Painter of Qingming Riverside Scene

Author of Qingming Riverside Scroll Zhang Zeduan?

Chinese translation: Leonardo da Vinci

Note: Hong Kong and Taiwan translates as Da Vinci

Original English name: Leonardo?Di?Ser?Piero?Da?Vinci

Duration of life: April 15, 1452 - May 2, 1519?

Note: Da Vinci is not a last name, but means the town of Finch origin, the full name Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci means Leonardo, son of Di Ser Piero from the town of Finch.

Nationality: Italy

Constellation: Aries

IQ: 220

Habits: left-handed

Family status: Father: di Ser Piero da Vinci

Mother: Caterina

Note: Da Vinci's birth mother, Caterina, was unable to marry her father due to her humble birth, and from the baptismal records of Da Vinci's birth, it appears that she gave birth to Da Vinci Soon after giving birth to Da Vinci, she married another man from the same village, and Da Vinci grew up in his grandfather's fields.

Marital status: unmarried for life

Quirks: habit of writing backwards from right to left, dissecting no fewer than 30 dead bodies, fondness for pink coats, and coloring his beard without a care in the world.

[edit paragraph]Biography

Leonardo da Vinci, one of the three masters of the Italian Renaissance, is also the most perfect representative of the entire European Renaissance. He is a thoughtful, learned, multi-talented painter, allegorist, sculptor, inventor, philosopher, musician, medical doctor, biologist, geographer, construction engineer and military engineer. He was a genius, he was enthusiastic in artistic creation and theoretical research on the one hand, studying how to use line and three-dimensional modeling to express the form of various issues, on the other hand, he also studied the natural sciences at the same time, in order to be true to the touching image of art, he studied extensively with the painting of optics, mathematics, geology, biology and other disciplines. His artistic practice and the spirit of scientific exploration have had a significant and far-reaching impact on later generations, he is a symbol of human wisdom, 500 years after his death, human research and exploration of him still continue, in Europe and the United States and Japan, Korea, Israel and other Asian countries have specialized da Vinci research institutions. As for his home country Italy, he is a symbol of national culture, in this country, wine, furniture, restaurants, hotels, airports and other things named after him are countless. The famous Italian clothing brand Leonardo (Chinese translation: 老头) is also named after him.

1, astronomy

Da Vinci on the traditional "center of the Earth" holds a negative view. He believed that the Earth is not the center of the solar system, not to mention the center of the universe, but only a planet orbiting the sun, the sun itself is not moving. Leonardo da Vinci also believed that the moon did not shine on its own, but only reflected the light of the sun. These ideas he put forward before Copernicus's "heliocentric", and even at that time, da Vinci fantasized about the use of solar energy.

2. Physics

Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered the concept of liquid pressure and proposed the principle of the connecting vessel. He pointed out that: in the connecter, the same liquid level height is the same, different liquids have different heights, the height of the liquid is inversely proportional to the density. He discovered the principle of inertia, which was later demonstrated by Galileo's experiments. He believed that a projectile initially rises in an inclined straight line, makes a curvilinear displacement under a mixture of gravitational and impulsive forces, and finally runs out of impulsive force and makes a vertical descending motion under the action of gravitational force. This discovery of his shook Aristotle's doctrine of falling bodies. He developed the principle of the lever, and in addition to deriving the relationship between the force and the length of the arm, he also worked out the relationship between the speed and the length of the arm. He pointed out the impossibility of "perpetual motion" as an energy source. Da Vinci also predicted the atomic principle of matter and described the power of atomic energy vividly: "It would burst from the earth, and ...... cause men to die suddenly with a silent breath, and castles to be utterly destroyed, and it would seem to have a mighty destructive power in the air. " ?

3, medicine

Da Vinci also made great achievements in physiological anatomy, is considered the originator of modern physiological anatomy. He mastered the knowledge of human anatomy and studied the structure of all parts of the human body from anatomy. He was the first to employ wax to represent the internal structure of the human brain and the first to envision the use of glass and ceramics for the heart and eyes. He discovered the function of blood and believed that it plays a metabolic role in the human body. He said that blood constantly transforms the whole body, carrying nutrients to all parts of the body where they are needed, and then carrying away the body's waste products. Da Vinci studied the heart, he found that it had four chambers and drew the heart valves. He believed that one of the causes of death in the elderly was arteriosclerosis, and that the cause of arteriosclerosis was lack of exercise. Later, the British scientist Harvey confirmed and developed these results of physiological anatomy of da Vinci.?

