Which snakes are non-toxic in China? How to distinguish?

Discrimination between poisonous snakes and non-poisonous snakes \x0d\ How to distinguish poisonous snakes from non-poisonous snakes? It is not comprehensive enough for ordinary people to distinguish whether the head is triangular or the tail is thick or short or the color is bright. Although the head of poisonous snakes is obviously triangular, there are also some poisonous snakes whose heads are not triangular; A pseudo-venomous snake with a triangular head. The tails of viper, viper and cobra are really thick, but the tail of welding head is slender; Many brightly colored snakes, such as the Jade Spotted Snake and the Red Chain Snake, are not poisonous snakes, while the color of the Agkistrodon is like mud or shit, which is ugly but poisonous. So the difference between poisonous snakes and non-poisonous snakes is mainly based on the following points: \x0d\ 1 Poisonous glands have poisonous glands, and no poisonous snakes have no poisonous glands. Poisonous glands evolved from salivary glands. Located on both sides of the head and behind the eyes, it is enclosed in the muscles of the jaw and can secrete venom. When a poisonous snake bites something, the muscles around the poisonous gland contract, and the venom is injected into the bitten body through the venom tube and the fangs to poison it, but no poisonous snake has this function; \x0d\ 2。 Venom tube is a pipeline for transporting venom, which is connected between poison glands and fangs. Only poisonous snakes are poisonous tubes; \x0d\ 3。 A poisonous snake has fangs, which are located in front of or behind the nontoxic teeth of the maxilla, and are longer and larger than the nontoxic teeth. \x0d\ So, which non-poisonous snakes are easily confused with poisonous snakes? \x0d\ Several kinds of non-poisonous snakes are often mistaken for poisonous snakes. Because of their special appearance, bright spots and fierce temperament, they are often regarded as poisonous snakes by some locals and panic. In fact, this kind of snake is harmless to human body when it bites people. Such as red chain snake (also known as fire red chain). \x0d\ Non-toxic yellow chain snake (also known as Huang Chi chain), its appearance or color spots are easily confused with poisonous snakes, and it is often mistaken for golden ring snake because of black and yellow stripes on its back; Lycodon ruhstrati with black back, because of the black and white stripes on the snake's back, is also easily mistaken for a silver ring snake; The neck-edge snake (also called pseudo-viper) has a thick body, a short tail, a brown back, two rows of thick dark brown patches, and a slightly triangular head, which is very similar in appearance to viper or viper. Green snake (also called green bamboo label) is often confused with bamboo leaf green because it is green all over. \x0d\ Viper \ x0d \ x0d \ x0d \ Many people tend to associate "snake" with "poison", which leads to fear. Are there many poisonous snakes in the world? What about Taiwan Province Province? According to statistics, about 20% of snakes in the world are poisonous (yellow-jawed snake 1%, cobra 10%, and Agkistrodon halys 9%). As for the land snakes in Taiwan Province Province, there are about 15 species of poisonous snakes (accounting for 32.6%). Mainly divided into three categories: 1) dental model, 2) anterior sulcus teeth, 3) posterior sulcus teeth; But at present (Taiwan Province Province), there are only tubular teeth and anterior sulcus teeth, and there are death records when bitten. The brief introduction is as follows: \x0d\ (1) Tubular teeth: the head is triangular, and the back is usually brown with black spots, and all Agkistrodon halys belong to this category; Its fangs are long and large hollow tubes, which are located on both sides of the front of the upper jaw. They are usually hidden in the fleshy sheath and only extend forward when used. In addition to a pair of commonly used fangs, there are often 1-2 pairs of spare teeth behind them, and the toxicity is mainly hemorrhagic. If pits exist or not, we can divide them into two subfamilies, namely, a) rattlesnake subfamily. B) Agkistrodon subfamily (without buccal fossa): Taiwan Province Province only produces lockmouthed snakes, and buccal fossa is a unique temperature sensor of Rattlesnake subfamily, by which snakes can detect the subtle temperature difference in the environment and help them prey or avoid enemies; As for the chain snake, although it has no buccal fossa, its facial nerve endings are extremely sensitive to temperature changes and can still prey through similar mechanisms, which is quite