The application of green design concepts in the ancient folk dwellings in southern Hunan?

The ancient dwellings in southern Hunan mainly refer to the residential buildings of the Ming and Qing dynasties that remain in the southern part of Hunan, which have unique regional characteristics and are an important part of traditional Chinese residential buildings, belonging to the Xianggan folk system. Ancient dwellings in southern Hunan are the products of the ancestors in the process of improving their own living environment, transforming nature and living in harmony with nature, and are the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancestors in southern Hunan. Generally speaking, it is the mutual fusion of the Central Plains culture, Hakka culture, Lingnan culture and local indigenous culture that gave birth to the ancient dwellings in southern Hunan, and its formation and development has a profound historical origin and cultural background. The ancestors in southern Hunan solved the relationship between human-architecture-environment in a pragmatic way, and embodied the idea of unity of heaven and mankind in all aspects such as village planning, building site selection, building structure, building decoration, building materials, etc., and embodied the energy-saving, low-consumption, sustainable development and Green design concept. I. The profound influence of the cultural background of ancient dwellings in southern Hunan on the green design concept 1. Unique geographical environment Xiangnan is located in the southern part of Hunan Province, at the northern foot of the Nanling Mountain Range, bordered by Ganzhou of Jiangxi Province in the east, Shaoguan of Guangdong Province in the south, Guilin of Guangxi Province in the west, and Hengyang and Zhuzhou of Hunan Province in the north. The territory is densely populated by rivers and valleys, and is the diversion area of Xiangjiang and Pearl River Basin. The terrain is mainly mountainous and hilly, commonly known as seven mountains and one water and two fields. Due to the scarcity of land resources, the local residents treasure the land resources, most of the villages are built on the mountains facing the water, do not easily destroy the farmland, and attach importance to the water resources on which they depend for their survival, to maintain the balance of soil and water. Xiangnan region belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate, sultry summer, miasma heavy, building ventilation, drainage, lighting, sunscreen is particularly important.2. Unity of man and nature cosmology Chinese thousands of years of human civilization of the unity of man and nature cosmology, the harmony between man and nature **** as the essence of its theories and the core content. China's pre-Qin period of ecological consciousness as early as in the "Zhou Yi" and the old Zhuang, Confucius and Mencius, and the hundred schools of thought and other remarks, from Confucianism's benevolence and love of people to Taoism's Taoism and Taoism and the law of nature, as well as Zhuang Zi put forward the heaven and earth and I am born, and all things are one with me, this ecological outlook on the one hand, embodies the human reverence for the earth and sky and the nature and worship, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the proposed human and its * * * * life of the solution to the way. This ecological point of view has been affecting the development of traditional Chinese architecture, Xiangnan ancient houses are also subject to its far-reaching influence.3. farming culture and love of the earth complex in the period of farming civilization, Xiangnan ancestors in this piece of land farming, sunrise, sunrise and rest, leisure time sacrifices to the mountains and water sacrifices to the ancestors, when the poor, when they work hard to get rich, when they are rich, buy a field and build a house. Respect for cultivation and study, once the will, the glory and splendor, monuments and workshops, the glory of the ancestors.4. Forms of settlement and clan management in southern Hunan, the clan as a unit of settlement is the main form of villages, a village of one surname, the same ancestor with the same clan, a clan's ancestral halls, *** with the ancestor worship, with the public field, public mountain, public water. This high degree of clustering and living together formed a basically uniform pattern of village layout and creation. The inheritance of families, clans and clans formed the planning layout of ancient residential villages in southern Hunan, and was a strong guarantee for the planning and implementation of villages. The strong clan management system avoids the disorder and chaos in the construction of buildings and reduces the waste of land resources and the destruction of natural resources. The architectural form of ancient houses in southern Hunan reflects the content of green design. The architectural form of ancient houses in southern Hunan inherits the characteristics of Huizhou architecture and combines with the local geographic environment and climatic conditions, adapts to local conditions, reduces the waste of resources, and achieves the purpose of livability, so as to create practical buildings with the concept of green design. 1. Village planning The ancient villages in southern Hunan are very careful in choosing the location, mostly sitting in the north and facing south, living in accordance with the mountains and water. Most of them are situated in the north-south direction, living by the mountain and facing the water. The back of the mountain is commonly known as the Houlong Mountain, which is full of trees that can regulate the local climate environment. In winter, Hou Long Shan can prevent the cold north wind from attacking and keep the village warm. In summer the southward airflow becomes cooler as it passes through the paddy fields and ponds, blowing into the village and relieving the discomfort caused by the humidity and heat. Due to abundant rainfall and rich forests, Houlong Mountain has a large amount of water storage, and there are many wells at the foot of the mountain, where the water is used by villagers for drinking and irrigation, and is regarded as holy water. Therefore, the protection of the ecological environment of Houlong Mountain and the rational use of water resources are important contents of the village rules and regulations. The village is generally low in the front and high in the back, maintaining good ventilation and lighting. The layout of the village is very orderly, with the ancestral hall as the center spreading out in rows and columns to form streets and lanes. In addition to transportation, streets and lanes can form street winds.2. Architectural FormsAncient dwellings in southern Hunan are affected by specific geographic environments and the economic conditions