4, architecture

In architecture, da Vinci also showed outstanding talent. He designed bridges, churches, city streets and urban buildings. In the design of city streets, he separated carriageways and sidewalks. When designing city buildings, he specified the height of houses and the width of streets. The moat of Milan was designed and built by him.

5. Military

Da Vinci's research and invention also involved the military field. He invented the reed wheel gun, submunition, three-barrel cannon, tank car, floating snowshoes, diving suits and submarines, double-hulled warships, gliders, flapping planes and helicopters, rotating pontoon bridge and so on. April 26, 2008, in the western Swiss city of Payenne, 36-year-old Swiss Olivier Viétie Tepa used by da Vinci designed pyramid parachute from the ground 600 meters high from the helicopter. Helicopter successfully jumped.

6. Hydraulics

Leonardo da Vinci's study of hydraulics predates the Italian scholar Questieri by a century. In order to remove sediment, he made construction plans to dredge the Arno River. He designed and personally supervised the construction of the irrigation canal from Milan to Pavia. Some of the reservoirs, locks and dams built by him facilitated the irrigation of farmland and promoted the development of agricultural production. Some of the water conservancy facilities are still functioning today.

7, geology

Da Vinci inferred that the earth's crust had changed according to the fact that there are sea animals fossilized in the mountains, pointing out that the traces of the flood on the earth is the proof of the land and sea change, this idea is quite similar to the discovery of Houghton's geology 300 years later. And before Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe, he calculated that the diameter of the earth was more than 7000 miles.

8. The Da Vinci Cipher

Anyone who has seen The Da Vinci Code probably knows about the Da Vinci Cipher. And in fact in the society of that time, people also pay more and more attention to the confidentiality of documents. Da Vinci designed this cipher cylinder classical shape, connotes the Renaissance qualities, elegant design, in line with Da Vinci's wise style. According to the storyline, the cipher cylinder hides the greatest secret of the Hermitage and even the whole Christianity, the papyrus. Da Vinci designed the cipher cylinder to contain a container of vinegar liquid, which would flow out to dissolve the papyrus if the cylinder was forcibly smashed. To open the cipher cylinder, you must unlock a 5-digit code, the cipher cylinder has 5 turntables, each turntable has 26 letters, may be used as a password for as many as 11881376 kinds of permutations.

9. Designed primary robots

Most wonderfully, da Vinci also devised a way to do heart repair surgery.

Da Vinci once claimed that he had no book education and that nature was his real teacher. The Renaissance genius spared no effort in his quest to understand nature and himself. In order to recognize human beings themselves, da Vinci personally dissected dozens of corpses, the human skeleton, muscles, joints, and internal organs for a precise understanding and drawing.

Surprisingly, back then, da Vinci did not even have a concept of the working mechanism of the human circulatory system. Even more amazing is that in 2005, a British surgeon also used the method designed by da Vinci to do heart repair surgery. However, the study of anatomy did not bring Da Vinci a reputation at the time, but was subjected to countless slanders.

However, it was with this intimate knowledge of the human body that Da Vinci drew the first humanoid robot in the world of Western civilization in his manuscripts.

Da Vinci gave the robot a shell of wood, leather, and metal. And it was how to make the robot move that gave Da Vinci a big headache. He came up with the idea of using the lower gears as a drive, and from there, through the gears of the two mechanical rods and then with the chest of a disk gear bite, the robot's arms can be waved, can sit or stand. Even better, the head was connected to the head through a drive rod, and the head could rotate and even open and close the jaws. And once equipped with an automatic drum unit, the robot can even make sounds.

It turns out that more than 500 years ago, there was already a prototype robot.

10, ignited the fire of inspiration for the invention of the modern automobile

Da Vinci's 10,000-page manuscript (about 6,000 pages in existence) is still affecting scientific research, he is a prophet of the modern world, and his manuscript is also known as a real encyclopedia of science and technology in the 15th century.

Early on, Da Vinci was dissatisfied with the four-wheeled carriages of his time. The automobile had long been a part of his scientific world. In fact, it was the Da Vinci automobile that inspired the invention of the modern automobile.

Since the car is to consider the power problem, Da Vinci installed two springs in the middle of the car to solve this problem. The rear wheels of the car were turned by manpower to make the gears bite, and the springs were tensed to generate force, which was then transferred to the wheels through leverage.

So how to control the speed of the car? Da Vinci also thought of it. He installed a disc device on the car, the disc surface set up a lot of square wooden blocks, and each wheel connected to the other end of the iron rod and the disc, which is used to control the speed of the device. The greater the number of wooden blocks placed on the disk, the greater the friction between it and the iron rod, the greater the resistance, the slower the wheels run, the longer the distance traveled.

