Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional virtues - Please give an example of an ancient book, including the style, content, characteristics, value, author, etc.. Please ask for guidance from a senior person, thanks a lot!
Please give an example of an ancient book, including the style, content, characteristics, value, author, etc.. Please ask for guidance from a senior person, thanks a lot!
The name of "the main history" can be found in the Sui Shu, "The Book of History," which says, "The writings of the world, all of them are based on Ban and Ma, and they are considered to be the main history." Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, the "twenty-four histories", "the main history" refers to the "twenty-four histories". According to the provisions of the "Siku Quanshu", the main history category "where there is no Chenjian, then all do not indiscriminately registered. Covering the body of history, the righteousness and scripture with, not hanging in the order of the code, do not dare to add", that is, without the approval of the emperor, may not be included in the official history.
Twenty-four histories total **** 3249 volumes, about 40 million words. It recounts the time, from the first "Historical Records" recounting the legend of the Yellow Emperor, to the last "Ming History" recounted to the Ming Chongzhen 17 years (A.D. 1644), before and after the end of more than 4,000 years, with a unified chronicle, biography of the chronicle of the preparation. The twenty-four histories are very rich in content, documenting the economic, political, cultural and artistic, and scientific and technological events of successive generations.
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Development of the Twenty-Four Histories
The Twenty-Four Histories of the Commercial Press (商务印书馆百衲本), a collection of the Twenty-Four Histories, was published during the period of the Three Kingdoms and was already referred to as the Three Histories in the society. The "Three Histories" usually referred to the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), the Han Shu (Book of the Han), and the Dongguan Hanji (Records of the Han) written by Liu Zhen and others in the Eastern Han Dynasty. After the emergence of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty replaced the Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty and became one of the "Three Histories". The "Three Histories", together with the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", are known as the "First Four Histories".
There is also the "Ten Histories", which is the collective name for the history books of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty, Chen Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty and Sui Dynasty. Later, the "Thirteen Dynasties History" appeared. The "Thirteen Dynasties of History" included the "Historical Records", the "Book of the Han", the "Book of the Later Han", and the "Ten Histories".
During the Song Dynasty, on the basis of the "Thirteen Histories", the "Southern History", "Northern History", "New Book of Tang" and "New History of the Five Dynasties" were added to form the "Seventeen Histories".
The Ming Dynasty added the History of the Song Dynasty, the History of the Liao Dynasty, the History of the Jin Dynasty, and the History of the Yuan Dynasty, which were collectively known as the Twenty-one Histories.
In the early years of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Ming History was published, and the previous histories were added, totaling twenty-two histories. Later, it added the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, which became the Twenty-Three Histories. Later, the Old Five Dynasties History, which was compiled from the Yongle Grand Canon, was also included in the official history, which was finalized by Emperor Qianlong, and collectively known as the "Twenty-four Histories of the Qin Ding Dynasty". Qianlong four years to forty-nine years of the Wuying Hall engraved and printed the "twenty-four histories", is the most complete ancient Chinese history of a large-scale compilation of engraving.
In 1920, Ke Shao-yan wrote a new history of the Yuan dynasty, and in 1921 President Xu Shichang made the new history of the Yuan dynasty the "official history," which he called the "Twenty-Five Histories" together with the "Twenty-Four Histories. The New Yuan History was taken by President Xu Shichang as the "official history". However, some people did not include the New Yuan History in the list, and instead listed the Draft of the History of the Qing Dynasty as one of the twenty-five histories. Alternatively, if both books were included in the official history, the "Twenty-Six Histories" would be formed. [1]
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Main editions
Mao Zedong's review of the Twenty-Four HistoriesMing Nanjing Guozijian engraved the "Twenty-One Histories" (Southern Supervisory Text)
Ming Wanli Beijing Guozijian engraved the "Twenty-One Histories" (Northern Supervisory Text)
Ming Wanli Beijing Guozijian engraved the "Twenty-One Histories" (
Ming Chongzhen Mao's Ji Gu Ge engraved "Seventeen Histories"
Qing dynasty qianlong wuyingtian engraved "Qing dynasty qianlong wuyingtian this twenty-four histories"
Qing dynasty tongzhi guangxu five provinces government bookstore joint engraving
Republic of China (R.O.C.) Commercial Printing House printed Zhang Yuanji's "Hundred-diamond Book of the Twenty-four Histories"
Chinese Bookstore typeset and printed "The Pointed and Educated Book of the Twenty-four Histories"
"The Twenty-four Histories of the Qianlong Period"
"Mao Zedong's Commentary on the Twenty-Four Histories"
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Related Evaluations
Leung Chi-chiu's Evaluation of the Twenty-Four Histories
Leung Chi-chiu, in his Revolutionary Case of China's Historical Sector, said, "The Twenty-Four Histories are not histories, but the genealogy of the Twenty-Four Surnames. only."
