How to carry out integrated pest control in loquat production.

Loquat suffered many diseases and insect pests during its growth, which caused different degrees of losses. According to the different kinds of diseases and pests and their harm characteristics in the local loquat growth stage, especially from the overall agricultural ecosystem, and according to the requirements of pollution-free loquat planting, comprehensive control measures should be taken, such as giving priority to prevention, combining agricultural measures with pesticides, treating both diseases and pests, protecting and utilizing natural enemies, and reducing the losses caused by diseases and pests to a minimum.

First of all, according to the local climatic conditions and the characteristics of the varieties to be planted, it is suitable for planting in the right place. Stay away from peach, plum, pear and other fruit trees when building the garden to avoid the harm of pear moth. Rational interplanting of green manure or leguminous crops will create a good ecological environment for the survival of natural enemies. When planting, disease-free seedlings should be selected and disinfected, and seedling quarantine should be strictly carried out to prevent the introduction of pests and diseases.

Secondly, do a good job in forecasting the occurrence of pests and diseases. Understand the dynamics of pests and diseases before they occur, and judge the future occurrence trend of pests and diseases according to the environmental conditions, tree growth and development, cultivation management, etc., so as to provide scientific basis for pest control, make preparations for prevention and control in advance, and adopt correct prevention and control methods. The spread and prevalence of diseases depend on a large number of susceptible hosts and pathogens, suitable environmental conditions and poor cultivation techniques. The prediction of disease should be based on the characteristics of infection process and infection cycle, the leading factors and comprehensive effects of epidemic situation, and the historical data of epidemic situation. The prediction of pests is mainly based on the development progress of pests, the growth phenology of loquat varieties and the occurrence trend of pests (such as black light and sweet and sour liquid trapping), and the prediction of pests is based on the investigation of field population base and the analysis of meteorological factors.

(1) Shooting date This is the key period for pest control. Whether in nursery or orchard, spraying 0.5% ~ 0.6% Bordeaux solution or 500 ~ 600 times of thiophanate-methyl wettable powder from early April to early June after each new shoot extraction can also treat diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose and branch rot. The focus of pest control in this period is 1 ~ 2 generations of loquat moth, leaf roller moth, apple moth, wheat moth, aphid, scale insect and so on. And pesticides can be used to control the above pests. Control loquat moth, leaf roller moth, etc. It should be done in time when the larvae emerge for the first time after each budding. Generally, it should be sprayed at intervals of 1 day1time around the middle and late May (the peak period of hatching of the first generation of eggs), and the spraying frequency depends on the insect situation. From late June to early July, moth eggs were sprayed at the peak of incubation period. During the spawning period of longicorn beetles from June to August, the orchards are inspected once every five days, the adults of longicorn beetles are killed manually, the eggs are killed by tapping the egg grooves with hammers and stones, and the larvae of longicorn beetles and moths are killed with steel hooks according to the excreta discharge. You can also dip 50 times dichlorvos in cotton wool and stuff it into the wormhole from the dung hole; Or inject dichlorvos 100 times or 50% liquid medicine such as Penicillium, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium into the wormhole with a syringe, and then seal the hole with yellow mud or fill it with poison to kill the larvae.

(2) Red rust and anthracnose are the main diseases that harm flower buds and spikes at flowering stage. The main pests are moths, gray butterflies, gall mites, mites and thrips. Spraying 0.3 Baume sulfur mixture 1 ~ 2 times after budding can control red rust. In autumn and September, the trunk sokcho lures overwintering pests, such as pear moths. After winter, combine the garden soil with deep ploughing, remove the leaves and weeds in the orchard, cut off the dead branches of the trees, scrape off the rough skin of the branches, take down the bales and burn them or bury them deeply, so as to reduce the overwintering insect source base of loquat moth cocoon and boat moth and reduce the harm in the following year.