Of course, Da Vinci also thought of brakes. Located between the gears there is a wooden block, pull the rope to jam the block between the gears, the car can stop. However, the car could not carry people, because it would not be able to travel a long distance on the power of the spring alone.

At the same time, Da Vinci also skillfully used the spring in the design of clocks and watches. The principle that was later adopted for large clocks came from Da Vinci's vision. Only in this conception, the spring force is replaced by the gravity of the object, the object downward gravity through the many gears bite role is evenly transmitted, the clock will be able to maintain uniform motion.

In addition, musical instruments, alarm clocks, bicycles, cameras, thermometers, meat roasters, textile machines, cranes, excavators ...... Leonardo da Vinci had countless inventions and designs, and these inventions and designs at the time if the publication of the process of scientific civilization of the world can be 100 years ahead of us.

11, obsessed with the mechanical world

underwater breathing device, pulling device, clockwork drive, ball device, reverse spiral, differential spiral, anemometer and gyroscope ...... da Vinci will be his countless ideas presented to the world. The story begins with Da Vinci's first visit to Florence to learn how to paint. In fact, this experience opened the door to the artist Da Vinci, but also opened the door to the scientist Da Vinci.

Da Vinci came to Florence with his father in 1460 and began his apprenticeship, learning to paint at the same time. As a painter, Da Vinci was involved in the installation of the giant bronze globe on the lighthouse in the dome of the Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, where he was exposed to and experienced the wonders of a wide variety of mechanical systems.

The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore was the beginning of Renaissance architecture. When Leonardo da Vinci was installing the giant bronze globe on the dome of the lighthouse, he witnessed the efficiency of mechanisms such as the three-speed elevator, and was struck by the wonder of it.

As a result, Brunelleschi's ideas about the design of mechanical systems had a strong influence on Da Vinci. A group of Sienese engineers also had a major impact on da Vinci's scientific world. The Sienese engineers designed a river silt dredge shaped like a boat to remove gravel and silt from shallow inlets, and a paddle boat that could be loaded more and travel faster. The inventions of these Sienese engineers made Leonardo da Vinci interested in the magic of mechanics.

From then on, Da Vinci was obsessed with the mechanical world.

Artistic giants

When it comes to art, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael were the most accomplished artists of the Renaissance. Their artistic achievements reached the second peak of the Western plastic arts after the ancient Greeks, and the first peak of the European painting alone. Among them, Da Vinci was the most prominent, and Engels called him the giant of giants. In terms of artistic creation, Da Vinci solved the major problems in the three fields of plastic arts - architecture, sculpture and painting:

1, solved the design of monumental central dome buildings and the planning of an ideal city;

2, solved the problem of the monumental statues on horseback, which had been a problem for sculptors since the 15th century

3. Solved the problems of monumental frescoes and altarpieces, two important areas of painting at the time.

Da Vinci's works of art not only reflect things like mirrors, but also guide their creation with reflection, observing and selecting beautiful parts from nature to express. The fresco The Last Supper, The Battle of Angeli and the portrait Mona Lisa are the three masterpieces of his life. These three works are among the treasures left by Da Vinci for the world's art treasury, the vaulting stone of European art.?

The Mona Lisa took four years to paint before and after. It is said that the model was a Florentine woman who had just lost her baby, and in order to relieve her pain and smile naturally, Leonardo asked someone to play music for her. Her smile is the subject of much discussion, sometimes seemingly serious and sometimes gentle, sometimes slightly sad and sometimes sarcastic. Mona Lisa's right hand has been called "the most beautiful hand in the history of art".

The Last Supper was painted on the wall of the dining room of the convent of Grecci in Milan. Da Vinci changed the layout of the Last Supper from a table and had all the figures sit in a row facing the viewer, with Jesus Christ in the center.

The swiftness of his death

Da Vinci was invited into France in his later years by King Fran?ois I, who received him with the highest hospitality, placing him in the Chateau d'Amboise, where he was often consulted, and on May 2, 1519, the aged Da Vinci died of an illness, and it is said that he took his last breath in the arms of Fran?ois I, who rushed to his death.

