Youku see a cartoon "wine husband" is quite interesting, about the wine culture, think, really should be more deep thought about our Chinese cultural heritage.

Wine is one of the main beverages in human life. China has a long history of making wine, with a wide variety of famous wines that are renowned both at home and abroad. Yellow wine is one of the oldest liquors in the world. About three thousand years ago, during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Chinese invented the compound fermentation method of wine curd and began to brew yellow wine in large quantities. About a thousand years ago, during the Song Dynasty, the Chinese invented distillation, and since then, baijiu has become the main alcoholic beverage consumed by the Chinese. Alcohol has permeated the entire 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization, occupying an important place in Chinese life in all aspects from literary and artistic creation, culture and entertainment to diet and cooking, health care and so on.

The Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen "Shuowen Jiezi" cloud: "The ancient Shaokang first made a broom, broomcorn millet wine. Shaokang, Dukang also." Song people Zhang tablechen in the "coral hook poetry" said: "in the ancient times, unknown cork, Dukang Zhaozuo, I made wine sweet, can be after wine, broomcorn millet wine name also." Dukang, as the ancestor of Chinese wine, has been honored by people for generations. Dukang wine, as a historical wine, the generations of literati drink it, wrote a sweat of the beautiful articles, immortal poems.

Wine and Chinese culture are closely related, its inventor, *** push Yi Di, Dukang. Jin Jiang Tong said: "the rise of wine, originating from the emperor, or cloud Yi Di, a said Dukang." Yidi, a person in the era of Dayu; Dukang, said to be the king of Xia Dynasty Shaokang. Dukang's name is more popular than Yidi's, so Yidi's name is obvious but not obvious. It is an indisputable fact that the earliest wine was produced in the Luoyang area, which is the center of Luoyang, after the fog was lifted from the history of wine.

According to ancient records, the invention of wine was also quite accidental. Once, Du Kang put the leftover rice in the empty mulberry, after a long time, the rice naturally fermented, emitted a fragrant odor, and flowed out a liquid, Du Kang took it and drank it, felt its taste sweet. Du Kang was inspired by this and invented wine.

The so-called empty mulberry, that is, the heart of the tree is rotten empty mulberry tree. According to ancient documents, there is a place named Kung Sang Jian in the Yishui basin of Luoyang, which may be related to Kung Sang. Dukang brewing wine called Panicum wine, that is, brewing raw materials to black broomcorn. Black Panicum is a kind of sorghum, which is wild in the mountainous areas of Luoyang, and ancient ancestors cultivated it into an important crop.

Dukang is good at brewing wine, and its brewing process is quite elaborate. The "Wuqi Six Methods" recorded in the "Dukang Chronicle" is said to be Dukang's secret recipe for brewing wine. It requires that the black broomcorn millet used for making wine should be mature, the casting should be timely, the soaking and boiling should be clean, the water from the mountain springs should be taken, the brewing utensils should be excellent, and the fire should be appropriate. Folk singing a wine song is said to be passed down by Du Kang, the lyrics say: "three more lees loaded bad smell, the sunrise of burning wine wine Wang, after the afternoon casting flavor, the sunset mixing grain wine taste long." That is to say, in the process of brewing wine, when to throw material, when to fire, are very careful.

After wine was produced in the He Luo region, it was integrated into the profound He Luo culture. The Duke of Zhou issued a ban on wine in Luoyang, known as the Wine Enjoinment, but did not completely prohibit the consumption of wine, but closely linked wine to the Zhou rituals, so that none of the five rituals of the Zhou Dynasty could be separated from wine. The existing "Book of Songs" is said to have been deleted by Confucius, but the "poems" that existed before Confucius deleted them were in fact official documents collected and preserved in Luoyang. Most of these poems are related to wine.

Where is Dukang's hometown, the former site of Dukang's winemaking? This is also a topic of interest.

Dukang hometown, called Dukang village, **** there are two places, both in Luoyang. One is in the west of the old city of Luoyang. The Republic of China period Li Jianren wrote "Luoyang ancient and modern talk", said Dukang village, in the west of the city of Luoyang, also known as Du Village, that is, the former residence of Dukang. A place in Ruyang County, the earliest record of Dukang Village here is found in the Ming Wanli "Zhili Ruzhou Quanzhi" book, which says: "Dukang Village, 50 miles north of the city (of Yiyang), Dukang wine-making place." There are relics such as Dukang Temple and Dukang Tomb here.

Dukang wine is China's wine ancestor, Luoyang is the hometown of China's wine culture, seriously summarize the Luoyang winemaking process through the ages, and explore the connotation of Luoyang wine culture, which is a sacred mission given to us by the times.