Review of the Pointed Version of the Twenty-Four Histories
The Pointed Version of the Twenty-Four Histories has a well-chosen base text, a rigorous and accurate proof-reading style, and a clear and easy-to-read layout.
The point-school edition mobilized many experts and scholars of national historians and ancient book arrangers, and took more than twenty years to complete in 1978, which is the best version of the Twenty-four Histories so far.
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Contents of the Twenty-Four Histories
Shi Ji
Han - Sima Qian, 130 volumes.
The Shiji (史记) initially had no fixed title, and was either called "The Book of the Grand Historian" (太史公書), "The Record of the Grand Historian" (太史公记), or "The Grand Historian" (太史公記), or, in some cases, "The Grand Historian". Originally, "Shiji" was the common name for ancient history books, but from the Three Kingdoms onwards, "Shiji" gradually became the special name of "Taishigongshu" from the common name.
The author, Sima Qian, was born in the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty. He was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing's reign, and died in the third year of Emperor Wu's reign.
Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, worked as the Imperial Historian in the central government of the Han Dynasty, where he was responsible for the management of the royal books and the collection of historical materials, as well as for the study of astronomical calendars. Sima Tan intended to write a general history, but he died before his wish was realized. On his deathbed, he instructed Sima Qian to finish his unfinished business.
Sima Qian was a hard worker at a young age, and at the age of ten, he began to study the ancient texts of the time, and later followed Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo to learn the "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the "Ancient Texts of the Shangshu". In the third year of Yuan Shuo, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Sima Qian was twenty years old, full of desire for knowledge, traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, examined monuments and collected legends everywhere. Through the field investigation of historical relics and historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Qian broadened his mind, increased his knowledge, and made good preparations for the later compilation of the Records of the Grand Historian. After the death of Sima Tan, Sima Qian inherited his father's position and became the Imperial Historian, and was in a position to see a large number of books and documents and national archives, which was an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to write the Records of the Grand Historian.
In the first year of Emperor Wu's reign, Sima Qian began to write the Historical Records. In the second year of Tianhan, Li Ling led his troops to attack the Xiong Nu with Li Guangli and surrendered in defeat. Emperor Wu asked Sima Qian for his opinion of Li Ling, whereupon Sima Qian said that Li Ling surrendered because he was outnumbered and there was no help, and that the responsibility did not lie entirely with Li Ling. Emperor Wu thought that Sima Qian intended to excuse Li Ling's asylum and to disparage Li Guangli, the brother of Mrs. Li, the beloved concubine of Emperor Wu. So, Sima Qian was thrown into prison and sentenced to rotten punishment. Three years later, he was pardoned and released from prison, and became even more diligent in writing the Records of the Grand Historian (史记). About the second year of Zhenghe, the compilation was basically completed. It was many years after Sima Qian's death that his grandson, Yang Yun, made this monumental work of more than 520,000 words available to the public.
The Records of the Grand Historian (史记), a general history of the ancient and modern worlds, begins with the legendary Yellow Emperor and continues until the first year of Emperor Wu's reign in the Han Dynasty, recounting the history of our country over a period of about 3,000 years. In the preface to the Shiji, it is written that there are twelve articles in the book, ten in the table, eight in the book, thirty in the Shiji, seventy in the biographies, and one hundred and thirty in the ****. Ban Gu, in his biography of Sima Qian in the Book of Han, mentions that the Shiji lacks ten articles. Zhang Yan of Wei of the Three Kingdoms pointed out that these ten articles were Jing Di Ben Ji, Wu Di Ben Ji, Book of Rites, Book of Music, Book of Laws, Chronology of Generals and Ministers since the Rise of the Han Dynasty, Biographies of the Risen Sun, Family of Three Kings, Biographies of Turtle Curse, and Biographies of Fu Jin. Most of the later generation disagreed with Zhang Yan's statement, but the mutilation of the Historical Records is conclusive. Today's version of the "Historical Records" is also one hundred and thirty, there are a few chapters is obviously not Sima Qian's handwriting, Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Cheng's Dr. Chu Shao-sun supplemented the "Historical Records", today's version of the "Historical Records", "Mr. Chu said" is his complementary work. The Records of the Grand Historian is based on a wide range of materials. At that time, the social circulation of the Shiben, Guoyu, Guoshu, Qinji, Chu Han Chunqiu, the Hundred Schools of Thought and other writings and national documents and archives, as well as field investigations to obtain the material, are Sima Qian writing the "Records of the Grand Historian" is an important source of material. What is especially valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and selected the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For some issues that could not be clarified, he either adopted a skeptical attitude or recorded various different accounts. Because of the wide range of materials and the serious attitude towards the revision of history, the Shiji is informative and rich in content.
