What are the measures to control and improve the environment of pig houses?

Only in the appropriate environmental conditions, the pig's production potential can be given full play to, the construction of pigsties is an important means of providing a suitable environment for pigs. Only through the reasonable design of the pig house, and at the same time take effective environmental control measures, in order to make the environment of the pig house to achieve a good state, to meet the pig's needs for the environment.

1. Cold insulation in the winter cold region. Should do a good job in the pig house cold insulation, especially for delivery nursing house, young pig house, do a good job of cold insulation is more important. Pig house cold insulation measures are:

(1) do a good job of pig house heat insulation design in the pig house enclosure, the most heat loss is the roof, so set the canopy is extremely important. The thermal resistance value of the insulation material laid on the canopy should be high, and it should reach enough thickness and be pressed and compacted. The heat loss of the wall is only second to the roof, the ordinary red brick wall must reach enough thickness, with hollow brick or aerated concrete block instead of ordinary red brick, or with hollow wall or in the hollow wall filled with thermal insulation materials can improve the cold insulation ability of pig house. Window hog house should be set up double window, and try to set up less north window and west side window. The outside door with a door can prevent the cold wind from entering the house directly. Although the heat loss of the ground is less than that of other enclosure structures, it is of great significance to strengthen the heat preservation ability of the ground because the pigs are directly active on the ground. In order to facilitate the cleaning and disinfection of the pig house, to prevent the pigs from digging, the pig house floor is mostly cement floor, but the cement floor is cold and hard, so it can be in the pig lying area with flooring or grass. Can also be used to build hollow brick insulation ground, but the cost is slightly higher.

(2) strengthen the winter cold management winter often take the cold management measures are: before the winter to do a good job of sealing the window, window laying plus good light penetration of plastic film, the door wrapped cold felt and so on; simple pigsty covered with plastic greenhouse; ventilation ventilation try to reduce the speed of the airflow; to prevent the house wet; laying thick bedding grass; appropriate to increase the density of rearing, and so on.

(3) the heating of the pig house in the adoption of the above cold insulation measures still can not achieve the required temperature of the house, must take heating measures. The heating and insulation of the pig house can be centralized heating, decentralized heating and local insulation and other methods. ① centralized heating is the pig house heat and living heat are provided by the central boiler, various types of pig house temperature difference by the number of heat sinks to regulate, this heating method can save energy, but the investment is large, the flexibility is also poor. ② decentralized heating is in need of heat in the pig house, install a civil heating furnace or several to improve the temperature, this heating mode flexibility, easy to control the temperature, less investment, but management is inconvenient. ③ Local heat preservation can be used infrared lamps, electric heating plate, etc. This method is simple and flexible, only need to have power supply. Traditional local insulation methods also have a thick mat of grass, fireplace, fire wall and other methods. These methods are still being used by the smaller farms and farmers, the effect is not very satisfactory, and more laborious, but very economical.

2. Prevention of heat and cooling The factors of environmental heat are high temperature, strong solar radiation, small air velocity and high air humidity. In hot conditions, attempts to reduce air temperature, thereby increasing the non-evaporative heat dissipation of pigs, although technically doable, but often economically not feasible. So the production is generally used to protect the pig from solar radiation, enhance the pig's conductive heat (contact with cold objects), convective heat (make full use of natural gas flow or forced ventilation) and evaporative heat (water bath or spray water to the pig body) and other measures.

(1) shade and set up pergola pigsty shade can be taken to lengthen the roof eaves, set up horizontal or vertical sunshade along the window and the use of green shade and other measures. You can also plant climbing plants on the frame, and form a green pergola on the south wall window and roof. Pergola set up should take the long axis east-west configuration, shed area should be larger than the pergola projection area, if the span is not large, the roof can be a single slope, south low north high, so that can make the shed under the shadow area, move small. Pergola height of about 2.5 meters is appropriate.

(2) good thermal insulation design Doing a good job in the pigsty enclosure thermal insulation design can prevent or weaken the combined effect of solar radiation heat and high air temperature. The focus of the thermal insulation design of the pig house in the roof, can be taken to increase the thermal resistance of the roof, construction of multi-storey structure of the roof, the construction of the roof of the air layer, the roof surface of the use of light-colored and light flat material to enhance the ability to reflect the sunlight and other measures.

(3) Ventilation of pigsties The purpose of strengthening the ventilation of pigsties is to dissipate the heat generated in the house, so that the heat does not accumulate in the house and cause the temperature to rise, and at the same time, the formation of suitable airflow around the body of the pig, to promote the heat dissipation of the pig. Measures to strengthen ventilation include: setting up foot windows, large windows, ventilation roofs, etc. in naturally ventilated barns; making the air intake evenly arranged so that pigs everywhere can enjoy cool airflow; reducing the span of the barn so that it is easy to form a through-the-hall wind in the barn. When natural ventilation is insufficient, additional mechanical ventilation should be installed.

(4) the cooling of the pigsty pigsty using refrigeration equipment to cool down in the economy is generally not cost-effective, so in the production of more water evaporation cooling equipment measures. This measure is only suitable for dry heat areas. Conditional pig farms can let the pig water bath, pig farms to build a rolling bath for pigs rolling bath; can also be sprayed to the pig body or pig house air, with the help of water vaporization and heat absorption to achieve the purpose of cooling.

3. Ventilation The purpose of the ventilation of the pig house has two purposes, one is to increase the airflow in the high temperature so that pigs feel comfortable, so as to moderate the adverse effects of high temperatures on the pig; the second is in the case of the closed pig house, the ventilation can be discharged from the dirty air inside the house, the introduction of fresh air outside the house, thus improving the air environment inside the house. The ventilation of pig house can be divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation.