Prehistoric period

From the earliest five thousand years before the Chinese civilization - prehistoric times, the primitive tribes of people collected wild fruits after a long period of storage moldy, and then formed the smell of wine. After the initial tasting, they thought that the water flowing out of the moldy fruit was also very good to drink, and so the culture of winemaking began. In the primitive society, China's winemaking has been very prevalent, the ancient period of wine, is unfiltered wine mash, paste and semi-fluid, for this kind of wine, is not suitable for drinking, but to eat, so eating wine utensils are generally eating utensils, such as bowls, bowls and other large-mouthed vessels.

Summer Dynasty

Summer Dynasty wine culture is very prevalent, merchants are good at drinking wine, Xia Dynasty, there is a kind of wine called Jennifer's wine, is China's earliest known bronze, in the history of the Chinese specific important position. Ancient cloud: "Dukang made broomcorn millet wine", Dukang as the fifth king of the Xia dynasty, personally made wine, it is evident that people at that time the importance of wine. The townspeople in October in the local school hall in the drinking ceremony: "September frost, October polyester field, friends S entertaining, the day to kill the lamb, among his public hall, called his rhinoceros horn, ten thousand years of life," thus the poem fully demonstrates the wine culture of the Xia Dynasty.

Shang dynasty

Shang dynasty brewing industry is very developed, bronze production technology to improve, China's wine to reach an unprecedented prosperity. There was a complete set of experience in making wine, and there were clans like the "Long Spoon Clan" and the "Tail Spoon Clan" who specialized in making wine utensils for a living. Alcoholic beverages at that time are wine, sweet and sacrificial spirit, drinking culture is very prevalent, especially the aristocrats drink extremely prevalent, the extensive consumption of wine caused by the Shang ruler's great attention, King Zhou made a wine pool can be rowed, the whole day wine with the beauty of the Shang Dynasty left the "culture of wine and color".

Zhou Dynasty

The Zhou Dynasty vigorously advocated the "wine ritual" and "wine virtue", limiting the main use of wine to rituals, and the "wine sacrifice culture" emerged. Wine rituals in the Zhou Dynasty became the strictest etiquette, the Zhou Dynasty countryside drinking customs, to the township doctor as the main person, the wise man for the guest. Drinking wine, especially to the elderly for the favor, "sixty people three beans, seventy people four beans, eighty people five beans, ninety people six beans". Its respect for the elderly folk in the wine as the main folk activities have vividly manifested. This is the Zhou Dynasty's "wine culture".

Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, due to the use of iron tools, production technology has been greatly improved, the farmers "early morning and late evening, strong farming crops and trees, and more married beans and millet," the enthusiasm for production, so that the productivity of the development of the material wealth has increased greatly. This provided a material basis for the further development of wine, so the literature of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, there are a lot of records of wine:

The Analects of Confucius: "There is wine and food Mr. Zhuan, once was thought to be filial piety."

"Poetry Classic - You Feng July": "October to get rice for this spring wine in order to介眉寿"

《诗经-小雅吉日》："以御宾客且以酌醴。". Sweet wine, a kind of wine, is a sweet wine.

The Book of Rites: "In the month of Meng Xia, the son of heaven drank shochu with ritual music." Shochu (酎), a type of wine brewed heavily and drunk with music, was said to be the wine drunk at a festive event.

The Book of Rites: "The only wine that was served was the wine of the king, and the only wine that was served was the wine of the wildlife, and the wine that was served on the sides of the great doctors was the wood that was used on the sides of the soldiers, and the wine that was used on the sides of the soldiers was the wine that was forbidden." Shangyuan wine, with the meaning of nostalgia for the past, is the wine that the ruler drinks exclusively. In the Spring and Autumn period, there were two types of wine: the nationals and the savages, and the savages were the general public. Paying the savages all wine, meaning let them general meal, drink ordinary wine. Mu Yu and Ban are the grades of wine cups.

From the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, especially the northern nomads, their wine vessels were mainly bronze products. Brewing technology has improved significantly, the quality of wine has also improved greatly, the method of drinking wine is: the brewed wine in the bronze base pot, and then use a bronze spoon to scoop, set into the bronze cup to drink.

