Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional virtues - Where is the courage of ancient literati condensed?
Where is the courage of ancient literati condensed?
□ Liu Jinxiang
2065438+August 22, 2008 Source: Newspaper
In the 5,000-year historical development of the Chinese nation, the literati's character once hung high in the sun and moon of Lang Lang Gan Kun, and the literati's integrity once flew through the ages, constantly composing and playing magnificent China songs. In the journey of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, we have reason to believe that the literati's character and integrity will be more vigorous, tenacious and strong, and will inspire more invincible forces than ever before.
Since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, people have used the word "style" to measure the style and taste of literature and art, and Liu Xie devoted a chapter on "style" in Wen Xin Diao Long, which was explained and expounded in detail as an aesthetic category. Style has become a basic concept and technical term in China's literary theory, which means the organic integration and high unity of speaking frankly and writing smartly in articles and poems. Style is more important than people. In view of the original nature and function of character, later generations often use character to evaluate a person's character and cultivation, and use character to judge a person's virtue and integrity, so character has become a lofty and extraordinary personality realm. Personality is generally composed of many moral factors, such as masculinity, tolerance, demeanor, conduct, cultivation and so on. In ancient records, these are often vividly expressed as awe-inspiring, sharp-edged, clanking, majestic, distinctive, arrogant, vigorous, verve and so on. From the perspective of cultural sociology, honesty, as a bearing and embodiment of China traditional culture, is logically compared with honesty as an important moral standard. Although honesty refers to the value orientation of personal spiritual life, as a yardstick and value label, honesty and integrity represent a positive dimension in China people's spiritual culture and a noble indicator in China people's value system, which has always been valued by China literati. In a sense, a magnificent 24-year history is a heroic ambition of "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and powerful people can't bend"; A thick and broad cultural history of China is a biography of loyalty written with virtue and integrity.
Character and integrity show China's virtue and oriental charm.
As a moral style and belief pursuit, honesty and uprightness have different manifestations in different literati in ancient China. If it is said that "people are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather" is Sima Qian's righteousness, "regardless of poverty and wealth" is Tao Yuanming's cynicism, and "living in troubled times without asking Wen Da to be a vassal" is Zhuge Liang's modesty and indifference, "looking up at the vastness of the universe and overlooking the richness of everything so that you can enjoy the scenery." Worrying about the country and the people is Du Fu's character. Since God has given talents, let him go to work! Spin a thousand silver coins and they're all back! To be free and proud, Su Shi's character should be chic and noble, and Lu You's character should be lonely, angry and sad. If he doesn't have what I have, even if he doesn't take a dime, the northern setting of Julian Waghann's Sunset in the Central Plains and Family Sacrifice is unforgettable. Then, Qu Yuan's devotion to Jiang is a sincere loyalty, Jing Ke's devotion to Qin is a generous and tragic loyalty, Su Wu's herding is an unswerving loyalty, Yue Fei's resistance to gold is a loyalty to serving the country, Fang Xiaoru's refusal to surrender is a loyalty to sacrifice his life for righteousness, Wen Tianxiang's disaster relief is an unyielding loyalty, Shi Kefa's guarding city is a dedicated loyalty, and Tan Sitong's death. It can be seen that character and integrity reflect the personality and mental outlook of ancient China literati from different angles and levels. If we must distinguish between character and integrity, generally speaking, character pays more attention to the purity and elegance of ancient literati's spiritual connotation, while integrity pays more attention to the integrity of ancient literati's behavior. In short, character advocates the elaboration and promotion of the concept of self-cultivation. For example, Fan Zhongyan, a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty, advocated that "the world is worried first, and then the world is happy", which is an excellent character model and has been influenced and inspired. Honesty pursues the practice of serving the country. For example, Wen Tianxiang, the immortal national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty, is a typical representative of literati integrity and has been honing and inspiring new people.
