How were local administrative districts divided during the Qing Dynasty? For example, how were the "prefectures", "states", "counties", "li", "bao", etc. subordinated to each other? "How are they subo

How were local administrative districts divided during the Qing Dynasty? For example, how were the "prefectures", "states", "counties", "li", "bao", etc. subordinated to each other? "How are they subordinated to each other? The Qing dynasty will be local administrative divisions for the province, the province (directly under the state, directly under the hall), the county (hall, state, county) three levels. The prefectures, prefectures and counties were sub-provincial administrative divisions.

Prefecture is a sub-provincial administrative division, governing a number of counties (prefectures, departments). The seat of the administrative office of the prefectural government is called the prefectural seat, i.e., attached to the county of Guo. Some of the prefectures are under the jurisdiction of the governor, but there is no county. Prefectural administrator for the governor, the beginning of the fourth grade, Qianlong eighteen years (1753) changed to the fourth grade. In the Yongzheng, the country **** set up one hundred and sixty-seven provinces. Qianlong increased to one hundred and eighty-four provinces (including Shuntian Province, Fengtian Province). To the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu, increased to one hundred and eighty-seven provinces. In addition to Shuntian Province, Zhili Province, ten provinces, Fengtian Prefecture, Jilin Province, ten provinces in Shandong Province, Shanxi Province, nine provinces, nine provinces in Henan Province, eight provinces in Jiangsu Province, eight provinces in Anhui Province, thirteen provinces in Jiangxi Province, nine provinces in Fujian Province, eleven provinces in Zhejiang Province, ten provinces in Hubei Province, nine provinces in Hunan Province, seven provinces in Shaanxi Province, eight provinces in Gansu Province, six provinces in Xinjiang Province, twelve provinces in Sichuan Province, nine provinces in Guangdong Province, eleven provinces in Guangxi Province, fourteen provinces in Yunnan Province, twelve provinces in Guizhou Province. Guizhou Province, twelve prefectures. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the country **** there are more than two hundred government.

Hall set up in minority areas or strategic local administrative units. Sub-directly under the hall and scattered halls. Directly subordinate hall directly under the Buzhengzhi Secretary, equivalent to the Prefecture or directly under the state. The scattered hall is generally subordinate to the province, some subordinate to the road. The administrator of the hall is called Tongzhi or Tongjian, Tongzhi is the fifth grade, Tongjian is the sixth grade. Zhili hall and scattered halls of the same grade. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the governor often sent his zuo yu -- Tongzhi, Tongjian divided defense of the government around, its offices in various places called the hall. Later, the hall evolved into a local administrative unit, the administrator still used the old name of Tongzhi, Tongjian, but has been different from the Tongzhi, Tongjian of each government. At the end of the Guangxu period, there were more than one hundred direct-affiliated halls and scattered halls in the country.

The state of Qing dynasty inherited the Ming system, directly under the Buzhengzhi Secretary of the state called Zhili state. Zhili Prefecture has its own county, which is equivalent to the prefecture level, but its scale is slightly smaller and its government is slightly simpler. The prefectures subordinate to the prefectures are called prefectures (Sanzhou and Zhongzhou), which are equivalent to county-level local administrative districts. The administrators of both prefectures were called prefectures, with the prefectures of the prefectures being of the fifth rank and the prefectures of the subordinate prefectures being of the fifth rank. At the end of the Guangxu period, there were more than 210 directly subordinate prefectures and scattered prefectures throughout the country.

County primary local administrative unit. The Qing Dynasty inherited the system of Ming Dynasty, the county is generally subordinate to the prefectural government and directly under the hall, or subordinate to the road and directly under the hall. For example, the datong county of heilongjiang province, tangyuan county under the xingdong road, Fengtian province, andong county, kuandian county under the phoenix directly under the hall. The chief executive of the county is the county governor (the seventh grade). At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,300 counties in the country.

The sub-county administrative divisions of the Qing Dynasty can be recognized in terms of both legal communities and traditional natural communities.

The so-called statutory communities are national zones, artificially organized ruling areas and social group organizations, which can also be called administrative communities. As mentioned earlier, the Qing Dynasty did not make uniform provisions for sub-county administrative divisions, but the administrative organizations it promoted, the lijia and baojia, were made the basis for sub-county administrative divisions. In this regard, there are many historical records, such as: "the system of 100-10 households for the Li, Li ten armor for a map, A system in the Li, Li system in the township" (29); "the Qing system to all the map to the map to the map to unify the armor to the armor to the household, and the village, Li divided into" (30); "Combined Bao for the capital, combined capital for the township, combined township for the county" (31) and so on.

Many of the aforementioned names of administrative districts in the Ri, Tu, Wei, field, district, A, that is, due to the purpose of the distribution of levies and services in the Ri A organization.