The Qin and Han Dynasties

The economic prosperity of the Qin Dynasty led to a boom in the brewing industry. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a "wine culture", and the rulers stood on the height of "politics" and repeatedly banned alcohol, advocating abstinence from alcohol to reduce the consumption of grains, which was eventually banned repeatedly. During the Han Dynasty, the understanding of wine was further broadened, and the use of wine was widely expanded. Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, used wine to cure diseases, and his level was quite high. Harmonizing human relationships, offering flattery to the gods and sacrificing to ancestors were the basic functions of wine culture in the Han Dynasty, and music was the spiritual core of Han Chinese wine culture. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the color of "ritual" in the wine culture became stronger and stronger, and the wine rituals were strict. And the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the wine culture from the music-oriented to the sadness of the change.

During the two Han dynasties, drinking was gradually linked to various festivals, forming a unique drinking day, and there were more types of wine. In the Han Dynasty, drinking was generally done on the floor, with the bottle in the middle of the floor, with a spoon for pouring wine, and the drinking utensils were also placed on the floor, so they were shorter and fatter.

Three Kingdoms period

Three Kingdoms period as the development of China's wine culture, whether it is the technology, raw materials, or types of great progress, the Three Kingdoms period of the wine style is extremely "Sheng", the wine style swarthy, alcoholism, Mr. Tao Yuan Zhen evaluation of the wine style of the Three Kingdoms quoted in this paragraph: Mr. Tao Yuanzhen once quoted the following words when commenting on the drinking style of the Three Kingdoms: "The drinking style of the Three Kingdoms was quite prevalent, and there were three elegant jars in Nanjing, and there were summer drinks in Heshuo." The wind of persuading people to drink was also quite prevalent in the Three Kingdoms, and the means of drinking were more drastic.

Wei-Jin-South-North Dynasties period

The Qin and Han dynasties advocate abstinence from alcohol, to the Wei and Jin dynasties, wine has a legal status, the liquor ban is wide open, allowing folk to brew freely, the phenomenon of private homebrewing and self-drinking is quite common, and the wine market is very prosperous, and the emergence of the wine tax, the wine tax has become one of the state's financial resources, and therefore there is a "culture of wine and wealth! Therefore, there was a "wine wealth culture". During the period of Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties, celebrities and scholars drank a lot of wine, and with the help of wine, people expressed their feelings about life, their worries about the society, and their lamentations about the history. The role of wine penetrated deep into people's hearts, thus expanding the cultural connotation of wine.

Wei-Jin period of the wine road, this period began to popularize the sitting bed, the wine becomes more thin and long, in addition, Wei Jin North and South Dynasties appeared in the "goblet" custom, the wine road a step forward.

Sui-Tang period

The wine culture of the Tang and Song dynasties was characterized by a great affinity between wine and the literati. The prosperity of poetry in the Tang Dynasty promoted the culture of wine, and a brilliant "wine chapter culture" appeared, in which wine and poetry, wine and music, wine and calligraphy, wine and art, wine and painting, etc., blended and prospered, and boiled over. The Tang Dynasty was a highly developed period of Chinese wine culture, which was profound, colorful and brilliant. "Wine urge poetry" is the most condensed and highly embodied culture of the Tang Dynasty, wine inspired the poet's poetry, and thus internalized in their poems, wine from the material level to the spiritual level, wine culture in Tang poetry brewing full, taste mellow taste for a long time. In the Tang Dynasty, the number of wine shops increased, and wine wars were popular, and wine culture was integrated into the daily life of Chinese people.

The Tang people advocated the "beautiful wine to the precious ware". The way of drinking, drinking most of the rice (food), as the so-called "food after the order wine," "food after the line wine," "cooking chicken set up food, food, buy wine to drink". At that time, the way of drinking, is in the food, full of Xu drink, drink, not easy to get drunk, but also through the wine to get more fun to get together and have fun.

Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties

The wine culture of Song Dynasty is the continuation and development of the wine culture of Tang Dynasty, which is richer than the wine culture of Tang Dynasty and closer to the wine culture of our present day. The wine industry flourished and hotels spread all over, and Song Dynasty hotels emphasized the cultural individuality of the name brand. The northern peoples in the Jin Dynasty had a style of booze and a strong liquor culture, and the Jin Dynasty had a culture of shochu (burnt pot liquor). And the Yuan Dynasty appeared shochu (Araraji wine). In addition, distillation was invented in the Song Dynasty, and since then baijiu has become the main alcoholic beverage consumed by Chinese people.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

The Ming Dynasty was characterized by constant uprisings, and the Qing Dynasty did not defend itself from foreign invasions, so the people migrated around to avoid the troubles, and the formation of regional cultures contributed to the emergence of the "wine culture". After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wine has become an indispensable beverage in people's lives, every festive season, "special wine" is very popular, such as New Year's Day drinking pepper wine, the first fifteen days of the first month of the drink to fill up the warehouse wine, Dragon Boat Festival drinking calamus wine, mid-autumn drinking osmanthus wine, Chrysanthemum wine, Chrysanthemum wine, Chrysanthemum wine, Chrysanthemum wine, Chrysanthemum wine. Qing Dynasty, "the countryside of wine, the capital for the most" that the capital's dignitaries at the time more revered yellow wine, the middle and lower classes of the people more like inexpensive and strong flavor of the shochu.