(1) the natural ventilation of the pig house natural ventilation means no mechanical equipment, but by nature's wind pressure or heat pressure, so that the flat air flow in the pig house. Natural ventilation is divided into two forms: pipeless natural ventilation system and piped natural ventilation system. Ductless ventilation refers to the ventilation through open doors and windows, and is suitable for warm areas and cold areas in the warm season. In the cold season, the closed pig house, due to the tightly closed doors and windows, need to use a special ventilation pipe for air exchange. The ducted ventilation system consists of an intake pipe and an exhaust pipe. The intake ducts are evenly spaced on the longitudinal wall. In the south, the intake pipe is usually located below the wall to facilitate ventilation and cooling; in the north, the intake pipe should be located above the wall to avoid the cold airflow blowing directly to the pig. The part of the intake pipe outside the wall should be bent downward or set up a file rice to prevent the direct intrusion of cold air or precipitation. Exhaust ducts are staggered along both sides of the roof ridge of the pig house and installed on the roof, with the lower end starting from the canopy and the upper end rising out of the ridge at a height of 50 to 70 centimeters. Exhaust pipe should be made of double-layer, the inner folder insulation material, the upper end of the pipe with a hood to prevent precipitation falling into the house. Inlet and exhaust pipes should be set up inside the regulating plate to control the wind volume.

(2) mechanical ventilation of the pig house, mechanical ventilation refers to the use of fans to force the exchange of air inside and outside the house, the commonly used mechanical ventilation has positive pressure ventilation, negative pressure ventilation and joint ventilation of three kinds. Positive pressure ventilation is the use of fans outside the house fresh air forced into the house so that the house air pressure increases, the house dirty air through the exhaust port (tube) naturally discharged by the way of air exchange. Negative pressure ventilation is to use the fan to extract the dirty air inside the house, so that the air pressure inside the house is relatively smaller than outside the house, the fresh air through the air inlet (tube) into the house and the formation of air exchange inside and outside the house. Combined ventilation is the mechanical air supply and mechanical exhaust ventilation at the same time. In the winter in the alpine region, ventilation and cold insulation there is a great contradiction, in the ventilation should be seriously considered to solve this contradiction.

4. Light Light not only affects the health and productivity of pigs, but also affects the working conditions of managers. The light of the pig house is generally based on natural light, supplemented by artificial light.

(1) Natural light When the pig house is naturally illuminated, the light mainly enters the house through the window. Therefore, the key of natural light is to ensure the light standard of pig house through reasonable design of the position, shape, number and area of the window, and try to make the light in the house uniform. In production, usually according to the lighting coefficient (the effective lighting area of the window and the ratio of the floor area of the pig house) to design the windows of the pig house, the fat pig house is 1:12 ~ 15. The number, shape and arrangement of the windows of the pig house should be determined according to the local climatic conditions, the structural characteristics of the pig house, and take into account the factors of cold, heat, ventilation, and so on.

(2) artificial light Natural light is insufficient, should consider supplementing artificial light, artificial light is generally used 40 ~ 50 watt incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, etc., lamps from the ground 2 meters, according to about 3 meters from the lamps evenly arranged. When the span of the pig house is large, should be installed more than two rows of light bulbs, and make the two rows of light bulbs staggered arrangement, in order to make all parts of the house light evenly.

5. Sewage disposal The main dirt in the pig house is the feces and urine excreted by pigs and sewage, etc. The quantity of feces and urine discharged by pigs every day is very large and the sewage produced by daily management is also a lot. Therefore, reasonable setup of sewage system, timely exclusion of these pollutants, is to prevent dampness in the house, to maintain good air hygiene is an important measure. There are generally two ways of sewage disposal in pig house, one is manure and sewage are removed separately, generally more artificial removal of solid fresh feces, and another drainage pipe will be set up to discharge sewage (including urine) to the sewage pond outside the house. This method is more suitable for northern cold areas. It is required to remove feces as much as possible at any time, otherwise it will make feces and sewage mixed and difficult to remove, or discharged into the sewage pipe and cause the blockage of the drainage pipe. Another way is to remove the feces and sewage at the same time, which is divided into flushing and mechanical removal. Water flushing should be built in the house to remove the leaky floor, manure ditch, outside the house to build manure pool. The floor can be made of reinforced concrete or metal, bamboo slats, etc. When the feces and urine fall on the floor, the liquid will flow into the fecal ditch from the gap, and the solid feces will be stepped by the pigs into the ditch. The manure ditch is located under the leaky floor, and the slope in the direction of the manure pool is 0.5% to 1.0%, and the water is used to flush the manure into the manure pool outside the house. This method is not suitable for use in cold northern areas because it uses a large amount of water, causes dampness in the house, and produces a large amount of sewage that is difficult to treat. Mechanical removal method is basically the water flushing method in the water flushing link with the scraper and other machinery, the fecal pollution will be cleared to the end of the pig house or directly to the outside of the house.

6. The use of bedding Bedding, also known as bedding grass or bedding grass, refers to a certain part of the pig pen (generally for the pig bed) laying material. Bedding has warmth, moisture absorption, absorption of harmful gases, enhance the comfort of the pig and keep the pig body clean and so on. The bedding material used should have the characteristics of small thermal conductivity, softness, non-toxicity, non-irritation to the skin, etc., and at the same time, it is required to have sufficient source and low cost. Commonly used bedding materials are straw, straw, sawdust and so on. The bedding material should be changed frequently to keep the bedding material clean and dry.

Only in the appropriate environmental conditions, the pig's production potential can be given full play to, the construction of the pig house is to provide a suitable environment for the pig is an important means, only through the reasonable design of the pig house, and at the same time to take effective environmental control measures, in order to make the environment of the pig house to achieve a good state, to meet the pig's needs for the environment.