, information costs, limitations of computing and forecasting capabilities, environmental changes, and decision-making systems (division of labor and responsibilities) (5) bounded rationality model's representative figure and works: Herbert. Simon, American management scientist and sociologist. In his early years, he studied at the University of Chicago and received his doctorate from 1943. 1949, Professor of Computer and Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, USA. He won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Economics for his pioneering research on the decision-making process of economic organizations. In his works such as Management Behaviors and New Science of Management Decision-making, he deeply discussed the decision-making process and formed a systematic theory of decision-making process.

Basic content: bounded rational decision-making model refers to the decision-making model that can be used when seeking policy schemes. It is not necessary to comprehensively analyze all policy schemes, but only select one or several more suitable and feasible schemes for feasibility analysis, as long as the output of one scheme is greater than the cost. Basic starting point: decision makers are managers, and their behavior conforms to two principles: first, their behavior conforms to bounded rationality; The second is to meet the principle. Bounded rationality: A In fact, decision makers don't have all the information about the decision-making situation. Decision makers have limited ability to process information. C decision makers can act after they have a simple impression of the decision-making situation. D decision makers can't or won't completely infer the results of various schemes, and their choice behavior is influenced by the nature and order of the information obtained; At the same time, its ability is limited in complex decision-making situations. Decision-making behavior is influenced by the past activities and personality of decision makers. F decision makers do not pursue value maximization, but only need to be satisfied. There are five kinds of influences on organizational decision-making, including the following: A, authority B, communication C, organizational identity or organizational loyalty D, efficiency criterion E, and training satisfaction principle: from the assumption of complete rationality (optimal) to limited rationality (satisfaction), "optimal is often a trap" is used. When making a decision, determine a set of criteria to explain what is a satisfactory minimum choice. A proposed alternative is satisfactory if it meets or exceeds all these criteria. The decision-making process includes the following four stages: a, intelligence activities (whose task is to explore the environment and seek the conditions for decision-making) b, design activities (whose task is to design, formulate and analyze possible alternative action plans) c, decision-making activities (whose task is to provide suitable solutions from providing alternatives) d, evaluation activities (whose task is to evaluate the decided solutions) Academic evaluation: In the past, decision-making research focused on decision-making. The bounded rational decision-making model reveals the influence of decision makers and other factors on decision-making, and provides a relatively complete picture of decision-making process for people for the first time. (VI) Representative figures and works of the progressive model: The progressive decision-making model was first proposed by the American scholar C.E. Lindblom in the book Decision-making Process published in 1968.

Public policy is the basic content of past policy adjustment: (basic points) Public policy is actually just a continuation of past policy activities and a partial adjustment of past policies based on experience. Decision makers regard decision-making as a process of gradual increase and approaching rationality. The basic principle of the gradual model: the principle of gradual progress "A step-by-step, tinkering gradualist or complacent person may not look like a hero, but he is a brave, competitive and resourceful problem solver." Analysis of the reasons for gradual decision-making: the basis of gradual decision-making is that the resources and abilities of progressive politicians are limited, and only when the familiar people can't meet the needs will the decision-makers seek fundamental policy reform. The current policy has invested a lot of money and energy (precipitation cost), and also partially ruled out major changes. Progressive analysis method: what was the policy in the past? Is the past policy appropriate? (appropriate, continue; If not, then) adjust some policies (current) academic evaluation: too conservative in epistemology. (7) The representative figures and works of mixed scanning decision-making model: The mixed scanning decision-making model was put forward by Ezioni, a famous American public policy research scholar. Basic content: After recognizing the essence of the problem, decision makers use rational analysis methods to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various schemes on the one hand, and explore the possible results of various schemes on the other hand according to the gradual decision-making method. This decision-making model, which combines rational, bounded rational and irrational methods, is the mixed scanning decision-making model. Academic evaluation: The hybrid scanning model can be used to study the formulation of political policies by system analysis, and the proposed model is relatively geometric in system. However, this model tries to combine rational thinking with super-rational thinking, ignoring the conflict between them in values, which leads to the ambiguity of policy value orientation. (8) Representative figures and works of system decision-making model: David Easton, a representative figure of political system theory, put forward a system decision-making model in his book "Analytical Methods of Political System". Environment environment

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Input-supports ten systems ■LLT

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The basic content of environment: public policy is the result of the interaction between political system and its external environment. The interaction between the political system and its external environment is a cyclical process. Academic evaluation: the system decision-making model analyzes the policy process from a macro perspective, but lacks the analysis of the black box of the political system.

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Eight policy model theories

First, the theoretical model of policy formulation

What is a model?

This model is a simplified representation of some aspects of the real world. It can be:-a presentation of an entity (such as an airplane model)-a diagram (such as a flow chart).

-a formula (e.g. S = v \\u t)

-the concept expressed in a paragraph (such as "a table is a kind of furniture, supported by a panel and four sticks below")

What is a policy analysis model? Policy analysis model is a simplified representation of public policy. It usually appears as a concept (conceptual model)

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What is the function of policy analysis model?

1. Simplify our thinking on public policy.

2. Point out the important aspects of policy issues.

By paying attention to the important features of political life, it helps us communicate effectively.

4. Put forward unimportant factors in public policy to deepen our understanding.

5. Explain the elements of public policy and predict its impact.

People rarely choose a policy that is once and for all, self-contained and accessible to everyone. The purpose of policy analysis is not to produce some final policy suggestions, but to help people have a gradually consistent understanding between realistic possibilities and expectations, and to produce a new social relationship and "social psychology" model.