The Ming and Qing dynasties can be said to be another peak of China's successive line of wine, drinking wine, especially pay attention to the word "Chen" to Chen as the surname of wine, "wine to the Chen for the top, the more Chen more wonderful. In addition, the way of wine pushed to a realm of cultivation, wine order a variety of all the world's things, people, flowers, plants, fish and insects, poems and songs, operas and novels, seasonal customs into the order, and a lot of elegant order, the Chinese wine culture from the elegant hall to the popular folk, from the celebrities and elegant for the popularity for the hobbies of the city of the alleys. The ordinary drinking to talk about wine, Chong drink ware, line wine order, understand the noble situation of the drinking way.

After the founding of New China

Today, the core of the wine culture is the "culture of wine people". People's wine behavior is more common, wine and people's destiny is closer, wine is widely integrated into people's lives, close to the "life" of the wine culture has been unprecedented richness and development. Such as birthday banquets, wedding banquets, funeral banquets, etc. and related wine customs, wine rituals, become the content of life.

Wine culture

Wine culture is an important part of the Chinese food culture. Wine is one of the oldest foods of mankind, and its history began almost together with the history of human culture. Since the emergence of wine, as a kind of material culture, wine has taken various forms and its development history has been synchronized with the history of economic development, and wine is not only a kind of food, but also has spiritual and cultural values. As a spiritual culture, it is embodied in many aspects of social and political life, literature and art, and even people's attitudes and aesthetic tastes. In this sense, drinking wine is not drinking wine, it is also drinking culture.

China - the hometown of wine

China is an ancient civilization that stands out in the world, and is the hometown of wine. In the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation, wine and wine culture have always occupied an important position. Wine is a special kind of food, belonging to the material, but at the same time, it is integrated into people's spiritual life. As a special form of culture, wine culture has its unique position in traditional Chinese culture. Throughout the thousands of years of civilization, wine has permeated almost every area of social life. First of all, China is a country founded on agriculture, so all political and economic activities are based on agricultural development. As a result, all political and economic activities were based on the development of agriculture. The vast majority of Chinese wines were brewed from grain, and wine was tightly attached to agriculture and became part of the agricultural economy. The abundance and failure of grain production was the barometer of the rise and fall of the wine industry. According to the harvest situation of grain, the rulers of each dynasty regulated the production of wine by issuing wine bans or opening bans to ensure that the people were fed. In some localized areas, the prosperity of the wine industry played a positive role in improving the standard of living of the local community. Wine and socio-economic activities are closely related. Since the implementation of the state monopoly policy on wine during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the monopoly fee or wine tax collected from the brewing industry became one of the main sources of national financial income. Revenue from wine tax was also historically related to military expenses and wars, which were directly related to the survival of the state. In some dynasties, wine tax (or wine monopoly revenue) was also related to corvée and other forms of taxation. The generous profits from wine often became the fat meat for which the state, the rich merchants and the people competed. The alternation of different wine policies reflected the changing contrasts of power among the various classes. The issuance of the order to give wine is often associated with dynastic changes, the change of emperors, and some major royal activities. Wine, as a special commodity, added rich colors to people's lives. Ancient Chinese summarized the role of wine into three categories: wine for healing, wine for old age, and wine for rituals. Over the past thousands of years, the role of wine is far from being limited to these three, at least also includes: wine to become happy, wine to forget, wine to strengthen the courage.

The Spirit of Wine

Wine, in the long history of human culture, is not just an objective material existence, but a cultural symbol, that is, a symbol of the spirit of wine.

In China, the spirit of the god of wine has its origin in Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death. Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "traveling on things", "traveling beyond the four seas", "there is no home". Zhuangzi preferred to be a free turtle wagging its tail in a muddy pond rather than a bounded, headstrong horse. The pursuit of absolute freedom and the forgetfulness of life and death and honor and disgrace are the essence of the spirit of the Chinese god of wine.