The Book of Han
Eastern Han Dynasty-Ban Gu, 100 volumes.
Following Sima Qian's writing of the Records of the Grand Historian, Ban Gu wrote the Book of Han. Ban Gu, with the character Meng Jian, a native of Anling, Fufeng, was born in the eighth year of Emperor Guangwu's Jianwu reign in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His father, Ban Biao, was a historian who wrote the sixty-five articles of the Later Biographies to supplement the Records of the Grand Historian. The Book of Han was completed on the basis of the Later Biographies. In the first year of Emperor He Di's reign, Ban Gu accompanied General Dou Xian to attack the Xiong Nu, and participated in the strategy. Later, he was imprisoned and died in prison in the fourth year of Yongyuan. At that time, "the book of Han" there are eight tables and "astronomical record" was not written, the emperor called Ban Gu's sister Ban Zhao to make up, Ma Xu assisted Ban Zhao made "astronomical record". Ban Zhao was the only female author in the Twenty-Four Histories.
The Book of Han consists of twelve books, eight tables, ten records, seventy biographies, and one hundred ****, and is divided into one hundred and twenty volumes. Its chronicle begins in the first year of Emperor Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty and ends in the fourth year of Wang Mang Di Huang.
The style of the Book of Han has changed compared with that of the Records of the Grand Historian. While the Shiji is a general history, the Hanshu is an interrupted history. The Book of the Han" put the "Records of the Grand Historian" province called "Ji", "Lianzhuan" province called "Biography", "Book" changed to "Book", and "Biography" was changed to "Book". The "Book" was changed to "Zhi", the "Family" was canceled, and the families of the Han dynasty officials were all included in the biographies. These changes were followed by some later history books.
The Book of Han records the era of the intersection with the Records of the Grand Historian, the history of the Western Han Dynasty before the middle of the Han Dynasty, the two books are recorded. In this part, the Han Shu often transposed the Shiji. However, due to the difference in the author's state of mind and the different criteria for the selection of materials, there are additions, deletions and alterations in the transfer.
The new additions to the Book of Han were the Zhi of Criminal Law, the Zhi of Five Elements, the Zhi of Geography, and the Zhi of Arts and Letters. For the first time, the Criminal Law Zhi systematically described the evolution of the legal system and some specific provisions of the law. The Geographical Records recorded the administrative divisions of counties, their historical development and household figures, and the records on local products, economic development and folk customs were even more striking. The Records of Arts and Letters verifies the origins of various academic schools and records the books that have survived, and it is the earliest surviving book catalog in China. The Foodstuffs and Goods Zhi evolved from the Pingzhunshu, but its content was much richer. It has two volumes, the upper volume talks about "food", i.e., the economic situation of agriculture; the lower volume discusses "goods", i.e., the situation of commerce and currency, which was the economic specialization of that time.
There is a "Table of Ancient and Modern People" in the eight tables of the Book of Han, from Emperor Tai Hao to Wu Guang, which is "ancient" but not "modern", and thus aroused the ridicule of the later generations. Later generations highly regarded the "Table of Hundred Officials and Ministers" in the Book of Han, which firstly described the situation of the Qin and Han Dynasties in terms of the division of officials and the establishment of positions, the authority of various official positions and the number of salaries, and then recorded the elevation, transfer and dismissal of the ministers and officials of the Han Dynasty in the form of a simple table divided into fourteen grades and thirty-four official compartments, which showed in detail the bureaucratic system and the bureaucratic changes of the time.
