What are the words of economics

1, government economy, is a kind of economic behavior corresponding to the economic activities of enterprises and individuals, that is, the government as the main body of resource allocation and its macroeconomic management. Among them, the government financial allocation and its provision of public **** services in the government's economic activities in a central position.

2, government economics: is specializing in the study of government as the main body of resource allocation and its macroeconomic management laws.

3, market failure: refers to the market mechanism in some areas can not or can not effectively play a role in failing to achieve the purpose of efficient allocation of resources. That is, not up to the economics of the "Pareto efficiency".

4, competitive failure: the market is in imperfect competition, also known as competitive failure.

5, information asymmetry: usually refers to the two sides of the goods and services transactions, due to the unequal amount of information, can not effectively carry out fair competition, thus distorting the allocation of resources.

6, social equity: refers to the psychological tolerance of the members of society to the income distribution gap. 7, economic equity: refers to the comparative relationship between inputs and outputs of production factors.

8, natural monopoly: sometimes also called natural monopoly, is related to certain goods and services of their own characteristics, that is, such goods and services in the provision of a single enterprise when the cost is lower than by a number of enterprises, is conducive to the conservation of social resources. The production and provision of utility services such as electricity, water and gas supply are characterized by a clear natural monopoly.

9, Lorenz curve: in the field of personal income distribution, people usually use the Lorenz curve to measure the income gap, as well as the unfairness of income distribution. The Lorenz curve was proposed by the statistician Lorenz, and is expressed in terms of the correspondence between the cumulative number of a certain population as a percentage of the total population and the percentage of the total income received by this population.

10, public **** goods: is a concept corresponding to private goods, with the consumption of non-competitive, consumption of non-exclusive, divisible utility, consumption of mandatory characteristics. Generally can not or can not effectively through the market mechanism by enterprises and individuals to provide, mainly by the government to provide.

11, the competitiveness of consumption, is the consumer in the consumption of a certain product, will affect other consumers at the same time benefit from the product. Or with the increase in the number of consumers or consumption, caused by the increase in the cost of production of goods.

12, club goods: the possibility of crowded public **** goods, Buchanan called "club goods". When the number of consumers is below the point of crowding, the item is non-competitive, and when the number of consumers exceeds the point of crowding, the consumption of this item becomes competitive.

13, external effects: external effects (externality) in economics refers to the non-market impact of the activities of producers or consumers on other producers or consumers in the actual economic activity. Such effects may be beneficial or harmful. Beneficial effects (externalization of benefits) are called external economies, or positive externalities; harmful effects (externalization of costs) are called external diseconomies, or negative externalities.

14, Peguy Tax: In the presence of external costs, if the government imposes a fine or tax on the firm or individual concerned equal to the marginal external cost he has caused, the external cost becomes internal to the parties involved, and they take them into account in their decision-making, thus avoiding the loss of efficiency. Since this method of correcting external costs was first proposed by the British economist Peguy, it is also called the Peguy tax.

15. The meaning of Coase's theorem is that externalities can be eliminated through market transactions under the premise that property rights are clear and transaction costs are zero or very low. It can also be interpreted as follows: as long as property rights have been clearly defined and effectively protected by law, then any party to the transaction has property rights can bring the same result of optimal allocation of resources, which can be achieved naturally through negotiations between the two parties, property rights to different people, just will bring the results of the distribution of income is different. Coase also argues that even if the externalities involve multiple parties, the market can automatically correct the externalities even if property rights to public *** resources are not given to a single individual.

16, public **** choice: generally refers to the government's economic activities, how to decide through the political process of public **** goods production, supply and so on. The basic principle is that the analytical methods of economics are used in the non-market political sphere.

17, direct democracy: refers to the members of society in the form of voting and other forms of direct participation in the production and supply of public **** goods decision-making, participation in the management of social political, economic and other affairs.

18. Voting Paradox: A phenomenon that runs counter to everyday logical reasoning in voting choices. For example, in the three options A, B and C, A and B choice, A won by a vote of 2:1. In the choice between B and C, B wins by a 2:1 vote. However, in the choice between A and C, C again won by a vote of 2:1. Thus, it is not possible to determine the final winning option. If, according to general reasoning, A is better than B and B is better than C, then A must be better than C. In the above example, the result is that C is better than A.

19. Voting Cycle: the phenomenon of not being able to choose the optimal solution that occurs in a voting choice.

20, Arrow's law of impossibility: under majority rule, it is generally impossible to find a rule that satisfies the public **** selection criteria of a democratic society. A democratic society cannot be expected to make a consistent decision. The conclusion is called Arrow's Law of Impossibility.

21, Relative amount of government expenditure: is the relationship between the amount of government expenditure and other economic indicators of the national economy.

22, purchasing expenditure: refers to the government as a buyer in the market to purchase the required goods and services, used to meet the needs of social public ****.

23, transfer expenditure: refers to the budget funds unilaterally transfer expenditure without compensation, such as social security expenditure, financial subsidies. Transfer expenditures, due to the value of unilateral gratuitous transfer of expenditures, it is not possible to follow the principle of equivalence, but in order to achieve the government's specific economic and social policy objectives. 24, public *** pricing: refers to the government's decision to provide some specific goods and services charged.