The art produced by wine

The state of artistic freedom due to drunkenness is an important way for artists in ancient China to free themselves from bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, a famous scholar of the Wei and Jin dynasties and the first "drunkard", who was "open-minded and narrow-minded with the universe", said in his "Ode to the Virtues of Wine": "There is Mr. Lord, who takes heaven and earth as a single day, and ten thousand periods as a single moment. The sun and the moon have their lattices, and the eight wildernesses are the courtyards." "The sky and the earth are covered with curtains and the ground is covered with indulgence." "Drunken, I wake up. I hear no sound of thunder, and I see no shape of Mount Tai. I don't realize the cut muscles of heat and cold, and the feelings of profit and desire. Look down and see all things, disturbed as the river carrying floating weeds." This is the typical embodiment of the spirit of the Chinese god of wine.

"Li Bai wrote a hundred poems in a single bucket, slept at a wine shop in Chang'an, called by the Son of Heaven but did not get on the boat, and claimed that he was an immortal in wine." (Du Fu's "Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking") "Drunken from being a guest, the poem has become a god." (Du Fu's "Poetry by Drinking Alone") "Each person's attitude is different from the other, but the poem is formed by the wine." (Su Shi, "Drinking Wine with Tao Yuanming") "A cup of wine has not yet been consumed, and the poem has become a poem, and I am shocked by it." (Yang Wanli's "Passing the Goblet under the Moon in the Valley of Wanhua River in February after the 9th day of the 9th lunar month"). Zhang Yuannian, a political poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, said, "After the rain, the flying flowers know the bottom number, and drunkenness wins the free body." Examples of drunkenness that led to the creation of legendary poems abound in the history of Chinese poetry.

Not only in poetry, but also in painting and calligraphy, a unique art of Chinese culture, the spirit of the god of wine is even more lively. Painters, Zheng Banqiao calligraphy and painting can not be easily obtained, so the seeker to take the dog meat and wine hospitality, in Zheng Banqiao's drunkenness in the calligraphy and painting can be as desired. Zheng Banqiao also know the trick of the painting seekers, but he could not resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, had to write a poem to laugh at themselves: "look at the moon may as well go all, the moon only hate the wine to come late. He laughed at the thick waterproof vegetation and asked for books, and then asked for Mr. Drunkenness." Wu Daozi, the painting saint of "Wu Dangfeng", must be drunk before painting to start writing, and after drunkenness for painting, waving the brush immediately. Huang Gongwang, one of the "Four Yuan Schools", was also a "drunkard who could not paint". "Sage of the Book" Wang Xizhi drunkenly waved the brush and made the "Lanting Preface", "Thuja strong and robust, no generation", and to sober up "more books dozens of books, and ultimately can not be and the". Li Bai wrote the drunken monk Huai Su: "my master drunkenly according to Hu bed, sweeping up thousands of sheets in a flash. Flying rain surprise soughing, falling flowers and snow." Waisu drunken ink, party left its gods and ghosts are shocked by the "self-reporting post". Grass saint Zhang Xu "every drunk, call crazy walk, is the pen", so there is its "waving the pen down the paper like clouds of smoke" of the "four ancient poems".

China's traditional alcoholic beverages

Baijiu is China's alcoholic beverages passed down from generation to generation, through tracking research and summarize the work of the traditional process has been improved, from workshop operation to industrialized production, from the shoulder to semi-mechanical operations, from the oral teaching of the heart, flexible mastery of the written materials to teach. All these have led to the continuous development and innovation of the liquor industry, improved the level of production technology and product quality, and a number of manufacturers have become large-scale backbone enterprises of China's brewing industry, making important contributions to the country. We should inherit and develop this valuable national specialty, carry forward the excellent wine culture of the Chinese nation, so that the liquor industry to flourish.