From the point of view of ideological content, the Book of Han is inferior to the Records of the Grand Historian. Ban Gu once criticized Sima Qian for "discussing right and wrong more than the sages". This centrally reflects the ideological differences between the two men. The so-called "sage" is Confucius. Sima Qian did not take Confucius' thoughts as the standard for judging right and wrong, which is worthy of recognition. But Ban Gu's insight is not as good as Sima Qian's. This change from Sima Qian to Ban Gu reflects the fact that Confucianism, as the feudal orthodoxy in the Eastern Han Dynasty, has taken firm root in the field of historiography.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty
By Song Fan Ye of the Southern Dynasty, 120 volumes. Fan Ye was a native of Shunyang. He was born in a family of the Shiyi clan. His grandfather Fan Ning was the governor of Yuzhang in the Jin Dynasty, and authored the book Gu Liang Jie Jie Jie. The book "Gu Liang Jie Jie" was written on the basis of "Gu Liang Jie Jie" in the "Thirteen Classic Commentaries". His father, Fan Tai, who was appointed as a doctor of the Golden Purple and Guanglu, and a standing minister of the Sanzhi Riding, was the right-hand man of Liu Yu, the Emperor of Song Dynasty. He was a scholar and writer, and wrote twenty-four articles of "Good Words of the Ancient and Modern Times". So Fan Ye has a very deep family background, has always been to the famous family after the self-proclaimed, nature of arrogance, unconventional, not willing to serve in the public office behind others, writing is not willing to be behind others. He was also the first to become famous for his work, and he lost his life in the process.
In the ninth year of Yuanjia, Fan Ye was in mourning for the Princess of Pengcheng, misbehaved and offended Liu Yikang, the Chief Minister, and was relegated to the position of governor of Xuancheng, and Fan Ye, depressed and disillusioned, began to write the Book of the Later Han Dynasty with the help of a history. Yuanjia twenty-two years, when he completed the writing of the Chronicle, biography, and at the same time and Xie Yan *** with the completion of the "Rituals and Music", "Public Opinion and Clothing", "Five Elements", "Astronomy", "State and County" and other five Zhi, someone denounced his participation in the usurpation of Liu Yikang's conspiracy, and was therefore imprisoned and died. Fearful of being implicated, Xie Yanyan destroyed the manuscripts of the Zhi in his hands, so that only the chronicle part of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty has been passed down.
Before Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", there were no less than ten important works on the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fan Ye took the "Records of the Eastern Han Dynasty" as the basic historical basis, and the highest peak of the Hua Peak Book as the main blueprint, and drew on the strengths of the other books, deleting the complexity of the book to make up for the shortcomings, and neatening up the story, surpassing all the others, and then surpassing them all. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" replaced the "Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty", and was known as the "Three Histories" together with the "Records of the Grand Historian" and the "Book of the Han Dynasty", which were prevalent in the world. All the schools of the Book of the Later Han, except for Yuan Hong's The Chronicle of the Later Han, were dispersed one after another. Thus, Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" became the most basic basis for us to study the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" begins with Liu Xiu's overthrow of Wang Mang, and ends with Emperor Xian's succession to Cao Pi, detailing the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty for 190.5 years.
Three Kingdoms Zhi
Western Jin - Chen Shou, 65 volumes.
Three Kingdoms Zhi (三国志), sixty-five volumes, including thirty volumes of the Book of Wei, fifteen volumes of the Book of Shu, and twenty volumes of the Book of Wu, focuses on the history of the period of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu. The author, Chen Shou, courtesy name Chengzuo, was a native of Anhan, Brazil (present-day Nanchong, Sichuan Province), born in the eleventh year of Jianxing (233) of Liu Zen, the later lord of the Han Dynasty, and died in the seventh year of Yuankang (297) of Emperor Hui of the Jin Dynasty. He worked as an official in Shu Han, and when he was thirty years old, the Shu Han regime fell, and after entering the Jin Dynasty, he worked as a Jinping order and a writer. Before Chen Shou wrote the Records of the Three Kingdoms, there were already some historical works about Wei and Wu, such as Wang Shen's The Book of Wei, Yu Jin's Wei Liao, and Wei Zhao's The Book of Wu. The Wei Shu and Wu Shu in the Records of the Three Kingdoms were mainly taken from these historical books. The Shu regime did not set up any historians, and there was no person in charge of collecting materials and writing the history of Shu. The materials for the Shu Shu were collected and compiled by Chen Shou. Chen Shou wrote the book in an era close to the Three Kingdoms, and there were not many other people's achievements that could be utilized, plus the fact that he was a private writer and did not have access to a large archive of documents. When we read the Records of the Three Kingdoms, we will find that Chen Shou had the difficulty of having insufficient historical materials, and the contents appear to be insufficiently full. Chen Shou did not write the Zhi. We have to resort to the Book of Jin to understand the canonical system of the Three Kingdoms era. The Book of the Three Kingdoms was praised at the time for its good narration, concise writing, and proper editing. At the same time with Chen Shou, Xiahou Zhan wrote the Book of Wei, saw the Book of the Three Kingdoms, and thought that there was no need to write a new history, so he destroyed his own work. The later generations were even more highly esteemed, believing that among the history books that recorded the history of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou was the only one that could be comparable to the Shiji and Hanshu, but unfortunately, the content was too little. As a result, the histories of the Three Kingdoms of other schools died out one after another, and only the Three Kingdoms Records have been passed down to the present.