25, government procurement: is a country's government at all levels in order to engage in day-to-day government activities or provide public **** services, as well as institutions and groups providing public **** services in order to carry out business activities, the use of state financial funds and government borrowing the purchase of goods, projects and services.

26, public **** investment: refers to the government will be part of the public **** funds for the acquisition of public **** sector assets, in order to meet the needs of the social public **** formed by the expenditure, it is the government to provide the basic means of the public **** products, but also the government to provide the prerequisites and bases of the public **** labor services.

27, financial investment and financing: refers to the government in order to strengthen macro-control, in order to achieve specific policy objectives for the purpose of the use of credit means, directly or indirectly paid to raise funds and the use of funds of government financial activities. Financial investment and financing is a policy investment and financing, it is different from the gratuitous grants, but also different from the general commercial loans.

28, departmental budget: refers to the main departments to summarize the preparation of the system's financial revenue and expenditure plan, composed of the budget of the units under this department. This department refers to the local state organs, military forces, political party organizations and social groups that have a direct budget allocation relationship with the financial department of the government at this level.

29, fiscal policy: refers to the government in accordance with the requirements of the objective economic laws, in order to achieve certain goals and financial measures and means.

30, social security system: social security is a social *** with the force of its members due to a variety of personal irresistible objective reasons that lead to their difficulties in maintaining the necessary standard of living is to provide material security, is the nature of the economic welfare of the social stability of the system.

31, social insurance: refers to the workers as the object of protection, in the workers in old age, disease, disability, childbirth, unemployment and other reasons for the temporary or permanent loss of working capacity or labor opportunities, and thus partially or completely lose normal income to provide material assistance to protect the basic livelihood of workers and their families. 32. Pay-as-you-go: This is a social security fund-raising model based on the principle of balancing income and expenditure in the near future. This model requires that all insured units in the current year or in the near future, in accordance with a uniform proportion of the social security fund withdrawal, in the process of income and expenditure to achieve a basic balance.

33, the government's foreign debt: refers to the country as a debtor, borrowing from foreign governments and international financial organizations as well as in the international financial market bonds issued by the debt.

34, financial subsidies: refers to the national macro-control needs, the government finance to the use of certain specified purposes of bank loans to enterprises, on the payment of interest on their loans to provide a subsidy. In essence, the government finance instead of the enterprise to pay all or part of the interest to the bank, is the government financial support for the development of the enterprise or project is an effective way.

35, tax expenditures: refers to special legal provisions, to give a particular type of activities or taxpayers with a variety of tax preferential treatment and the formation of government revenue loss or abandonment of income.

36, government revenue: also known as revenue or public **** revenue, is the sum of all funds raised by the government to perform its functions. From a dynamic point of view, government revenue is the process of government to raise financial resources; from a static point of view, government revenue is a certain amount of social product value expressed in monetary terms. 37, tax: tax is the state by virtue of political rights, mandatory gratuitous collection of physical or monetary in order to obtain a tool of financial revenue.

38, the effect of government revenue: refers to the economic subject because the government to organize revenue in their economic choices or economic behavior, or refers to the state tax on consumer choice to producer decision-making impact. This effect of government revenue is what we call the regulating effect of government revenue. Because government revenue has such an effect on the economy, it is entirely possible for the government to use revenue as a means of achieving its own goals of macro-regulating the economy. The government's income on the taxpayer's economy will produce two aspects of the behavior of the effect, namely, the substitution effect and income effect. 39, the government revenue substitution effect: refers to when the government on different commodities to implement tax or no tax, heavy tax or light tax differentiation, will affect the commodity sex to the price, so that the economic subject to reduce the purchase of taxed or heavily taxed commodities, and increase the purchase of non-taxed or light taxed commodities, that is, non-taxed or light taxed commodities instead of taxed or heavily taxed commodities.

40, the tax system: is the country's various tax laws and regulations and collection and management methods of the general term. It is the state to tax units and individuals to collect taxes on the legal basis and work procedures. Mainly includes tax laws, regulations, implementation rules, collection and management methods.

41, the tax burden transfer: refers to in the process of commodity exchange, the taxpayer through various ways to pay the tax in whole or in part transferred to others to bear the burden of the economic process and economic phenomena.

42, the tax home: also known as the tax burden home, it refers to the tax burden in the transfer of the final destination.

43, "tax three": with the state to obtain public **** income compared to other ways, taxes have its distinctive form of characteristics, that is, with gratuitous, mandatory and fixed, which is often referred to as "tax three". These three formal characteristics are inherent in the tax itself, is all social forms of taxation **** nature.

44, the object of taxation: refers to what the tax, is the purpose of tax collection, which reflects the basic scope and boundaries of the tax. Where the tax object is included, all belong to the scope of the tax. The state through the law to determine the object of taxation, is the main sign of different taxes are distinguished from each other, is one of the basic factors of the tax system.