of the family, and the architectural forms are varied, but the patio-style compound architecture of the southern Han region is the main one, and the main architectural structure is the brick and wood structure. (1) The three-room, two-dark, two-depth dwelling is the main architectural form of ancient dwellings in southern Hunan. Ming and Qing houses of the hierarchical system is very strict, the scale of folk dwellings have strict regulations, "the Ming dynasty canon" volume 3, sixty-one one contained: the people live in the premises, but the three five frames. In a bright two dark three-room building, the middle of the bright room back into a certain distance, open the door, the bright room above the set of arches, forming the shape of a funnel, so that the wind from the south more concentrated into the building, the formation of the wind through the hall. On the solid wall of the dark room, windows of larger size are opened on each side to meet the need of ventilation and lighting. The lintels on the windows can reduce direct sunlight and also block the southward rainwater from drifting into the interior. (2) Storey height of the ancient houses in southern Hunan is large and the storey height is also high. Due to the heat and humidity in the southern region, the higher space facilitates the circulation of air, and the floor is blocked by floor slabs, which can attenuate the sunlight radiating through the roof into the indoor heat. (3) The ancient houses in southern Hunan are surrounded by patio-style courtyard buildings. The patio adheres to the idea of unity of heaven and mankind, is functional and is a concentrated manifestation of green design. There are various forms and numbers of patios, such as the Julongju built by Guo Tongzhao, the Guangdong inspector in his hometown of Beixi Township, Guidong County, in the Guangxu period, which occupies an area of 18 acres, with three entries, nine halls and eighteen wells. The wells make up for the shortcomings of insufficient lighting in the building's oversized volume. In vertical multi-entry buildings, the patio is usually located on the central axis. The patio is able to introduce a large amount of light, which is dispersed to the interior rooms. If there is an accessory building in the horizontal, there is also a smaller patio between the two, commonly known as the tiger's eye patio. The walls next to the tiger's eye patio are painted white to decorate the walls and to reflect more light into the room. The patio is also an important place for ventilation. During the day, the sunlight irradiates the house, the temperature of the patio part in the direct sunlight rises quickly, the air rises, the air pressure inside the patio is low, the indoor rooms are covered by the roof and floor, the temperature increases less, the air pressure is high, the indoor air flows to the patio. All around the patio is more transparent, open hall and over the hall are open places, both sides of the compartments are mostly decorated with carved partition windows, which is convenient for ventilation and lighting. The ground part of the patio also has the function of water storage, surrounded by green stones into a pool about 40 centimeters deep, saving a large amount of rainwater on rainy days, easing the pressure of drainage, collected rainwater can be watered vegetables, cleaning indoor sanitation, but also can be used for fire prevention. The building materials of ancient dwellings in southern Hunan reflect the strategy of green design. ancient dwellings in southern Hunan mainly live in mountainous and hilly areas, and the building materials are locally sourced, which not only saves the transportation cost, but also effectively maintains the ecological balance of the local area through the rational application of the building materials.1. Lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli is abundant in southern Hunan and is commonly known as lapis lazuli. Lapis lazuli is hard, pressure-resistant, moisture-resistant and corrosion-resistant, and is a superior building foundation and structural material, mostly used in load-bearing parts of buildings, such as wall foundations, beams, pillars, gates, etc. Lapis lazuli is easy to carve, and is also a good building material. Green stone is easy to carve, is also a good decorative material, mostly used for stone drums, stone threshold, Taishan stone and other decorative components. 2. green brick green tile green brick green tile are made of local loess carefully, air-drying into the brick kiln, with pine and other burnt into. Green brick and green tile is a durable building material, which can be seen from the preserved Ming and Qing Dynasty buildings. The water absorption and waterproof performance of green brick and green tile are relatively good, when it rains, it will absorb a small amount of water, but will not pass through the wall, which can play a better role in fire prevention, and when the weather is dry and hot, it can precipitate water vapor, reducing the temperature of the building. In some secondary buildings also use earth bricks, earth bricks do not need to burn, the service life is relatively short, but earth bricks can be recycled, discarded earth bricks back to the field, can improve the quality of the soil, improve crop yields.3. Timber Xiangnan region, the mountains are high and dense forests, a variety of species of trees, camphor, pine, catalpa, cedar, miscellaneous trees, mainly for the construction of the building to provide a good construction material. In the ancient dwellings in southern Hunan, where brick and wood structures are the mainstay, wood is mainly used for beams, pillars and roof structures, and is also used in large quantities for architectural decoration and indoor furniture. When utilizing wood, the ancestors in southern Hunan paid great attention to maintaining ecological balance. On the one hand, rational logging and moderate logging are conducive to the ecological balance of nature. On the other hand, they have accumulated rich experience in the treatment and processing of wood to prolong the service life of wood and reduce the consumption of natural energy, for example, by adding a stone pillar base at the bottom of the wooden pillars, waterproofing and insect-proofing the wood, and so on.4. 4. Other materials The ancestors of Xiangnan explored a lot of special materials in the construction of their houses. The triple clay used for laying the ground is a good waterproof and moisture-proof material, the mortar used for whitewashing, the carefully developed mud sculpture, as well as straw, twigs, shells, tung oil, and even rice syrup, etc. These materials come from the renewable resources in life, and some of them are still household garbage, which embodies the concept of eco-design.

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