The Book of Jin
Tang-Fang Xuanling and others, 130 volumes.
The Book of Jin (晋书)
《晋书》100三十卷，包括帝纪10卷，志20卷，列传70卷，载记30卷，记载从司马懿开始到晋恭帝元熙二年为止，包括西晉和东晉的历史，并用 "载记 "用用 "format "both,but also described the rise and fall of the sixteen states and the ruling regimes.Tang Taizong was an effective monarch, he attached great importance to the work of history, and before Tang Taizong, about the Jin Dynasty, none of the historical materials, satisfactory. Tang Taizong criticized each of the historical writings one by one in his edict of repairing the Jin books. It was a great wish of Emperor Tang Taizong to write a systematic, complete, and high-interest history of Jin. In the twentieth year of his reign, he ordered Fang Xuanling, Chu Suiliang and Xu Jingzong to act as supervisors and organize the preparation of the Book of Jin.
The people writing "Book of Jin", from the order to become a book, only lasted two or three years. There are two main reasons for this short period of time, one is that the Book of Jin is backed up by the government, which guarantees manpower, material and financial resources and library and archival materials, conditions that are incomparable to those of a private revision of history. Secondly, there are many kinds of Jin history writings for reference. Because there is a blueprint as a basis, the book is naturally easier.
"Book of Jin" in the material, do not pay much attention to the selection of historical materials, like to use the novels and notes in the anecdotes, "Searching for the gods", "Youming record" in some of the absurdity of the talk is also included, undermining the value of its historical materials. In addition, there are inconsistencies and omissions in the book. Most of the writers of the Book of Jin were good at poetry and literature, and in the process of writing the history, there was a tendency to unilaterally pursue gorgeous words and phrases. Therefore, later people criticized it as "competing for gorgeousness, not seeking truthfulness". This is also one of the shortcomings of the Book of Jin.
The Book of Song
The Book of Song was written by Liang Shen Yao in the Southern Dynasty, with 100 volumes.
The Book of Song is a chronicle of the history of the Liu Song dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, from Liu Yu's founding to Liu Jun's first and last sixty years, written by Shen You. The whole book has one hundred volumes, ten volumes of chronicles, thirty volumes of records, and sixty volumes of biographies. The author according to he chengtian, xu ai, etc. Song history of the old book, by the side of the note ji, write renewed into a book.
The biographies were written in the sixth year of Yongming of Southern Qi, and the biographies were written after the first year of Longchang. The whole book is famous for its richness and richness of information, and is the basic historical material for the study of the history of the Liu Song dynasty.
The Zhi project is huge, the content of the detailed, the length of several books accounted for half of the book. Zhi before the "preface", detailing the situation of the previous generation of revision, and traced back to the system of the Zhi recorded the source, can be used to complement the previous history of the lack of Zhi's help. State and County Zhi" recorded since the Three Kingdoms geographic history and the Eastern Jin Dynasty since the Overseas Chinese state counties and counties, complementary to the historical evidence.
The "Legal Calendar" contains the text of the three calendars of Jingchu, Yuanjia and Daming, which is a precious material for the calendar science.
Le Chih recounts the situation of Han, Wei and Jin music, music poetry chapter has a classification of open records, and preserves a large number of music poems and music and dance rhetoric since the Han and Wei Dynasties, of which the "ancient rhetoric" for the Han Dynasty, is the study of the history of music and poetry is an important document. The chronicle is detailed and contains more than two hundred and thirty names. A large number of imperial decrees, memorials, letters and articles included in the biographies are lengthy, but they are of historical value in various aspects.