Lijia, is the government to the people based on the settlement, so that they are organized according to certain rules, their own management of their own service to the organization. "One hundred and ten households for Li, a Li, push Ding grain more for the long, the remaining 100 households for ten A, A where ten people. The chief of a mile in the yearly service was one person, and the head of the armor was ten persons, who managed to take care of the affairs of a mile", and "for ten years, one week", called "rowing year", and "the order of each was based on the amount of grain in the second place ". "After the map is called terribly zero". Each mile is organized into a book, the first book is always a map. Widows, widowers, orphans and non-servants in the Ri, then with the management in the hundred and ten households outside. Li long a head is responsible for investigating the number of field grain Ding, the fabrication of the service registers, urge the money and grain, early Qing Dynasty or "hooked up to the public affairs" of the responsibility, responsible for the buyers of this A, litigation, detention of civil cases and criminals, and so on. Qing people have said: "County why Li, Li why long also? So the unification of the village, at the behest of the county, and to help it to rationalize the person also." (32) Ri long A head of the state such as the lowest level of semi-official personnel, although elected by the household, and the "Tang Ming law compilation" has: "Ri long A head of this for the office of a Ri a A public affairs and set up", the presumptuous increase in the Ri long A head of the "proposed crimes and abuse of the same officials".

Do as the third level of administration, that is, "one hundred and ten households for the mile" of the mile; Figure, that is, "each mile is organized into a book, the book of the head of the total for a map" of the map. Such as Jiangsu "Jiading County Records", "Figure that is, not said that Li also, said that the figure, to each of the registers are listed in a figure, so the name is said to figure. 1 Li 1 figure to determine the corvée. Here, Li, Figure, both the household register (yellow book) in the household units, according to the household grouping of service organizations, but also become a level of administrative divisions. As for the polder, field, and district, they were the taxed fields in the lijia - in order to "facilitate the collection of taxes", they were ranked according to the base tax of the fields and ponds of the households living in the grain fields, and each lijia stored fields ranging from 250 mu to 200 mu (33), and then organized into the polder, field, and district (grain area) of the second administrative division. The district was organized into polder, field (grain field), and district (grain district) of the second level of administration. Here, the polder, field, district, is not only the tax field unit in the map book (fish scale atlas), the organization of the catalytic section by field, but also become a level of administrative division. As for the A, is the lowest level of 10 households 1 A call for service in the organization of the household.

Fortress, bao, store, regiment, practice, and brand in the name of many administrative districts mentioned above, that is, the baojia organization for the purpose of public security and civil defense.

Baojia, the government based on the people's residence, so that they are organized according to certain rules of their own management of their own security and defense organizations. "A state, a county, a number of households in each of the city passes, a number of households in the four villages, to give the seal of a cardboard card, write the name, the number of men, the number of mouths in the above, out of the indicated that they are going to, into the audit of their coming. People with suspicious faces were not allowed to stay unless they were cross-examined. Ten households set up a head of the license plate, ten license plates set up a head of the A, ten A set up a head of the bailiff. If the village was small and the number of households was less than the number of people, they would be organized into a small number. They would check each other's affairs and save each other's lives when there was something wrong. The guest houses set up books for inspection, and temples were also given paper cards" (34), building fences and stores, dispatching soldiers and soldiers from the townships, inspecting people and households, carrying out night watches, picking up traitors, and keeping watch over each other. In the early Qing Dynasty, Lishangjia was parallel and complementary to each other, slightly heavier Lishang. Since the Kangxi nourished the people never add the tax, Yongzheng spread Ding into the land, due to the implementation of a single tax standard only according to the land tax, the people no longer receive the importance of compilation and adjudication. Qianlong thirty-seventh year (1772) the Qing dynasty formally ordered to stop the organization of the trial, the Li society system because the Li A organization can not be maintained and gradually abolished, resulting in the government "only Baojia is to rely on" the situation. At that time, in addition to security and defense, Baojia also participated in the grass-roots justice, relief affairs and local miscellaneous public affairs, and on behalf of the Lijia supervision of money, food and taxes. The head of Baojia was responsible for this Baojia's household, public security, thieves, lawsuits, detention, fire and candles, public affairs, dredging and leveling roads, etc., and at the end of each month, "presenting the Ganjie of nothing, reporting to the officials for inspection". Baojia long also like the country's lowest semi-official personnel, although generally elected by the people, but to be reported to the official inspection, by the official to give a license, commissioned by the brand, some areas plus the issuance of a stamp, in order to make clear its "in the official servitude" identity status.

Do as the third level of administration of the bail, the fort, store, that is, "ten armor a bail" of the bail. In the city, said Bao, in the township, said Bao, here the fort, Bao, including store, not only is the siege of self-protection of the offensive and defensive facilities, correcting malefactors security organizations, but also a level of administrative division. And the regiment, practice, is the form of the gentry of the Baojia - regiment training. Here the regiment and practice, both gentleman-led local armed forces, regimentation based on and control of the base, but also a level of administrative division. As for the card, is the lowest level of 10 family 1 card corrective self-defense organization.

The so-called natural community is the natural formation of people in the long-term life, in which *** life *** survival, with *** the same way of life and production and vernacular consciousness (traditional culture, customs, sense of belonging, etc.) of the social and geographical space. The natural communities below the county in the Qing Dynasty mainly refer to the naturally formed villages, the association of villages and villages over a long period of time, and the social areas that have been fused into the nature due to the inheritance over the years although they were artificially zoned in the previous generations.

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