As an excellent moral quality, the character of literati is an excellent factor of China traditional culture and an important carrier of national complex. Decomposing the word "style" means grace and backbone, in which grace comes from the infiltration and cultivation of excellent traditional culture, and backbone comes from loyalty to the country's righteousness and persistence in serving the public. The character of ancient literati was never forced by autocracy or driven by imperial power, but a kind of cultivation of subjective consciousness and shaping of self-concept; It is by no means a proud scholar-bureaucrat and a handsome gentleman's demeanor, but a responsibility of the soul and a mission of loving the people; It is by no means a display of knowledge and talent, but a manifestation of an open pattern and the exposure of a broad mind; It is by no means a display of rank and title, but an externalization of spiritual realm and an overflow of internal quality. As a transcendental value standard, literati's integrity is "a firm attitude towards life and a manifestation of individual will independence" (Zhu Ziqing's words), and it is one of the basic elements in the value system of the Chinese nation. The division of "integrity" is ambition and moral integrity, in which ambition is rooted in grand ambition and firm belief, and moral integrity is rooted in China's traditional value orientation. The moral integrity of ancient literati is by no means a simple emotional expression and primitive human nature, but a spiritual conversion of "hearing the Tao early and dying late"; It is by no means a simple discrimination between right and wrong and a simple judgment of good and evil, but a life value choice of "doing your best and dying"; It is by no means blindly imitating the sages and mechanically imitating the sages, but the heroic and calm way of "a hero's life and death is like a heroic journey"; It is by no means the compromise of the golden mean in the Confucian sense, the appreciation of romantic feelings in the Taoist sense, and the choice of good and evil in the Buddhist sense, but the mighty righteousness and unrestrained conscience that go straight to the ultimate universe, heaven and earth and human nature. In a word, integrity and honesty are Chinese virtues established through the ages, and they are the oriental charm left in the world. They are deeply infiltrated and cast in the blood and soul of ancient literati, depicting and depicting the noble spiritual pedigree and magnificent life form of the Chinese nation.
Morality and integrity: the keynote of ancient literati life
Mr. Lu Xun said: "Since ancient times, there have been people who have worked hard, people who have worked hard, people who have pleaded for the people, and people who have sacrificed their lives for the law. ..... Although it is equal to the so-called' official history' of genealogy for emperors, it often cannot hide their brilliance. This is the backbone of China. " In the ancient history of China, what kind of people have the most character and integrity? What kind of people can be called the backbone and backbone of the Chinese nation? Looking through ancient books and searching history books, it is not difficult to find that those who hold their heads high and hold their necks firm in times of crisis are still literati who advocate the "three immortals." It is mainly because the literati are nourished, educated and edified by Confucianism, such as benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, loyalty and forgiveness, master the symptoms and trends of the people in the world, know the strategies and paths of saving the country and the people, have more ideals and feelings for the country, and have a sense of consciousness and justice. They are advanced groups leading the trend of the times and the backbone of promoting social progress. The cross-flow of the sea shows personality and integrity. Whenever the national movement exists and the nation is in danger, the literati will point the way, inspire the writing style, put forward correct opinions, make honest voices, or voice resistance, or rise up to fight, and strive to turn the tide and help the building fall, hoping to become an unstoppable social conscience and national backbone. Whether it's Mars and other bureaucratic literati in the Eastern Han Dynasty's "Party Lock-up Disaster", Chen Dong and other Taitai students in the Northern Song Dynasty's "Jingkang Disaster", or Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen after the failure of the "Reform Movement of 1898" in the late Qing Dynasty, in order to safeguard the country and save the people, they dare to stand up for the sages, plead for the people, and are willing to shed their blood and even give their lives, writing immortal legends and stories. From this point of view, character and integrity are almost the foundation and keynote of China ancient literati's life, the foundation and symbol of their "respecting heaven and not trusting others", the foundation and source of their "building heaven and earth, serving the people, connecting the past with the future, and creating eternal peace", and the foundation and cornerstone of their purity of mind and innocence in the bustling secular world. Of course, nothing is absolute, and the character and integrity of some literati cannot stand the test at the critical moment of rapid social change. In other words, the ancient literati groups were not all modest gentlemen, and kept their bodies as jade and hard bones that died after drinking a knife. There are also a few literati who suffer from osteoporosis under the temptation of interests and beauty, and they are frustrated in the face of national justice and degenerate into heresy and national scum, which is reviled by the people of the time and despised by future generations. There are many examples of such talented and low-quality literati in the history of China.
Morality and honesty run through history and hold high the present.