Ancient wine ban, there are about four categories, the first, for the strong state and ban. Yi Di made wine, Yu drink and Gan said: the next generation will be the wine death of the country. The Duke of Zhou warned that "the group drink, you do not anonymous, the executive detained to return to the week, give it to kill and Yu evil purpose of the wine." The Duke of Zhou issued a grant, a strict ban on alcohol, lest the people lose their virtue and injure their sex, damage to the vitality, this is a strong country and ban on alcohol. Second, it was banned to save grain. Brewing requires a large amount of grain, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a county ban on alcohol for a year, to save a million ducats of rice. (The Book of Jin, Volume 91) Liu Bei, when he was an official in Yizhou, once banned alcohol due to drought. ("Three Kingdoms Zhi" Volume 38 "Jane Yong biography") saving grains, banning alcohol throughout the ages, generally in the year of the implementation of more than one year of disaster, the history of the book is not infrequent, but all for the short term. Because of alcoholism since ancient times, long-term ban, it is difficult to implement. The third for the monopoly and ban. Han book - emperor wudi biography "Wei condolence note cloud:" banning people wine brewing, the only official wine set, such as the road to throw wood for the right to take advantage of the sole also." Like this is not a real ban on wine, is the Government alone brewing and selling, in order to obtain its profits, exclusive patents, can be called fake ban. Previously prohibited, for the people and prohibited; but the emperor of the ban, for profit and prohibited, the two are clearly distinguishable. Later, the court of the two Jin Dynasty, the implementation of the right to deal, and the Han Emperor's liquor monopoly system is the same as the same hill of peasants. It can be seen that, as wine drinking becomes more and more popular, the state system has to adapt to the changing circumstances and the government has to prioritize profits, and this has been true both in the past and in the present, and it is not the only thing that is true of the wine custom. However, it is clear from historical records that the people like to drink alcohol, and the prohibition of alcohol is unceasing. Fourthly, alcoholism was prohibited because it caused accidents. In the fourth year of Tai'an in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Wencheng ordered the banning of alcohol in response to the farmers' drunkenness after the harvest, stating explicitly: "Anyone who brews or sells alcohol will be beheaded." ("Wei Book" Volume 111 "Penalty Zhi") in fact, the people prohibit the government does not prohibit, explicitly prohibit dark difficult to prohibit.

"Cup small Qiankun big, pot in the sun and moon long", in any case, people in the social life are directly or indirectly with wine on the relationship. The physical manifestation of this relationship is wine interest. Wine interest is rich in wine orders, wine orders is pure culture into wine, wine culture is the essence of culture.

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, wine orders appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Valley. There are two kinds of wine orders: popular and elegant. Guessing is a representative of the popular order, and the elegant order is the word order, which is usually popular among people with rich cultural knowledge. Bai Juyi said: "Idle levying elegant order poor official, drunken listening to the new chant is better than the wind and string." It is believed that the elegant order in the wine banquet is more interesting than the music with wine. The word order also includes word order, riddle order, chip order and so on.

Wine orders are a combination of wine and games. For example, during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the game of pot-throwing, and between the Qin and Han Dynasties, "singing and harmony at the table" were all a kind of wine order. But the development of the game into a mandatory with the end of the game, it has become both relaxed and serious - a cultural phenomenon. Western Han Dynasty Empress Lu had a feast of ministers, ordered Liu Zhang for the supervision of the wine order, Liu Zhang, please to the military order line wine order, during the seat, Lv's people have escaped, was Liu Zhang waved a sword and beheaded, for the drinking game and the play off the head which may be the play in the theater of the play. This is the origin of "wine orders such as military orders". Tang and Song dynasties in ancient China is the most playful, of course, wine orders are also colorful. Bai Juyi had a song "Chips inserted into the red snail bowl, goblets of white jade flying". In the Ming and Qing dynasties, wine orders were further developed to a wide variety of different styles and styles. Yu Dunpei of the Qing Dynasty will be divided into four categories of wine order: Jim order, elegant order, through the order, chip order, chip order is the main event in the wine order.

There are a lot of wine orders in Dream of the Red Chamber.

The Meaning of the Chip Order

The Chip Order, as its name implies, is a wine order that uses chips, which is a distinctive feature of this kind of wine order. The first thing you need to understand is what a chip is. Chips are ancient calculators. There is no calculator in ancient times, generally made of bamboo and wood chips to carry out calculations, good calculator can not rely on the calculator to get the results, so the chips are derived from the planning, planning. Han Shu. Gao Di Si" recorded Liu Bang's evaluation of Zhang Liang, saying, "I am not as good as Zifang at planning in a tent, and I am not as good as Zifang at winning in a thousand miles." Nowadays, the military commander will make battle plans indoors, which is called "planning in the tent". The chips, Zhi Yi for planning, planning, planning the meaning of the plan. From the Tang Dynasty onwards, the chip in the drinking has two different uses: one, still used to record the number, Bai Juyi poem "drunkenly folded flower branches for wine chips" in the "wine chips" that is this kind of, this meaning of the chip in the later generations of wine games can still be seen, the role is to chip The function of the chips is to count the number of chips, and then line up the wine according to the number of chips obtained. The other kind is more complicated, people are not satisfied with the original use of chips, but change it into a kind of wine-ordering tool. Chip method is also complicated, in silver, ivory, animal bone, bamboo, wood and other materials made of chips engraved with a variety of orders about and wine about. When the order of the order of the table in accordance with the order of shaking cylinder switch chip, and then according to the chip in the provisions of the order of about, wine about the order of the order to drink. According to research, the Tang Dynasty's "Analects of Confucius" wine chip is the earliest known - kind of chip order.