[Edit]Creative process

The image of Leonardo da Vinci that we are now more familiar with basically comes from his famous self-portrait, so when Leonardo is mentioned, we always think of a philosopher-like wise elder. In fact, Da Vinci was a famously beautiful man in his youth in Florence, Italy (although rumors of his homosexuality were rampant at the time because he had no interest in women)! The handsome bronze David sculpted by his teacher Verrocchio is said to have been modeled after the young Da Vinci. The best period of Da Vinci's artistic career was in Milan from 1482 - 1499. Da Vinci, who played the seven-stringed violin well, first became famous in Milan as a musician rather than as a painter or inventor. He did not paint much during this period, but his unparalleled talent was highly sought after by Ludovico Sforza, the Grand Duke of Milan, and in 1499 he escaped the war by traveling and doing some scientific research in Mantua and Venice, etc. In 1500 he returned to Florence and began to work on the Mona Lisa. After this he traveled to Milan, where he continued to serve the Milanese court, and in 1513 he moved to Rome, which was not a very pleasant place for Leonardo. He stayed there briefly, meeting Michelangelo and other artists who were in Rome at the time, but did not reveal any of his artistic genius. He basically worked on magic-like tricks, so much so that the Romans regarded him as a sorcerer of sorts. 1515 Da Vinci moved to France, eventually settling in Amboise. In his later years, he rarely painted and devoted himself to scientific research, leaving behind a large number of manuscript notes at the time of his death, the contents of which ranged from physics, mathematics to biological anatomy, almost everything. He did not complete many paintings in his life, but all of them are monumental works. His works have an obvious personal style, and he was good at combining artistic creation and scientific exploration, which is unique in the world art history. Academics generally categorize his creative activities into two phases: the early phase and the flourishing phase.

Early Creation

When he was learning in the workshop of ?

When he was a pupil in the workshop of the artist, he demonstrated a remarkable talent for drawing and painting. When he assisted Verrocchio in the painting of the Baptism of Christ in about 1470, although he painted only an angel kneeling beside Christ, his manner, expression and soft tones had clearly surpassed those of Verrocchio. It is rumored that Verrocchio stopped painting for this reason. The earliest surviving work of his, Informed by the Fertilization, is a work that Da Vinci did independently without the guidance of a teacher. With the exception of a bit of freehand conception, the scenes in this painting were conceived by Da Vinci following the general method of perspective drawing. The Monastery of St. Bartolomeo in Olivette later ordered this work. The later Ginevra Banci, in contrast to the 15th-century tradition of clear lines, is rendered in backlit, sunset tones to emphasize the effects of perspective he advocated, and The Coming of the Doctor (also known as The Coming of the Three Kings), painted in 1481, marks the maturity of his artistic style. Although the painting was not completed because he left for Milan, the original manuscript shows that his artistic innovation in composition and image building greatly surpassed that of his teachers and peers: the stable triangular composition formed by the Madonna and Child and the three Doctors, the architectural monuments and the background of the galloping horses painted in precise perspective show that he no longer simply lists the relevant figures from the perspective of a narrative but completely transforms the traditional subject matter. The subject matter was completely transformed. The darker tones of his paintings make the figures stand out from the shadows, a break with the clarity of traditional painting that heralded the Renaissance.

In 1482, Da Vinci traveled to Milan, where he was invited by the Church of San Francesco to paint the altarpiece Madonna of the Rocks. The painting is now in the Louvre. The Last Supper is the most famous of his works from this period. This wet fresco of the farewell scene of Christ's last meal with his disciples before his arrest was painted on the wall of the dining room of the Convent of Grecci in Milan. Its skillful composition and ingenious layout make the hall on the screen closely linked with the dining hall architecture in life, making the viewer feel that the scene in the painting seems to be happening right in front of him. In the layout of the characters, contrary to the form of the dining table, Christ is placed independently in the center of the picture, and the other disciples, through their different facial expressions and gestures, respectively show the emotions of panic, anger, doubt, dissections, and panic. This depiction of typical character highlights the theme of the painting, which complements the unifying effect of the composition, and can be called the most perfect exemplary work in the history of art. 1500 da Vinci returned to Florence, with the restoration of the **** and state system, the cultural atmosphere was once active, and the painting world has appeared Michelangelo, Raphael and other outstanding figures. Da Vinci began to create for the main altar of Lanzetta Cathedral, the Madonna and Child with St. Anna and St. John, he exhibited to the public a carefully conceived sketch of the Madonna and Child with St. Anna and St. John, immediately caused a sensation, the principles of its composition and painting method has a great impact on the art world, Michelangelo and Raphael and others were also inspired by it. 1503, he began to paint frescoes for the Town Hall, "The Battle of Angeli". In 1503, he started to paint the fresco "Battle of Angeli" for the City Hall, and created "Mona Lisa" and "Madonna and Child with St. Anna and St. John" (later became "Madonna and Child with St. Anna"), which were two paintings and "St. John the Baptist" together became his most treasured works, and he always took them with him, and in his later life, when he moved to France, they also stayed close to him, and finally survived in Paris.

