What is ideology?

Ideology refers to the manifestation and expression of consciousness.

Form is another name for form and form is form. Form is the outstanding and exposed part of knowing the object, and it is the bridge that we must pass to understand the essence and internal regulations of the object.

Consciousness is the internal regulation, general law and component of the world, and it is a "thing" or material that is in the relationship of unity of opposites with other components and everything in the world and conforms to the objective reality. The manifestation of consciousness is the existence, movement, change and behavior of the world and everything.

For example: celestial movement, seasonal change, social movement, human behavior. If we want to discover consciousness and fully understand and master its characteristics, we must observe the existence, movement, change and behavior of the world and everything through the bridge of consciousness expression, and then we can realize it. There is no other way.

The manifestation of consciousness is the concept, theory, viewpoint and knowledge created by human beings. The ideology that most people say now refers to the specific ideology in a narrow sense-social ideology.

People are the main body of society, and social consciousness is people's consciousness, thoughts, wishes, ideals, plans, routes and concepts about how to live and behave in society. Social ideology refers to the performance and expression of social consciousness in social real life.

Social consciousness is the essence, internal regulation and component of social ideology or form. The manifestations of social consciousness in real social life are people's social activities and social behaviors.

For example, people's material production activities and people's own reproduction and production behavior. By observing people's social activities and behaviors, we can discover social consciousness, and understand and master the essence and characteristics of social consciousness.

The expression and communication forms of social consciousness are thoughts, viewpoints, theories, doctrines, literature, art, language, words, pictures and laws created by social individuals. To fully understand ideology, we also need to know the following knowledge: ideology is a system composed of various concepts and representations, which dominates the spirit of a person or a social group.

Louis althusser, ideology and ideological state machine. Mapping ideology, London: Versa, 1994.p. 12 ideology was founded by the French philosopher de Tracy in 180 1-65438. The original point is "conceptual science" that reveals the root of people's preconceptions and prejudices.

It was abandoned later. Marx's German Ideology was published in 1927, and Karl Mannheim was published in 1929's Ideology and Utopia (translated into English in 1936).

Contemporary definition: (1) refers to thoughts, ideals, beliefs, passions, values, world outlook, religion, political philosophy and moral proof. (2) The explanatory framework used by social groups to make the world more conducive to their understanding.

Marxists and major sociological traditions regard it as a distortion of reality (fontana Dictionary of Modern Thoughts, P276-277 above). (3) Social consciousness, which constitutes the superstructure of social concept, includes artistic thought, moral concept, political and legal thought, religious view and philosophy (Principle of Argumentation and Calendar Only, p 130). (4) Ideological system with certain political inclination and political choice.

Specifically, it refers to political thoughts such as liberalism, socialism, conservatism and productism (modern sociology p292). The following are several representative definitions. 1 Marx's definition of ideology G. Marcuse pointed out that in Marx's view, there are three definitions of ideology (1) that deny and reveal historical idealism. (2) It is a systematic explanation of social existence. (3) Generally speaking, it is a certain culture. This culture is a reflection of social existence. Subject to social existence, individuals or collectives should be consciously or unconsciously influenced by this culture. 2 Mannheim's distinction between two kinds of scope ideology. Mannheim regards ideology as a "way of thinking" in his works, and analyzes two ideologies accordingly. One is "special" ideology, which refers to concealing or distorting the truth of a social situation because it is not in its interests, including conscious lying, semi-conscious or unfounded concealment. Deliberate deception or self-deception This actually reflects the self-interest of special groups. The other is "comprehensive" ideology, which refers to a complete belief in a world outlook or a way of life. Ideology is the reappearance of the imaginary relationship between an individual and his real life.

In order to illustrate my central topic about the structure and function of ideology, I will first put forward two themes, one is negative and the other is positive. The first theme involves the "reappearance" of objects in the form of ideological imagination; The second theme is about the materiality of ideology.

Theme 1: Ideology reproduces the imaginary relationship between individuals and the real state of their existence. When we admit that ideology does not correspond to reality, that is, ideology constitutes an illusion, we realize that ideology constitutes an illusion of reality, and they only need to be "interpreted" as the reality of the world behind the imaginary representation of that world (ideology = illusion/suggestion).

Theme 2: Ideology has material existence. I'm talking about those "ideas" or "representations" that seem to shape ideology. In fact, there is no concept or spirit, and when there are some materials, this topic has already been touched.

I even put forward that the conceptual or spiritual existence of "idea" only appears in the ideology of "idea" or in a certain ideology of ideology. I want to add here that it only appears in the ideology that seems to have laid this concept since the emergence of science, that is, in the "concept" that scientific practitioners show themselves (true or false) in their spontaneous ideology.

What is ideology?

What is ideology? Ideology generally refers to a systematic concept formed on a certain social and economic basis, which represents the interests of a certain class or social group (including the state and ethnic groups) and in turn guides the actions of this class or group. According to this definition, it can be said that ideology is an idea, but it is not a general idea. It has three characteristics: the first is group, that is, it is not an individual's idea, but is adopted by a certain group (class or group). The second is systematicness, that is, it is not a fragmented idea and concept, but a system; Third, it is historical and formed on a certain social and economic basis.