Song book, the author of Shen about, is the southern dynasty famous historian, literary scholar, sound scholar, word Huowen, wuxing wukang people. Father Shen Pu, Liu Song for the Huainan governor, Yuanjia the end of the year in the royal family in the power struggle for the throne of the turmoil was killed, Shen about the age of thirteen. When he was a teenager, Shen was struck by a family disaster, sneak away to live in exile, the family was poor. He was determined to learn, reading day and night, so he was well versed in many books, good poetry and literature. He died in the twelfth year of the reign of Emperor Tianjian at the age of seventy-three, and his posthumous name was "Yin", and he was also known as "Hidden Marquis" in later times.
The Book of Southern Qi
Southern Liang-Xiao Zixian, 59 volumes.
The Book of Southern Qi (南齐书)
The Book of Southern Qi (南齐书) describes the history of the Xiaoqi dynasty of the Southern Dynasties from the first year of the reign of Emperor Gao-Di Jian Yuan of the Qi Dynasty to the second year of the reign of Emperor He-Di Zhong Xing of the Qi Dynasty (中兴二年), and covers a period of twenty-three years, and it is the earliest biographical history of the Southern Qi Dynasty. Originally known as the Book of Qi, to the Song Dynasty, in order to distinguish from the Li Baiyao written by the Book of Northern Qi, renamed the Book of Southern Qi, authored by Xiao Zixian.Xiao Zixian, word Jingyang, historian and writer of the Southern Dynasties. Born into the royal family, Xiao Zixian erudite, long writing, but also from the Qi into the Liang aristocratic figures, many of the historical events of the Southern Qi, the royal family is familiar with or personally experienced, coupled with the Liang dynasty replaced the Southern Qi, without major wars, many books and books can be preserved, for Xiao Zixian authorship of the history of the book to provide a favorable condition.
Fifty-nine volumes of the Book of Southern Qi exist, including eight volumes of the Emperor's Chronicle, eleven volumes of Zhi, and forty volumes of biographies. The missing volume is the Preface.
The Book of Liang
Tang-Yao Silien, 56 volumes.
The Book of Liang records the history of fifty-six years from the founding of the state of Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang, to the death of Xiao Fangzhi, Emperor Jing of Liang***, which was written by Yao Zha and his son, Yao Silien, and completed by two generations of hardworking people.
Yao Zha, word Bo trial, Wuxing Wukang people, the southern dynasty historian. He was a historian of the Southern Dynasties. He lived through the Liang, Chen, and Sui dynasties, and served as the secretary supervisor, the leader of the writings, and the minister of the Ministry of Appointments in the Chen Dynasty, and as the secretary minister in the Sui Dynasty. After entering the Sui Dynasty, he was commissioned to compile the history of Liang and Chen Dynasties in the ninth year of Emperor Wen's reign, but died before he could finish his work. On his deathbed, he asked his son, Yao Silien, to continue the work of writing history.
Yao Silien (姚思廉), a man whose name was Jianzhi (简之), made full use of his father's old manuscripts in his work on the history. From the third year of Zhenguan to the tenth year of Zhenguan, it took seven years to finalize the writing of the Book of Liang and the Book of Chen.
Yao Cha and Yao Si Lian father and son, although historians, but have a deeper textual literacy, in the history of writing, simple and plain text, and avoid the pursuit of rhetorical splendor and flamboyance, inherited Sima Qian and Ban Gu's style of writing and penmanship, in the Southern Dynasties of the history of the rare.
The Book of Chen
Tang-Yao Silien, 36 volumes.
The Book of Chen is a chronicle of Chen in the Southern Dynasty, chronicling the thirty-three years from the accession of Chen Baxian, the Emperor of Chen, to the destruction of Chen Shubao, the later lord of Chen, by Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, and was written by Yao Cha and his son, Yao Silien, in two generations. Yao Cha, with the character Bo Tran, was a native of Wukang, Wu Xing, and Yao Si Lian, with the character Jian Zhi, moved to Guanzhong after the fall of Chen and became a native of Wan'an. The two men's deeds have been introduced in the preface of this book, "The Book of Liang", which can be referred to.
The Book of Chen contains six volumes of imperial records, thirty volumes of biographies, thirty-six volumes of ****, and no table of contents.
The fact that the feudal regime of the Chen dynasty existed for only thirty-three years, with no particular achievements in politics, economy, or culture, may have something to do with it. The Book of Chen is not as substantial as the Book of Liang, and both the main chronicle and the biographies are too brief.
The Book of Wei
Beiqi-Wei Shou, 130 volumes.