In da Vinci's artistic legacy, a large number of sketches are also worthy of attention, these sketches and his formal works, the same reached a very high level, known as the model of the art of sketching. Characterized by his subtle observation, rigid and flexible lines, and especially adept at utilizing oblique lines of varying degrees of sparsity to express the subtle changes in light and shadow,? Every one of his works is based on sketching. His art theory is scattered in his more than 6,000 pages of manuscripts and unfinished "Theory of Painting", which is also a major achievement of theoretical research in the Renaissance era.

Da Vinci's life was an unfinished road, and the road was scattered with bits and pieces of unfinished work, and he said bitterly on his deathbed, "I have never finished a single work in my life." At the age of 31, he wrote a letter to Ludovico Sforza, the Grand Duke of Milan, in which he listed his various talents, and concluded by offering to mold a bronze statue of the Grand Duke's father on horseback into a colossal statue never before seen in the world. Da Vinci was 41 years old when he completed the clay statue of this masterpiece, which was never completed because all the bronze raised was later used by the army in the war and was destroyed during the French invasion of 1499, otherwise it would have been one of the great wonders of the world. Instead of gold coins, the Archduke rewarded him for his genius and hard work with words of gold, which upset Da Vinci so much that the Archduke asked him to paint a wet fresco for the dining room of the Abbey of Grecian, which became The Last Supper, in order to comfort him. If "The Last Supper" is the world's most famous religious painting, then Da Vinci returned to Florence from Milan at the age of 51 and made "Mona Lisa" is worthy of the world's most famous and greatest portrait. These two globally acclaimed works have immortalized Da Vinci's name. Da Vinci's unique artistic language was the use of chiaroscuro to create a three-dimensional sense of a flat image. He once said, "The greatest miracle of painting is to make a flat picture appear concave or convex." He used the principle of light change of the round sphere and pioneered the chiaroscuro method, that is, the transition from light to dark in the image is continuous, like smoke, without a sharp demarcation. The Mona Lisa is an example of this method. Vasari considered this method of light and dark painting to be a turning point in the art of painting. Da Vinci's whole life was always exploring the nobility of art, and only in the creation of beauty could he feel satisfied. However, Da Vinci's talent was not valued and appreciated in his later years. As he had been devoted to the study of anatomy, he undermined the basic teachings of the Catholic Church and angered the Pope at the time. The Pope's lack of understanding and indifference to him saddened Da Vinci, and when King Fran?ois I of France reoccupied Milan in 1515, he invited Da Vinci to France and recruited him as a court painter. Da Vinci died in 1519 at the age of 67. His student Francesco Merz (Merz was da Vinci's favorite student, a noble young man born in Lombardy, Italy, to whom da Vinci entrusted all his paintings and a large number of manuscripts before his death) said, "da Vinci's death is a loss for everyone, the Creator is incapable of reproducing a genius like him. "

"Heaven sometimes gives beauty, grace, and talent to a man, so that he does nothing but excel, showing that his genius comes from heaven and not from earthly forces. Such was the case with Leonardo. His grace and elegance were unrivaled, and his talent was so great that it could solve any problem." These are the words of Vasari, the Renaissance biographer, who spoke glowingly of Da Vinci.

[edit]Fine art

Major works

Paintings

Mona Lisa

St. Jerome (unfinished)

Guinevere Banci

Portrait of a Musician (unfinished)

Woman Holding a Silver Mouse

Woman with a Frontal Veil

Lady with a Pearl Headdress

Madonna with a Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower

The Virgin of the Flower Madonna of the Nursing Mother

Madonna of Benoit

Madonna of Garofano

Madonna of the Rocks

Madonna of the Spinning Wheel

Madonna of the Child and St. Anne

Informed of the Fertility

The Doctor Comes to Worship (unfinished)

The Baptism of Christ (collaborative work)

St. John the Baptist

The Blessed Bacchus, the Wine God

The Blessed Virgin, the Woman with the Silver Rat

The Lady with the Pearl Headdress

The Blessed Virgin with the Flower Bacchus the Wine God

Rita and the Swan (original painting lost)

Frescoes

The Last Supper

The Battle of Angeli (original painting lost)

Monumental Paintings

The Mona Lisa