In what aspects does the earthquake damage the frame structure?

A well-designed earthquake-resistant house meets the requirements of "strong column and weak beam", which will produce plastic hinges at the beam ends, yield to tensile steel bars and crush the concrete in the compression area.

Then the bending moment at the end of the column is very large (generally larger up and down, generally larger at the lower end), which will lead to oblique cracks and horizontal cracks. If the seismic design is not good or the seismic intensity is too high, the self-weight of the superstructure and the vertical earthquake will cause the concrete at the column end to be crushed, and the longitudinal reinforcement will buckle and bulge.

If the design is not good, the steel bars at the upper end of the column yield to produce plastic hinges, and the structure becomes a geometrically variable system, and the building will collapse.

Horizontal earthquake will cause X-type shear failure (oblique crack) and crack of infilled wall.

The concrete of beam-column joints may be crushed.

That's all I know