What are the most common categories of ancient and modern pavilions in China?

Ancient Han architecture is a wooden structure system of buildings, so the pavilion is also mostly wooden structure. Wooden pavilions, wooden frame glazed tile roof and wooden tile roof two forms of the most common. The former for the royal building and altar temple religious buildings unique, opulent, colorful. The latter is the dominant Chinese classical pavilion, or simple and solemn, or elegant and elegant, throughout the north and south of the Yangtze River, is the representative form of Chinese classical pavilion. In addition, the wooden structure of the pavilion, there are also made of slate roof, tin roof and gray earth roof, but generally rare, belong to a more special form.

Stone Pavilion

Stone pavilion, also quite common in China, the earliest existing pavilion, is the stone pavilion. Most of the early stone pavilions imitated the practice of wooden structure, arch, moon beam, Ming, bird for, corner beams, etc., are carved from stone. Such as the beginning of the Tang Dynasty built in Hubei Huangmei broken amount of the Lu Ban Pavilion on the mountain, is all in stone imitation of wooden structure of the arch and beams and construction. Toushan Xiu Feng before the two were built in the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty stone pavilion is also the same. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, stone pavilions gradually get rid of the form of imitation wood structure, the characteristics of the stone is prominent, the construction method is also correspondingly simplified, the shape of simple, heavy, flat short eaves, simple details. Some stone pavilions, and even as simple as only four stone pillars top up a stone gazebo cover. This stone masonry pavilion, simple and simple, showing a solid, rugged style. However, some stone pavilions, in order to pursue the wrong color openwork, fine and ornate effect, still with stone imitation wood carving arch, hanging down, the roof with slate made into a hermit, square save the tip and hexagonal save the tip and so on.

Some stone pavilions in the South are also made of heavy eaves, and even up to four layers of heavy eaves, delicate carvings, rich in Jiangnan light and not heavy features.

Brick pavilion

Stone pavilions often have heavy brick walls, such as those used in the mausoleums of the Ming and Qing dynasties. But they are still wooden structure of the pavilion, brick wall is only used to protect the beams, pillars and monument body, and to produce a solemn, quiet atmosphere, rather than structural load-bearing role. The real brick as a structural material of the pavilion, are the use of arch and stacked shibori technology construction. Beihai Tuan Cheng on the jade urn pavilion and Anhui Chu County Langya mountain Yi pavilion, is all built up with brick brick pavilion, compared with wooden pavilions and wooden houses, chic shape, quite distinctive.

Thatched Pavilion

Thatched Pavilion is the ancestor of all types of pavilions, from real life, mountain roadside resting rain shed, water shed, that is, thatched Pavilion of the original form.

This kind of pavilion, more than a little processing of logs as beams and pillars, or covered with thatch, or cover the bark, a natural interest. Because it retains the natural color, quite mountainous and wild forests and springs of meaning, so much appreciated by the noble and elegant people. Liu Zongyuan in the "Yongzhou Liu Chancellor made horse retreat mountain thatched pavilion mark" in the thatched pavilion has had such an evaluation: "no thin capital section of the Hua, do not repair the rafters, do not cut the Tsi, do not list the wall, with white clouds as a fence away from the Bishan as a screen, show its frugality." Wang Changling had also left "thatched pavilion, the shadow of flowers, Western Mountain luan crane group" of the poem, to praise its elegant and elegant shape. So, not only the mountains and wild places to build thatched pavilions, that is, the luxurious mansions and palaces and forbidden parks, are also built thatched pavilions, the pursuit of "natural to carve and decorate" of the simple, quiet interest.

Bamboo Pavilion

Bamboo pavilion, Tang Dynasty. Poet Dugu and had made a "Lu Langzhong seeks the sun bamboo pavilion record": "cut bamboo for the pavilion, its high, out of the forest table." Later, the bridge pavilion also has a bamboo for the person. Yangzhou boat record" in; "Meiling spring deep that Changchunling, in the protection of the lake. Ridge in the water, frame wood for the jade board bridge, built on the square pavilion. Columns, rails, eaves, tiles are inlaid with bamboo, so also known as bamboo bridge." Visible bamboo pavilion application of the wide.

Bamboo is not durable, short survival time, so there are very few bamboo pavilions left. Nowadays, the bamboo pavilion is mostly used to tie the method of construction supplemented by nails and rivets. And some bamboo pavilions, beams, pillars and other structural components are still using wood, bamboo outside, to imitate bamboo shape, its drinking stools, rafters, tiles, etc. are all made of bamboo, both strong, but also easy to repair.

Bamboo, not only is a very good building materials, and upright and beautiful, elegant and soft, and pine like seasonal verdure, and plum like the snow frost, simple and unadorned, high style and integrity, has always been praised by the people of the eulogy. Bai Juyi had made a "bamboo record", he said: "bamboo like Xian, bamboo solid, bamboo straight, bamboo heart empty, bamboo section of chastity", "solid to tree virtue, straight to the body, empty to the body of the Road, chastity to the Chi", the gentleman thus think "good build not to pull ", "neutral", "application of false acceptance", "sharpening the name line". Bamboo's temperament and character as a model of cultivation. Su Dongpo is more on bamboo love, he said: "would rather eat meat, not live without bamboo, no meat is thin, no bamboo is vulgar." Therefore, in the garden, in addition to planting bamboo next to the pavilion, bamboo pavilions, the pursuit of elegance and elegance of the world's favorite.

Copper Pavilion

According to "Rulin's History" recorded in the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing, Zhongshan Wangfu Junyuan rockery, had built a copper pavilion, the following can also be warmed by a fire, the intention of the novelty. Existing copper pavilion is not much, the famous ones are: Taishan Jinque, Summer Palace in the BaoYunGe, Kunming MingFengShan JinTian, and WutaiShan copper pavilion and so on. Strictly speaking, they can not be considered a pavilion, can only be said to be a pavilion type of building, but customarily, but they are called "copper pavilion".

The copper pavilion is also built in imitation of wood. Bao Yun Pavilion, for example, it is seven point five meters high, weighing forty-fourteen thousand pounds, four sides of the rhombus fan. Columns, beams, buckets, arches, rafters, tiles, treasure roof, as well as the nine dragons plaque, couplets, etc., are and exactly the same, it is crab green, exquisite modeling, craftsmanship is complex, is one of the world's rare treasures.

Summary corner pavilion

The pavilion with four eaves with pointed corners and upturned. Yuan Guan Hanqing's "Butterfly Dream", second half: "Look at the hundred flowers in the firmament, the spring scenery is harmonious, and there is a pavilion with a handful of corners in the flowers, and a spider's web is knotted on the pavilion." Yuan Wu Ming's "Competing for Retribution", second half: "I jumped over the wall, it turned out to be a garden, far away from a handful of corner pavilion lit with bright candles."