Analysis on the new technology of agricultural water-saving irrigation?

China has a vast territory, but it is short of water resources, which is not only less per capita, but also uneven in time and space, and the regional distribution of water resources does not match the layout of productivity. Agriculture, as a big water user in China, accounts for about 65% of the total water resources. Agricultural water consumption is very serious, mainly manifested in serious water pollution, low utilization rate of natural precipitation, low utilization coefficient of irrigation water and low efficiency of agricultural water use. Therefore, it is imperative to develop water-saving agriculture. The new technology of agricultural water-saving irrigation mainly includes rational development and utilization of water resources, engineering water-saving technology, agricultural water-saving technology, rational use of chemical water-retaining agent and drought-resistant agent, and agricultural water-saving irrigation management technology.

1 technology for rational development and utilization of water resources

This technology includes the comprehensive development and utilization of surface water and groundwater. That is, make full use of irrigation backwater, natural precipitation and inferior treated water; At the same time, it is necessary to extract groundwater, but it cannot be over-exploited; If the conditions are sufficient, the river runoff can be impounded to achieve the purpose of groundwater recharge, water environment protection, balanced utilization of water resources and ecological balance.

2 engineering water-saving technology

At present, the following measures can be taken for water-saving technology in engineering, such as sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation, small border irrigation, canal seepage prevention, pipeline water delivery, film irrigation and so on. Micro-irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technology break through the limitations of traditional surface irrigation methods, and can freely control the location, time, irrigation quota and uniformity of irrigation, so that soil, topography and other conditions will not affect the irrigation quality and achieve the purpose of precise irrigation. This method can not only greatly improve the utilization rate of irrigation water, but also promote the mutual cooperation with modern agriculture (with high degree of mechanization), which well reflects the development trend of modern irrigation.

Small border irrigation is commonly used, which is to standardize basic farmland, determine the type and area of crops according to the slope, soil quality and water source of the ground, and reduce water consumption. Micro-irrigation water-saving technologies include drip irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation, small tube outflow irrigation and infiltration irrigation. Through the low-pressure pipeline system and the emitter installed on the last pipeline, water and nutrients are directly transported to the soil surface or soil layer near the root of crops with a small flow rate. Compared with surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, it belongs to local irrigation and is especially suitable for irrigation of cash crops. The characteristics of canal anti-seepage technology are: first, to improve the anti-scour ability of canal; Secondly, reducing the roughness of the channel, increasing the water flow speed and increasing the water delivery capacity can shorten the water delivery time by 30% ~ 50%; The third is to reduce leakage and prevent salinization. Pipeline irrigation technology has developed rapidly in well irrigation area. Its main characteristics are: the water utilization coefficient of pipeline system is above 0.95, which saves about 30% water than that of soil canal water delivery; Reduce energy consumption by more than 25%; Compared with spraying and micro-irrigation technology, the energy consumption is reduced by more than 50%; Generally, the area can be reduced by about 2% in well irrigation area and by about 3% in pumping irrigation area. It can be said that the important way to develop water-saving irrigation is to vigorously develop canal seepage prevention technology. Low-pressure pipeline irrigation technology is an irrigation method that uses low-pressure pipeline to replace channel water. This method has a series of advantages, such as simple equipment, less one-time investment, time saving, water saving, land saving, labor saving and efficiency increasing. , well received by farmers. Practice has proved that low-pressure pipeline irrigation technology can be used as one of the important ways to develop water-saving irrigation in northern China. Plastic film irrigation is a new type of water-saving irrigation technology developed on the basis of plastic film cultivation technology, that is, when irrigation is carried out in the field, plastic film is used to irrigate crops locally to meet the water demand during crop growth. Plastic film irrigation technology is suitable for plastic film cultivation of various crops.

3 agricultural water-saving technology

Agricultural water-saving technology is mainly to adjust crop planting structure and improve farming system, so as to promote the improvement of farming technology and furrow irrigation technology, increase the popularization of shallow, dry and wet water-saving irrigation technology for rice, and adopt the method of three-dimensional compound planting to improve agricultural economic benefits. Different crops and different varieties of the same crop have great differences in water absorption and utilization. Drought-resistant crops or varieties have the characteristics of developed roots, narrow leaves, thick epidermis, small stomata, weak respiratory intensity and transpiration, and can better adapt to the dry land environment with little water and fertilizer.

4. Rational use of chemical water-retaining agent and drought-resistant agent technology.

The water-absorbing principle of water-retaining agent is that the amine group and carboxyl group of polymer electrolyte repel each other in water, which makes the expansion force of molecular chain interact with the expansion force of molecular chain due to the limitation of cross-linking point. As a water-retaining agent, super absorbent resin is a kind of polymer material with particularly strong water-absorbing ability. It is non-toxic and harmless, releasing and absorbing water repeatedly, so people in agriculture call it "micro-reservoir". At the same time, it can also absorb fertilizers and pesticides and release them slowly, increasing fertilizer efficiency and drug effect. There are three ways to use water-retaining agent: direct soil mixing, seed dressing or coating, and root soaking. Drought-resistant agent is a chemical substance that can control the stomatal opening of plants, and its effect is similar to abscisic acid. In the process of crop growth, by reducing the quality of chemical substances transpiration, and then controlling the stomatal opening of crop leaves, the transpiration of leaves can be reduced, and the water consumption in soil can be alleviated, especially in the case of relatively dry climate conditions, which can significantly alleviate the water shortage in plants and enhance the drought resistance of crops. At the same time, it has the same function as fertilizer and hormone substances. If this substance is used for seed dressing, it can not only improve the emergence rate of seeds, but also promote the growth of seedling roots, make seedlings grow sturdily and enhance drought resistance.

5 agricultural water-saving irrigation management technology

5. 1 water-saving organization and management

As a strategic measure in the decision-making management of water-saving irrigation, the organization and management of water-saving irrigation has a series of functions, such as organization, planning, command, coordination and control, which are reflected in water-saving strategic planning, policy and regulation system construction, mechanism construction investment and so on.

5.2 Water-saving project management

The so-called water-saving project management is to control and allocate the water source according to the water demand law of crops, to meet the water demand of crop growth to the maximum extent, and to realize the adjustment of farmland water quantity with the best regional benefit. It mainly includes the following aspects: water-saving irrigation water distribution technology, automatic monitoring technology of soil moisture, automatic information system of irrigation water management, water-saving irrigation system, automatic measurement and monitoring technology of transmission and distribution water, and water-saving irrigation water quantity technology.

5.3 Water saving management

The so-called water-saving management is to establish an efficient farmland water operation management system, mainly to realize the formation of farmland water management mechanism and price system adapted to the socialist market economy.

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