The following is the ideology described by many philosophers. Louis althusser's ideology is a system composed of various concepts and representations, which dominates the spirit of a person or a social group. Ideology is the reappearance of the imaginary relationship between an individual and his real life.

In order to illustrate my central topic about the structure and function of ideology, I will first put forward two themes, one is negative and the other is positive. The first theme involves the "reappearance" of objects in the form of ideological imagination; The second theme is about the materiality of ideology.

Theme 1: Ideology reproduces the imaginary relationship between individuals and the real state of their existence. ..... When we admit that ideology does not correspond to reality, that is, when we admit that ideology constitutes an illusion, we only admit that ideology constructs an illusion of reality, and they only need to be "interpreted" as the reality of the world behind the imaginary representation of that world (ideology = illusion/suggestion).

Theme 2: Ideology has material existence. I'm talking about those "ideas" or "representations" that seem to shape ideology. In fact, there is no concept or spirit, and when there are some materials, this topic has already been touched.

I even put forward that the conceptual or spiritual existence of "idea" only appears in the ideology of "idea" or in a certain ideology of ideology. I want to add here that it only appears in the ideology that seems to have laid this concept since the emergence of science, that is, in the "concept" that scientific practitioners show themselves (true or false) in their spontaneous ideology. Terry Eagleton's ideology refers to the way to participate in the power struggle at the ideographic level; Although this ideographic activity has participated in various hegemonic processes, it is not at the dominant level of maintaining rule in all cases.

Ideology is generally regarded as a process of naturalization and popularization. By setting up a set of complicated discourse means, ideology shows the values that are actually partisan, controversial and at a specific historical stage as real things at any time and place, so these values are natural, inevitable and unchangeable.

In short, ideology is a discourse problem, a practical communication problem between subjects in a historical situation, and not just a language problem (the proposition problem we are talking about). Ideology is not only a discourse problem with prejudice, partiality and partisanship, although there is no human discourse that is not.

Ideology refers to those value structures that are largely hidden and based on our actual statements. I'm talking about the way we speak and believe, which is related to the power structure and power relationship of the society we live in ... that is, the mode of emotion, evaluation, perception and belief that has a certain relationship with the maintenance of social power. There are two main paths for Gilder to study the social determinants of ideology: interest theory and tension theory.

In the former view, ideology is a mask or weapon; For the latter, ideology is a symptom and a prescription. From the perspective of interest theory, ideological propositions should be examined in the context of extensive competition for advantages; According to the tension theory, it is investigated in the long-term background of trying to correct the social psychological imbalance.

In the former context, people are chasing power, while in the latter context, people are fleeing from anxiety. Although there are other differences, the so-called cognitive and expressive symbols or symbol systems have at least one thing in common: they are both external resources of information, and human life is shaped by such resources, so they are all transpersonal mechanisms for perceiving, understanding, judging and operating the world.

Various modes of culture-religious, philosophical, aesthetic, scientific and ideological-are "procedures"; They provide a template or blueprint for the organization of social and psychological processes, just as the genetic mechanism provides such a template for the organization of organic processes ... Man, an animal that can make tools, laugh and lie, is also an unfinished animal, or more accurately, a self-fulfilling animal. Man is the subject of self-realization, and he has created a special self-definition ability from the general ability of symbol pattern construction.

In other words, going back to our theme, it is through the construction of ideology and the schema image of social order that talents make themselves political animals. As a cultural system, the difference between science and ideology should be found in the different types of symbolic strategies they represent respectively.

The naming of situation structure by science is like this, and the attitude it contains towards these situations is utilitarian, and its form is temperate, concise and absolute analysis. By avoiding the most effective semantic means to express moral feelings, science seeks the greatest ideological clarity. The way ideology names the situation structure is that the implicit attitude towards these situations is a kind of commitment.

Its style is colorful, vivid and intentionally implied: it expresses moral sentiment through semantic means of scientific avoidance, and it pursues to arouse people's actions ... Science is the diagnosis and criticism level of culture, while ideology is the defense and demonstration level of culture, which refers to "the part of culture that actively cares about the establishment and defense of beliefs and value models." Jameson (Frederick.

What is ideology?

Simply put, it is political belief, or a world view of society.

For example, the royalist party, the post-party and the revolutionary party in the late Qing Dynasty are three different ideologies. Royalists believe that a country can not live without a monarch for a day, with absolute monarchy as the guarantee, carrying out reforms from top to bottom and establishing Prussian constitutional system. The post-Party thinks it's all right now, and those who have nothing to do will die. The revolutionary party believes that this day has passed. The Qing Dynasty will perish unless it overthrew China. The Tatars must be expelled and peace established. I commend Xuanyuan with blood.

When the Iron Curtain fell, the confrontation between the East and the West was also an ideological struggle. The ideology of the Eastern camp is to improve social policies, and the exploiting classes and privileged classes must be eliminated. Whether it can be done or not is another matter. That's what the slogan says. According to his game, rich people in the western camp will be destroyed if they refuse to confiscate their property. The ideology of the western camp is liberalism. Whether you are a rich second generation or an official second generation, I can do whatever I want. Hanging spring can't afford to live in a house, and his hand cramps when counting money. Don't you agree to hang the spring? Do you know what personal property is sacred?