What is the economic structure of ancient China

1. The main farming methods of ancient agriculture

(1) The origin of agriculture: the primitive society formed the pattern of crop cultivation of southern rice and northern corn.

(2) the main farming methods of ancient agriculture: slash-and-burn farming → stone hoeing → iron plow and oxen. Among them:

①The main farming methods of early/primitive agriculture: slash-and-burn - stone hoeing, basic mode: collective farming by slaves, large-scale simple collaboration.

②Traditional agriculture, the main farming methods: iron plow ox plowing, farming economy, began to take shape in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, the basic model: intensive cultivation, smallholder economy.

(3) the fundamental reason for the change in farming methods: the development of productive forces. Specific performance: ① the improvement of production tools: primitive society: stone tools, bone tools - Shang Zhou: the emergence of bronze farming tools, but very few, still mainly stone tools, bone tools - Spring and Autumn Period: the emergence of iron oxen farming -Western Han Dynasty: plow wall, columbarium - Three Kingdoms: turning cart (manpower irrigation tool) - Tang Dynasty: twisting plough (traditional) step plow basic stereotypes), tube car (hydraulic irrigation tools).

② water conservancy facilities: Spring and Autumn: peony pei - Warring States: Dujiangyan, Zheng Guo canal - Han Dynasty: Caoqu, Baiqu, the Western Region, the characteristics of the project Kanye, governance of the Yellow River.

③The maturity of farming technology: Spring and Autumn to Qin and Han dynasties: two years and three crops, generation of field law, district field law - Wei and Jin dynasties: "Qimin Essentials" the earliest surviving agricultural book, green manure and crop rotation more than 1,000 years earlier than in Europe - Song and Yuan dynasties: the full maturity of intensive farming. rice and wheat replanting system, Jiangzhe in the Southern Song Dynasty as the center of economic gravity -- Ming and Qing dynasties: multiple ripening system, cultivation of new crop varieties, introduction of high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato, and expansion of the area of cash crops.

(4) the center of economic gravity southward: ① process: the Wei and Jin dynasties to develop Jiangnan; after the Anshi Rebellion began to move southward; the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangsu and Zhejiang became the center of economic gravity ("Suzhou and Lake are ripe, the world is enough"), complete the southward shift. ② Reasons for the southward shift: people from the north moved southward, bringing labor and technology, stability in the south, superior natural conditions, and rulers attached importance.

2. Land System in Ancient China

(1) Primitive society: communal ownership of land.

(2) slave society: land state ownership, representative: the well-field system during the Shang and Zhou dynasties: ① Evolution: the emergence of the Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou prevailed, after the Spring and Autumn disintegration. ② Substance: nominally state-owned, actually owned by the nobility. ③ Reasons for the collapse: the development of productive forces, the increase of private land (the root cause); wars reduce the labor force; tax reforms in various countries, legislation to establish private land ownership. ④Effects of disintegration: feudal exploitation methods arose.

(3) Feudal society: ①Feudal private land ownership was the main system: there were three kinds of private ownership: private ownership by the monarch, private ownership by the landlords, private ownership by the peasants; private ownership of land by the landlords was dominant, and land annexation (transferring public land to private land, rewarding, buying and selling, etc.) was the main way for the landlords to expand their estates; the annexation of land had a serious impact on the state's tax revenues, which led to social unrest, and the ruler often adopted the principle of "equalization of land". The rulers often adopted the measures of "equalization of land" and "limitation of land" to limit the high concentration of land and protect the economy of peasant farmers.