Characteristics of Chip Order

The package capacity of Chip Order is very large, and the length is not confined. A large-scale chip order can easily have eighty chips, and the order contains the order, the order in the order.

Chip order because of such characteristics, the ability to take from the long masterpiece of the drama "The West Wing" and "Water Margin", "Liaozhai Zhiyi", "Dream of Red Mansions" and other novels, but also to have the inclusion of the "I Ching" of the sixty-four hexagrams, such as a rich connotation of the cultural phenomena.

Wine chip culture

Wine chip culture is a part of traditional Chinese culture, but it is also a special cultural phenomenon. Can not imagine, in the high rhythm of modern life today, there are a few young people slowly sitting in McDonald's to play what "Dream of the Red Chamber" wine chip. But as a kind of traditional culture, it is still a valuable property left behind by our ancestors, and besides having certain cultural research value, it also has a certain civilized role in some specific and appropriate occasions. For example, in any case, always than what "deep feelings, a mouthful of boredom" type of brutal drink, "brother and sister good wow, five kui shou wow," the vulgar drink to some good. Because the "appendage elegance" than "appendage vulgarity" to have taste. And the "vulgarity" is not a pejorative term in the first place.

The wine chip culture is a product of the Chinese dietary system, which is essentially an agricultural culture. Wine banquets have a great deal of cultural content, participants from the ancient and modern masterpieces, poems and songs, to astronomy and geography, folk slang have to know everything in order to play well on the spot and not be penalized. People in the feast also exercise the talent and competitive spirit; both active food atmosphere and add aesthetic interest.

In China, the spirit of the god of wine has its origins in Taoist philosophy. Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of things, the unity of heaven and man, and the unity of life and death. Zhuang Zhou sang the song of absolute freedom, advocating "traveling by things", "traveling beyond the four seas", "no country". Zhuangzi preferred to be a free turtle in a muddy pond, rather than a bounded, headstrong horse. The pursuit of absolute freedom and the forgetfulness of life and death and honor and disgrace are the essence of the spirit of the Chinese god of wine.

The world's cultural phenomena have striking similarities. The spirit of the god of wine in the West is symbolized by Dionysus, the god of the vineyard and winemaking industry, and the spirit of the god of wine rose to a theoretical high level in the tragedy of Ancient Greece, and the philosophy of the German philosopher Nietzsche sublimated this spirit of the god of wine, which Nietzsche considered as a metaphorical outlet of the emotions, and an abandonment of the traditional bondage to return to the primitive state of existence. experience, human beings in the disappearance of the individual and the world of the unity of the wail of despair and pain to obtain the great pleasure of life.

In the kingdom of literature and art, the spirit of wine is omnipresent, and it has had a great and far-reaching influence on literary artists and their creations. For, freedom, art and beauty are a trinity, and because of freedom comes art, and because of art comes beauty.

The state of artistic freedom due to drunkenness is an important way for artists in ancient China to free themselves from bondage and gain artistic creativity. Liu Ling, the famous scholar of the Wei and Jin dynasties and the first "drunkard", said in the "Ode to Wine and Virtue", "There is a great man who takes heaven and earth as a dynasty, ten thousand periods of time as a moment, the sun and the moon as Bibimbap, and the eight wildernesses as a court and a thoroughfare. " "The sky and the earth are the seats of the curtain, and I am indulgent as I wish." "Drunken and awake, I hear no sound of thunder, I see no mountain. I don't realize the cut muscles of heat and cold, and the feelings of profit and desire. Look down and see all things, disturbed as the rivers and rivers of floating weeds." This is the typical embodiment of the spirit of the Chinese god of wine.