45, taxpayers: that is, taxpayers, refers to the tax law directly responsible for tax obligations of units and individuals. Taxpayers are the main body of the tax. 46, tax basis: refers to the tax object of the unit of measurement and collection standards.

47. Exemption amount: refers to the amount of tax objects exempted from taxation under the tax law, which is a pre-determined portion of all tax objects in accordance with certain criteria.

48, state-owned assets: refers to the law by the state on behalf of all the people have ownership of all kinds of assets. Specifically, it refers to the state in various forms of investment and its income and benefit, appropriation, acceptance of gifts, by virtue of the state power to obtain or according to the law recognized all kinds of property or property rights.

49, two-part pricing method: that is, according to the composition of the public **** items, in two parts to determine its price method. That is, in the public *** pricing is divided into two parts, one part is to bear the capital costs of access fees, one part is to bear the operating costs of the use of fees, access fees in a certain period of time is fixed, and the use of fees with the increase in the amount of use.

50, public debt dependence: refers to a country's public debt revenue in the current year and the proportionate relationship between fiscal expenditure.

51, proportional reimbursement method: is the government according to the amount of public debt, installment proportional reimbursement, this method is the government directly to the holders of public debt repayment, not through the market, so also known as direct reimbursement method, this method includes the average proportion of reimbursement, year by year incremental proportion of reimbursement, year by year decreasing proportion of reimbursement and other specific forms. 52, the government budget management system: the basic system for dealing with the financial relationship between the central government and local governments and local governments.

53, compound budget: is according to the different sources of income and the nature of expenditure, the budget year all the financial revenue and expenditure into two or more program form.

54, tax jurisdiction: also known as the right to tax, is a core concept in the field of international taxation, refers to a country's government within the scope of its sovereignty over the jurisdiction of tax affairs, is the embodiment of national sovereignty in the field of taxation.

55, administrative fees refers to the government agencies for some specific units and individuals to provide the corresponding services charged, such as for marriage certificates, passports and other fees charged for the labor costs, handling fees and so on.

56, monetary policy: monetary policy, is the central bank in order to achieve its specific economic objectives and the use of a variety of control and regulation of the money supply or the size of the credit policy and measures of the general term.

57, international taxation: international taxation refers to two or more countries, in the same multinational taxpayers of the same object of taxation, respectively, the exercise of their respective taxing power and the formation of the relationship between the distribution of rights and interests between countries.

58, consumption of non-competitive: consumption process of such a nature: some people on the consumption of a product will not affect the other people on the consumption of this product, some people from this product will not affect the other people from the benefit of this product, the benefit of the object of the conflict of interest does not exist between. In other words, the marginal cost of increasing consumers is zero.

59, the principle of unanimity: refers to the fact that because all people can benefit from the provision of public **** goods, members of the community can agree on the supply of public **** goods and the tax they need to levy. That is, all members agree to levy a certain amount of tax to provide the corresponding quantity and quality of public **** goods. 59. Principle of Majority Ruling: It means that more than half of the people must be in favor of a program in order for it to be adopted.

60, single-peak preference: refers to the fact that there is only one most desirable outcome for people among the available options, and if they deviate from this, their utility declines regardless of the direction.

61, multi-peak preference: is that people's ideal outcome more than one.

62, median voter: means that its preference falls in the middle of the sequence of preferences of all voters. Half of them have preferences greater than their preferences, and half of them have preferences less than their preferences. 63, representative democracy: that is, the members of society through the election of their own representatives, such as deputies to the National People's Congress in our country or parliamentarians in other countries, on behalf of the will of the voters to participate in the management of social and public **** affairs, to engage in the election and appointment of the head of the government, the review and approval of government revenues and expenditures, and other decision-making activities.

64, the absolute amount of government spending: that is, the actual amount of government spending, directly manifested in the growth of the absolute amount of government spending budget, which can more clearly reflect the current situation and growth trend of government spending.

65, cost-benefit analysis: is for government spending projects or services, etc. to achieve the construction goals of a number of alternative options, and detailed list of various alternative options of the marginal social costs and marginal social benefits, in order to analyze and compare the benefits of the project or service, and ultimately select the optimal project program. 66, public *** pricing method: refers to the market economy, the government itself to the market also provides a large number of meet the needs of the social public *** product "exclusive goods", and these goods (and services) also involves the same with other ordinary goods and services, that is, the determination of the price of the same problem. The pricing of such "exclusive goods" to meet the needs of the social public **** product is the so-called public **** pricing, public **** pricing is also an important issue of macroeconomics need to study.

67, balance of payments: refers to a certain period of time, a country's residents and non-residents of the systematic record of economic transactions between.

68, economic instruments: refers to those means of regulation that directly or indirectly affect the economic utilization of economic parties from a certain aspect, mainly including prices, wages, interest rates, exchange rates, tax rates, subsidies and so on.

69, administrative means: refers to the government in the form of administrative orders to directly intervene in the economic activities or economic behavior of the parties.

70, the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy: refers to the fiscal policy tools in the process of functioning, the various components of the fiscal policy tools are interlinked through some kind of role mechanism, so as to form an organic role of the whole.