Combining the knowledge of art history and representative art cases, this paper discusses the internal transformation of western art paradigm.

Secondly, I still have reservations about Kuhn's paradigm theory, especially from the perspective of art history. I think this theory has historical limitations in the long run. Of course, it will take a lot of time to explain this problem clearly. ...

Next, let's talk about the so-called internal transformation of art form you mentioned.

I. Western art forms:

I don't know if your classification is based on domestic textbooks or what outdated foreign textbooks you read. )

Source:

Ancient Egyptian art is the source of western art, pursuing eternity, and its artistic characteristics are solemn and rigid. This style lasted for thousands of years until Egypt declined.

Egyptian art influenced the two river basins in ancient Greece and the Aegean civilization. Both of these two civilized art forms have the shadow of Egyptian art, but taking Greece as an example, this nation along the Aegean Sea has a free and unrestrained marine personality, which gradually melts the stereotype of Egyptian art, which can be clearly seen from the gradual process of Homer-Antique-Classical-Hellenization. They formed a realistic style, but like the Egyptians, they also pursued perfection and eternity. As can be seen from their sculptures, most of them are young and fit, and their proportions and faces have been beautified. But they broke the rigid rate, and the characters were very energetic. Roman art became Greek art, but they began to pursue secular pleasures and worship of kings, making art more realistic and depicting characters more vivid.

The above ancient Greek and Roman art is the true meaning of classicism in the eyes of Europeans, and it is this classicism that the Renaissance worships.

Later, in the long Middle Ages, Christianity opposed idolatry and buried classical realistic art in the grave. They define the function of art as something completely different from before. In their concept, there is actually no art, only the spirit of religion. If you know their icon culture, you will know. Therefore, it is inappropriate for historians to simply bring the culture of this period into the history of western art based on the existing buildings and icons, and some western theorists are now paying attention to this issue.

However, even the medieval icon painting still has the origin of ancient Egyptian art. If we study Fayoum's portrait, we will find that the painting techniques developed on this coffin board have actually become the real source of western painting techniques. Stick textiles on the board, make white paste on the textiles, and mix pigments with media on a white background. )

Then, we can see that the influence of ancient Egyptian art has developed different styles in different periods and regions, even one belongs to the artistic category and the other belongs to the religious subsidiary category. There is no reference and dialogue between the two subcultures, and the time is not parallel. The thinking mode of classical art was completely interrupted by the Middle Ages, and even art was denied. People's aesthetic needs still exist, being swallowed up by religious feelings and becoming a religious pursuit. Now Orthodox Christians still worship idols. When they worship icons, they worship not art, but the "sacred ability" conveyed in painting, which is very complicated and has not developed much.

/kloc-the emergence of the renaissance in the 0/5th century is directly related to the decline within religion. Religion itself has been secularized, and icons have declined, so people's aesthetic needs are once again expressed in the form of art. European countries experienced the Renaissance of 15 and 16 centuries, and began to love modeling and bodybuilding again. The social function of art began to return to a certain extent, but although artists at this time advertised their pursuit of the spirit of ancient Greece and Rome, they actually had great differences in internal aspects.

Interestingly, Renaissance art did learn from the traditional realism and aestheticism of Greece and Rome in modeling and style, but it followed the tradition of medieval icon painting in painting techniques. Later, even if it developed into an oil painting on canvas, the technique system was still in the same strain as the icon.

After the Renaissance, with the continuous decline of religion, secularization continued to rise. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, baroque style reappeared, pursuing a sense of movement, hedonism, opposing solemnity and eternity, pursuing light and color, changing lines and so on. But from the observation principle, they deepened the scientific observation methods of the Renaissance, such as perspective, anatomy, light, space and so on. /kloc-in the 0 th/8 th century, theology has completely degenerated, and France has rococo art, which is more secular. At this time, the function of art has further changed and gradually became a tool for sensory stimulation.

It was at this time that the academic school took to the stage. Some French people, such as Pu Sang, started to flaunt themselves as classicism from an official height, which meant that his art was the ultimate classicism of standards and norms. It was at this time that the word classicism in a narrow sense appeared in history. His dogma is to decompose art into formulaic things, hoping to establish a teaching system and permanently popularize his supreme artistic style. I think in his mind, artistic creativity is a relatively insignificant thing. It can be said that the concept of art has been stolen since then. From this point of view, the function of art is mainly to express the objective world scientifically and faithfully, and then to express the existence law of aestheticism composition scientifically and faithfully.

This kind of classical art seems to be easier to apply with paradigm theory, but in fact, it exists in the history of art and is only a moment in the long night.

With this kind of official and standardized classical norms, various voices that want to find another way have gradually emerged.

/kloc-neoclassicism, romanticism, realism and impressionism appeared in the 0/9th century. Although they flaunt their own ideas in theory and are enemies with each other, from the perspective of historical development, they still belong to the category of realistic art, and from the perspective of modeling, they still explore further loyalty to nature. (Of course, in order to pursue the truth of color and light, Impressionists often give up the detailed description of form, which is considered by many people as a manifestation of opposing realism. Actually, it is not. Just look at the Russian roving school that was born under the inspiration of their color theory, or continue to advance on the road of realism. One thing is certain, the aesthetic spirit of true classicism was abandoned actively or passively, but this abandonment did not begin in the19th century. However, from the Renaissance, from Baroque to Rococo to academic modern painting, it was gradually abandoned. This process is not a quantifiable process, because the understanding of aesthetic spirit is different in different periods, and they all abandon this spirit while pursuing it from their own perspective.

The same formula gives four different results. What do we do? Actually, who said that art can be formulated? This is of course related to the development of western philosophy. With the maturity of philosophy and the systematic aesthetic theory, we began to try to bring art into this logical system, which is a typical western positivist scientific view.

The birth of modern art does not appear out of thin air, it is closely related to the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Cezanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin, the three founders of modern painting, were all fascinated by fashionable Japanese painting at that time and influenced by Impressionism, but they also doubted the natural loyalty of Impressionism. The symbolism and decorative flattening of Japanese painting deeply touched them, and they began to feel that artistic symbols should be varied. As a result, the function of art has changed again. The meaning of art in people's minds has also changed. Later, they inherited their ideas and several schools of modernism appeared. The popularity of humanistic philosophy and psychoanalysis constantly impacts people's thoughts. Modernism goes its own way, and dozens of schools have no internal division of labor. They are not all parts of a whole, but many independent individuals. Is there modernism? Actually, I didn't. I invented this word only for convenience. How to explain it conveniently with paradigm theory?

The war that lasted for many years has changed the social outlook, social environment and people's mentality. Human beings after the war are different from those before the war. The so-called post-modern art cannot be juxtaposed with modern art .. Look at the western society now. There is no dialogue between real art activities and works of art in museums. Yes, just pretend to talk, just look at the teaching of the French Academy of Arts. From the perspective of ancient Greek art, art is mainly a kind of aesthetic spirit, a kind of praise for human beauty and a kind of pursuit of truth, so postmodern art is obviously not art at all, but from the perspective of modern people, art is mainly the catharsis of human nature, the expression of feelings and the transmission of certain concepts, so it is obvious that many artistic styles in ancient times cannot be defined as art at all. Then, if the artistic ontology is neither here nor there, does it actually exist only in our language? No wonder modern philosophy has developed to the semantic stage.

Two: In the final analysis, it is difficult to explain the concept of western art in a linear way of thinking. If we use paradigm theory to index works of various styles and schools in art history, it is likely to achieve 1% and abandon this paradigm theory. Of course, this explanation is very rough and can only be used as a reference for you.