Compared with the officials, merchants, craftsmen and farmers, the literati seem to have more affinity with wine. First, the literati are more addicted to wine. Wine can inspire inspiration, active image thinking; after drinking poetry, every good sentence chapter. Drinking itself is often a source of creative material. A history of Chinese literature, almost every page exudes the fragrance of wine. Li Bai and Du Fu, outstanding representatives of Chinese literati, were both addicted to wine throughout their lives. Li Bai called himself the "Immortal of Wine", and Du Fu was posthumously named "Wine Hero" by Mr. Guo Moruo because of his line "He is a wine-lover by nature". "Li Bai wrote a hundred poems on wine drinking; he slept at a wine shop in Chang'an City; the Son of Heaven called him but did not get on the boat; he claimed himself to be the Immortal of Wine". (Du Fu's "Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking") "Drunkenly, I have been a guest, but my poems have become divine." (Du Fu's "Poetry by Drinking Alone") "Each one has his own will, and poetry comes from wine." (Su Shi, "Drinking Wine with Tao Yuanming") "A cup of wine has not yet been consumed, and the poem has become a poem, and I am shocked by it." (Yang Wanli, "Passing the Goblet under the Moon in the Valley of Wanhua River in February after the 9th day of the 9th lunar month"). Zhang Yuannian, a political poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, said, "After the rain, the flying flowers know the bottom number, and drunkenness wins the free body." Examples of drunkenness leading to legendary poems abound in the history of Chinese poetry. Guo also painstakingly calculated that among their extant poems, Li accounted for 17% and Du for 21% of those that talked about wine. This leads us to think that, assuming there was no wine, Li's and Du's poetry would have been much less flavorful, and the Li Taibai Collection and Du Gongbu Collection we read today would have been much thinner.

The second is that the literati drink especially pay attention to the process of drinking, especially pay attention to the process of drinking that set of red tape. So, they will have to develop quite strict goblet policy, they will have to dance with a variety of wine orders. That wine order, is not fun, is a person's intelligence, knowledge, literary cultivation and adaptability of the severe test; not full of poetry and resourcefulness, is to make a fool of the scene. Literary people are hard to play this set of wonderful extreme, hard to the history, poetry, lyrics and music, songs and proverbs, allusions to the couplets and other cultural content, are out of the ordinary encapsulated in the wine to go. Thus, the banquet is always, will be filled with a thick and sheep and cultural flavor of the books. In the drink, not only enjoy the mellow beauty of wine, but also enjoy the fragrance of culture. Ancient literati banquets when the elegant interest, we can not see with their own eyes, only from the "Dream of Red Mansions", "Mirror Flower Edge" and other novels and records of the wine order of the books to peep into a number of. Due to the participation of the literati, drinking out of the class, drinking out of the realm, drinking out of the infinite scenery. The wonderful part of wine culture is really created by literati. "The modern literati after the May Fourth Movement often met for banquets, and even Mr. Lu Xun participated in them many times, which is often recorded in Lu Xun's Diary. His poem "self-deprecating" (in the poem "cross-eyebrows cold to thousands of fingers, head down willing to be a child cow" has become a famous couplet), was made at the banquet hosted by Yu Dafu. Yu Dafu more addicted to alcohol, had "drunk three thousand days, slightly drunk and ten years"; drunk in the wine, he made many good poems on the spur of the moment. New literati gathering, between the bottle and the table is still full of cultural flavor, talk about poetry and literature, impromptu chanting, is still a major theme. Feng Zikai once wrote: "The best thing in the world is wine and food, not like poetry." The May Fourth Movement was a radical movement that cleansed the old world, but the culture of wine that had been passed down through the ages was still in the same vein. The new literati, who created a new culture, are still like their forefathers when they serve a glass of wine.

Not only in poetry, but also in paintings and calligraphy, the unique art of Chinese culture, the spirit of the god of wine is even more lively. Painters, Zheng Banqiao calligraphy and painting can not be easily obtained, so the seeker to take the dog meat and wine hospitality, in Zheng Banqiao's drunkenness to seek calligraphy and painting can be as desired. Zheng Banqiao also know the trick of the painting seekers, but he could not resist the temptation of wine and dog meat, had to write a poem to laugh at themselves: "look at the moon may as well go all, the moon only hate the wine to come late. He laughed at the thick waterproof vegetation and asked for books, and then asked for Mr. Drunkenness." Wu Daozi, the painting saint of "Wu Dangfeng", must be drunk before painting to start writing, and after drunkenness for painting, waving the brush immediately. Huang Gongwang, one of the "Four Yuan Schools", was also a "drunkard who could not paint". "Sage of the Book" Wang Xizhi drunkenly waved the brush and made the "Lanting Preface", "Thuja strong and robust, no generation", and to the sobriety of "dozens of more books, and ultimately can not be and the". Li Bai wrote the drunken monk Huai Su: "my master drunkenly according to Hu bed, sweeping up thousands of sheets in a flash. Flying rain surprise soughing, falling flowers and snow." Waisu drunken ink, party left its gods and ghosts are shocked by the "self narrative post". Grass saint Zhang Xu "every drunk, call crazy walk, is the pen", so there is its "waving the pen down the paper like clouds of smoke" of the "ancient poetry four posts".