The Book of Wei (魏书)
The Book of Wei (魏书)Wei Shu (魏书), one hundred and twenty-four volumes, of which twelve volumes are the main chronicles, ninety-two volumes are the biographies and twenty volumes are the records. Because some of the chronicle, column biography and Zhi length is too long, and divided into the upper, lower, or upper, middle and lower three volumes, the actual **** one hundred and thirty volumes. Northern qi Wei collects written.The Xianbei race is an ancient ethnic group in the eastern foothills of the Daxingan Mountains in the ancient northeast of China. At the end of the first century A.D., with the disintegration of the Xiongnu Empire, the Xianbei people gradually migrated westward and became a powerful ethnic group in the desert. At the beginning of the third century A.D., the leader of the Xianbei Tuoba Department (猗卢) established the state of Dai in the northern part of the Seychelles, and the Dai regime was annihilated by the Former Qin, which was established by the Xianbei people, in 376 A.D.. In 386 A.D., the Tuoba Xianbei ministries re-embraced Tuoba Gui as the king of Dai and re-established the regime. Tuoba Gui disbanded the original tribal organizations of the Tuoba Xianbei, settled down to farming, moved the capital to Pingcheng, and changed the name to Wei in 398 A.D., which is known as Northern Wei. As a result of the absorption of advanced Han Chinese culture, the Northern Wei became increasingly powerful and finally unified northern China in 439 AD, ending the turbulence of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In 493 A.D., Emperor Tuoba Hong moved the capital to Luoyang, changed his surname to Yuan, and carried out a series of reforms to Chineseize the country. By the time of Emperor Xuanwu Yuan Ke, the Northern Wei Dynasty reached its heyday, capturing Hanzhong in the west and peeking into Ba Shu, consolidating the defenses around Luoyang in the east, and fighting with the Liang Dynasty over Huainan, but it soon collapsed due to political corruption and people's revolt, and was divided into two opposing regimes, the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty. The Book of Wei records the history of the early Xianbei Tuoba division up to the stage when the Eastern Wei was replaced by the Northern Qi in 550 AD.
Topou then ordered Deng Yuan to compile ten volumes of the Daiji, which cataloged the history of the dynasty by year and month. In the second year of Emperor Taiwu Tuoba's Shenjia reign, he ordered the compilation of the State Records, which was finalized by Cui Hao in chronological form and became a thirty-volume book.
The book of Wei in the process of circulation in the lost a lot, the Chronicle is missing two volumes, the biography of the lack of twenty-two volumes, in addition to three volumes of incomplete, respectively, by the descendants of the other history books to fill in.
Wei Harvest, the Northern Qi Juju under the Quyang people, the word Boqi, the small word Fosuke. He was a vigilant writer, and Wen Zisheng, Xing Zicai, known as the three talented, but the nature of the light, known as the "Nymphalid". When he was ordered to write the Book of Wei, he once claimed: "What kind of kid, dare to **** Wei received for color, lifting it to make the sky, press it to make into the ground." After the book was completed, the crowd clamor, referred to as "obscene history", Wei received three easy drafts, before becoming a final version.
Bei Qi Book
Tang Li Baiyao, 50 volumes.
Toward the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a great wave of rebellions in the six northern towns, and Gao Huan, who was a low-ranking military official from Huishuo Town, gained leadership over more than 200,000 Xianbei people and controlled the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 534 A.D., Gao Huan's Emperor Yuan Xiu was forced to run west to Chang'an, so Gao Huan established another Emperor Yuan Shanmian and moved the capital to Yecheng, which became known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In 550 AD, Gao Huan's son Gao Yang abrogated Emperor Xiaojing and established Northern Qi. The Eastern Wei and Northern Qi ruled the area as far south as the Yangtze River, confronting Liang and Chen dynasties successively, and in the west in present-day Shanxi, Henan, and Hubei, dividing the area from the Western Wei and Northern Zhou. In 577 AD, Northern Qi was annexed by Northern Zhou.
The Book of Northern Qi was originally known as the Book of Qi, and it was only during the Song Dynasty that the word "Northern" was added to its present name. Although it mainly records the history of Northern Qi, it actually describes the history from Gao Huan's uprising to the fall of Northern Qi before and after about eighty years, reflecting the prosperity and decline of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty.