(3) From young fruit to mature fruit, focus on pest control (such as pear moth, moth, moth, etc. ), spray boron and calcium on young fruits, and pay attention to fruit bagging (spraying 1 times of pesticides that can also treat pests, such as the mixture of thiophanate-methyl and pyrethroid pesticides), cut off branches of pests and focus on burning. Third, scientific daily management. Using agricultural measures to control pests and diseases is an economical and effective control method, and it is also the basis of ecosystem management, and it is also the basis of ensuring high quality, high yield and high efficiency of loquat and producing pollution-free loquat fruit. Agricultural measures should be applied in every link from garden construction to harvest to comprehensively control pests and diseases. Making irrigation and drainage facilities a key project in garden construction planning will be beneficial to timely irrigation and drainage of orchards, especially in rainy season, reducing groundwater level, improving the ecological environment of orchards, and effectively controlling the occurrence of diseases such as leaf spot, leaf pollution and red rust. Combined with annual pruning, pruning branches of diseases and insect pests, too dense branches, overlapping branches and too flourishing branches is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, and reduces the source of infection in early winter and spring; In winter, clearing the garden and painting the trunk can eliminate many kinds of overwintering diseases and insect pests and effectively reduce the number of overwintering bacteria and insect sources; Implementing scientific fertilizer and water management, applying more organic fertilizer, and applying topdressing outside the roots during the rapid expansion period of young fruits (such as spraying 0.2% urea, 0.2% borax, 0.2% calcium chloride or their mixture) can promote fruit weight gain and prevent or reduce fruit cracking and wrinkling. It can not only meet the demand of external nutrients for loquat growth and development, but also be an important measure to improve disease resistance. Fruit bagging can effectively protect fruit from diseases, insects, birds and rats, and also prevent fruit cracking, rust and other diseases, and avoid or reduce pesticide pollution. Usually, after the last fruit thinning, spraying 1 times of pesticides and fungicides, and then bagging. In daily management, we should change the traditional cleaning method, adopt orchard planting grass or interplanting green manure to improve the ecological environment and promote the reproduction of natural enemies; Apply biological pesticides or pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue to reduce the killing of natural enemies and environmental pollution. Another effective way to protect natural enemies is to collect eggs and cocoons and put them into a parasitic bee protector to protect a variety of parasitic bees. Fourth, biological control is adopted. Biological control is to use natural enemies to control pests, and use the mutual restriction and interdependence between biological species to adjust the microbial environment of host plants, so that it is beneficial to the growth of host plants and not conducive to the survival of pathogens, and artificially change or create conditions to achieve the purpose of controlling pests and diseases. Specifically including:

(1) pest control. Mainly ladybugs, lacewings and so on. It has the best killing effect on aphids, tetranychus urticae and carnivorous insects. And using insect hormones to control pests and using beneficial birds to control pests.

② Treating insects with bacteria. There are mainly Bacillus borealis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, entomogenous fungus Bt emulsion, etc., which have good control effect on various larvae of Lepidoptera.

③ Treat bacteria with bacteria. Fifth, use physical methods to prevent and control. Physical prevention and control is the use of light, heat, electricity, radiant energy, machinery and so on to kill, trap, block and suffocate pests and diseases. For example, seeds, scions and soil are treated with light and heat, and thin films are covered around the trunk to prevent overwintering pests from being unearthed, and potential traps such as lights, poison bait and straw are used to trap and kill pests; Another example is scraping bark and bagging fruit, which are effective physical methods to control pests and diseases. For example, the common pests of loquat, such as loquat moth, ship maggot and poisonous moth, have different hazards in different generations, but they are mainly manual killing combined with spray control. For example, the larvae of these three pests are clustered, suspended animation, and adults are phototactic. And artificially killing larvae (trunk falling, board pressing, etc.). ) and black light can be used for trapping and killing, and spraying drugs in the larval stage has a good control effect. When the fruit is ripe, the fruit sucking moth is caught on the fruit at night, or the cut fruit is soaked in pesticide for two minutes, and then hung around the orchard to poison the adults, with remarkable effect. Sixth, proper chemical control. According to the biological characteristics and hazard characteristics of the control object, it shall be strictly implemented in accordance with GB 4285- 1989 Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides and NY/T393 Standard for Use of Pesticides in Green Food promulgated by the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Agriculture. Biological pesticides (such as rotenone, pyrethrins, nicotine, vegetable oil emulsion, allicin, azadirachtin, azadirachtin, etc.) are allowed to be used in the prevention and control process. ), mineral pesticides (such as mineral oil emulsion, low sulfonic acid value engine oil emulsion, kerosene cream, etc. ) and organic synthetic pesticides with high efficiency and low toxicity (such as thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim and iprodione) should be used as much as possible. It is forbidden to use highly toxic, toxic and residual pesticides (such as phorate, monocrotophos, parathion, methamidophos, triadimefon, omethoate, phosphoramide, dicofol, chlordimeform, organic synthetic plant growth regulators and various herbicides). However, the allowed pesticide varieties can be used twice a year at most, and the interval between the last application 1 and fruit harvesting should be more than 20 days. Prohibit the use of published banned pesticide varieties and unapproved pesticide varieties. At the same time, we should pay attention to the alternate use and reasonable mixture of pesticides with different action mechanisms in order to delay the drug resistance of bacteria and pests and improve the control effect. Adhere to the rational use of pesticides, use them scientifically according to the lowest effective dose and concentration, spray them evenly and thoughtfully, prevent re-spraying and missed spraying, and ensure the control effect.

The content of this article comes from: Diagnosis and Control of Diseases and Pests by China Agricultural Publishing House.