Character and integrity are the goals of self-cultivation of ancient literati, as well as the lofty spirit and arrogant measure of justice. To interpret the history of China is to evaluate the character and integrity of literati, and to communicate with countless national heroes. Ji Kang, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", who was not corrupted by Sima's courtship, preferred to strike the iron in Luoyang, and played a song "Guangling San" on the execution ground, completing the wonderful curtain call of his life, and his character is upright forever. Tao Yuanming, a gentleman of chrysanthemum, "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan", regards the people as children and keeps his ambition, and his style of writing is just and steep; Li Bai, a generation of poets who chanted in laughter, "How can I bow and scrape to dignitaries, and no one can stand being treated with sincerity?" He is wild and uninhibited, and his character and integrity stand proudly among others. Su Shi, a prodigy who has been relegated to exile for many times, but still sings that "bamboo sticks and straw sandals are lighter than horses, and a misty rain will kill him", is frank and unrestrained, upright in character and full of coolness. The elites and leaders of these ancient China literati, from temples to rivers and lakes, from secularism to aesthetics, from mediocrity to conscience, took the elegant demeanor and integrity of the moon between their entry into the WTO and their birth. If western culture defines literati as the undertaker of character and integrity, then China traditional culture defines literati as the watcher and promoter of character and integrity, and even the embodiment of character and integrity to some extent. Indeed, the temperament system of China ancient literati is a constant and stable spiritual value system. Whether it is the gentleness and humility of Confucianism, the detachment and freedom of Taoism, or the epiphany of Buddhism and Zen, for thousands of years, China literati have experienced vicissitudes and hardships, whether they live in a temple or stay away from rivers and lakes. When standing on the rolling hills overlooking the society, their eyes sparkled with Confucius and Mencius' loyalty and kindness. This kind of affectionate style is exactly the indelible character and eternal integrity of the ancient literati in China: the combination of Korea and opposition, learning and Taoism, mutual assistance between the world and oneself, the coexistence of political ambition and natural life, and the coexistence of feelings for home and country and personal pursuit. No matter what cultural thoughts and spiritual attitudes ancient China literati believed in, most of these intelligent individuals who lived in the classical era were pure, bony and talented. In their souls and thoughts, there is a noble spiritual endowment called character and a tough personality called integrity. These outstanding official travelers in the ancient Chinese empire have endless self-cultivation and infinite dignity, and they are self-sustaining and inferior. They resisted the temptation of fame and fortune with their character and integrity, defined the boundary between noble and humble with their character and integrity, and established the image of ingram micro with lofty aspirations, firm will, standing proudly in the world, despising vulgarity and serving the country and people. These "poor and independent, ambitious" scholars, who read thousands of books, will always be upright, integrate moral articles and poetic concepts, and run a strong culture to save labor. Their style and integrity are both heavy and elegant, as if stepping on a solid earth and entering a dreamlike fairyland.
Virtue and honesty are the accumulation of history and the crystallization of culture, which have strong characteristics of the times and inheritance. Typical examples of moral integrity of ancient China literati are almost always found in historical books and folklore. This is not an accidental historical phenomenon, but the logic of social progress, which shows that virtue and honesty are everywhere at any time and have not been weakened and died out because of the transfer of time and space. It can be said that China has developed peacefully for nearly 70 years, especially for 40 years of reform and opening up, regardless of the turbulent and chaotic times. However, people often show dissatisfaction or even complain about the character and integrity of the current literati, and are annoyed that some intellectuals have given up their social responsibility to help the world and are wandering in the gray area of learning to be excellent and being an official. Indeed, in a peaceful environment and comfortable atmosphere, most people in China are pursuing material enjoyment and a happy life. Many contemporary literati are also killing their lives with their immature temperament and laziness. However, the literati's character and integrity, which are closely related to hardship, are rarely mentioned and paid attention to. As a result, the impetuous and ordinary life gradually eroded the edges and corners of character, and the noisy and bleak days gradually took away the foundation of integrity, which seems to be character and integrity. Many people are not old, and the road is long at the beginning of the mountain. Today, when Socialism with Chinese characteristics is building a new era, those mediocre and even cynical contemporary literati should have a clear mind and consciousness. The great practice of building a well-off society in an all-round way has forged character integrity, and the great cause of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has honed character integrity. The severe and complicated situation of global economic integration calls for character and integrity. In contemporary China, where the situation is changeable, challenges are frequent and tasks are heavy, whether the literati's character can be restored, whether the literati's integrity can be revived, and whether the intellectuals' sense of hardship, dedication and mission can be passed down, to a great extent, determine the concrete achievements of the three major battles of preventing and resolving major risks, accurately helping the poor and preventing pollution, and determine the historical process of building a well-off society in an all-round way. In the 5,000-year historical development of the Chinese nation, the literati's character once hung high in the sun and moon of Lang Lang Gan Kun, and the literati's integrity once flew through the ages, constantly composing and playing magnificent China songs. In the journey of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, we have reason to believe that the literati's character and integrity will be more vigorous, tenacious and strong, and will inspire more invincible forces than ever before.
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