Li Baiyao (565--648 A.D.), a native of Anping, Dingzhou (present-day Anping, Hebei), came from a family of eunuchs. Li Baiyao was an educated man who studied history and the classics from a young age. In the early years of the Sui Dynasty, Li Baiyao served as a prince's warden, and inherited his father's title of Duke of Anping. He died in the twenty-second year of the reign of Zhenguan at the age of eighty-four.
In the Beiqi regime, uncles, nephews and brothers within the royal family killed each other, making this short-lived dynasty of twenty years change six emperors. The Book of Northern Qi contains more accounts of power struggles between feudal rulers. The Book of Northern Qi was severely mutilated during its circulation, and now only seventeen volumes remain in their original form, while the others have been added by later generations using works such as the Northern History, which greatly reduces the value of the Book of Northern Qi.
The Book of Zhou
Tang-Linghu Defen and others, 50 volumes.
The Book of Zhou, fifty-three volumes, including eight volumes of the main chronicle and forty-two volumes of biographies. Edited by Tang Linghu De, with the participation of Cen Wen and Cui Renshi.
The end of the Northern Wei Dynasty was characterized by political turmoil and chaos. Yu Wentai, who was born in Wuchuan Town, one of the six northern towns of the Northern Wei Dynasty, led a group of Xianbei troops, mainly from Wuchuan Town, to unite with the Han Chinese powerful armies in Guanlong area, and established the Western Wei Dynasty. After Yu Wentai's third son, Yu Wenjue, in 557 A.D. Wei built Zhou, known as the Northern Zhou. The two successive regimes, Western Wei and Northern Zhou, ruled over an area that roughly encompassed most of today's Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Sichuan, southwestern Shanxi, western Hubei and western Henan. The two regimes were the rivals of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi in the east, and Liang and Chen in the south of the Yangtze River. In 577 AD, Northern Zhou destroyed Northern Qi and unified northern China. In 581 AD, Yang Jian replaced Zhou and established the Sui Dynasty.
The Book of Zhou, although titled "Zhou," actually describes the history of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou from the split between the Eastern and Western Wei in 534 A.D. to the forty-eight-year period from Yang Jian's replacement of Zhou.
The Book of Zhou is thin and factual because of the paucity of information on which it is based and the fact that most of the characters it describes are ancestors of prominent officials of the dynasty. However, it basically reflects the establishment of the Yuwen regime, the war between the three feudal regimes after the establishment, and the internal struggle of the upper group of the Yuwen regime, and it is the most basic and primitive history book for studying and understanding the history of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Sui-shu
Tang-Wei Zheng and others, 85 volumes.
Sui-shu*** is an 85-volume work, including five volumes of imperial records, 50 volumes of biographies, and 30 volumes of records. This book is compiled by a number of people *** with the compilation, divided into two phases of the book, from the drafting to the completion of all the repair *** lasted thirty-five years. In the fourth year of Tang Wude (621 AD), Linghu De put forward the proposal of repairing the histories of Liang, Chen, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui and other five dynasties. In the following year, the Tang court ordered the minister of history to compile and repair the book, but after several years, it was still not completed. In the third year of Zhenguan's reign (629 AD), the history of the five dynasties was rewritten, with Wei Zheng as the "chief administrator" and the chief editor of the "Book of Sui". The authors of the Book of Sui were all learned men and women with a high level of historical training.
Sui-shu is the earliest surviving monograph on the history of the Sui Dynasty, but also one of the twenty-five histories of the higher level of history.
First, it has a clear guiding ideology. Ordered to repair the Sui history of Tang Taizong personally experienced the war of Sui, after the reign, he often talked about the lessons of the fall of the Sui dynasty, clearly put forward the "ancient as a mirror, you can see the rise and fall" of the view. Learning the lessons of history, history as a lesson has become the guiding ideology of the revision of the history of the Sui dynasty. Secondly, "Sui Shu" carries forward the fine historiographical tradition of straight writing, characterization is less attached to secrecy. Wei Zheng, the editor-in-chief, he presided over the preparation of the biography, fewer pen twists, not for the honor of the taboo. Such as the Sui emperor's "mean" arbitrariness, "dislike of poetry and books", "dark on the road", Emperor Yang's pretense, "hoeing and killing the flesh and blood, butchered the loyal and good "and so on, are written truthfully, there is no secret. Again, "Sui Shu" preserved a large number of political, economic and scientific and cultural information. Ten of the records of the Liang, Chen, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui dynasties, some parts of the canonical system, and even traced back to the Han and Wei Dynasties.
Southern History
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