special in Agkistrodon halys. \x0d\ (2) Anterior sulcus teeth: their heads are oval or round; The appearance often has obvious or even bright longitudinal or annular spots, which has a warning effect. All snakes in the Cobra family belong to this category. They only have a pair of fangs with grooves on the fixed surface, which are located on both sides of the maxilla, but they are not as big as tubular teeth, and their toxicity is mainly neurotoxic. In Taiwan Province Province, they include umbrella knots, cobras, striped red snakes, striped red snakes and all sea snakes. \x0d\ (3) Posterior sulcus teeth: Its canine teeth are only slightly larger than ordinary teeth, located behind the maxilla. This poisonous snake is usually not as toxic as Agkistrodon halys or Cobra, and some members of Agkistrodon halys also have this kind of fangs, including: water snake, Tangshui snake, Camellia snake, big-headed snake and Taiwan Province red snake. Although there is no record of the death of Hougouya poisonous snake in Taiwan Province Province, it is worth noting that the red-trained snakes in Taiwan Province Province are distributed in Chinese mainland and Japanese subspecies, and there have been records of killing in the local area, so we should not ignore them too much when we meet them in the wild. \x0d\ Among the above poisonous snakes, Agkistrodon halys (Agkistrodon), tortoise shell flower, bamboo filament, chain snake, Agkistrodon halys (cobra), cobra and umbrella node are frequently poisoned by bites, and are called the six poisonous snakes in Taiwan Province Province; In addition, because the chain snakes are only recorded in Gaoping in the south and Huadong in the east, the number is very small, so it is difficult to see them, and some people don't count them, so the other five species are called "five poisonous snakes" in Taiwan Province Province. \x0d\ Although poisonous snakes don't take the initiative to attack people for no reason, they will still bite in self-defense when we accidentally disturb them at close range. Therefore, we should be very careful. We should wear long-sleeved trousers, high-grade sports shoes or hiking shoes when engaging in outdoor activities in places where snakes may appear, and never wear slippers or sandals to avoid accidentally stepping on poisonous snakes and being bitten. \ x0d \ x0d \ x0d \ snake prevention measures and snake injury treatment \ x0d \ 1. March on the snake: \x0d\ 1. Snakes generally don't take the initiative to attack people, except cobras. Only when we are too close to the snake and don't find it, or accidentally step on it, will it bite. If you meet a snake, if it doesn't attack you, don't disturb it, especially don't shake the ground. It is best to wait for it to escape, or wait for someone to rescue it. \x0d\ 2。 Snakes are temperature-changing animals, and come out only when the temperature reaches 18 degrees. In the south, May -65438+ 10 is usually the high incidence of snake injuries. Especially when it is hot and rainy, or when it rains in Chuqing, snakes often come out of the hole. Pay special attention to snake prevention before rain, after rain and after flood. \x0d\ 3。 The snake's day and night activities are regular. Cobra and king cobra move during the day, silver ring snake moves at night, and Agkistrodon moves during the day and night. Snakes are mainly concentrated at 9- 15 during the day and 18-22 at night. In addition, Agkistrodon halys is very sensitive to heat sources and has the habit of extinguishing fire, so when walking with naked fire at night, it is necessary to avoid being bitten by poisonous snakes. \x0d\ 4。 Wear high-top shoes (boots), long trousers, a hat, and tie the collar, cuffs and trousers. \x0d\ 5。 Try to avoid walking or resting in the grass. If you have to, you should pay attention to startle the cobra (cobra will take the initiative to attack people, startle the cobra may lead to take the initiative to attack people. I don't know how to use this. )\x0d\ 6。 Try to avoid grabbing branches to borrow money. Be careful before pruning shrubs and picking fruits. Some snakes often live in trees. Use wooden sticks when turning stones or logs or digging holes, and don't do such activities with your bare hands. \x0d\ 7。 If you meet a poisonous snake unexpectedly, keep calm and quiet, don't move suddenly, and don't attack it. You should take a detour from far away. If you are chased by a snake, you should run up the hill or turn left and right. Don't run or go downhill in a straight line. \x0d\ 8。 Throw something in your hand next to it to distract it, or throw clothes at it to cover it and run away. \x0d\ 9。 If you have to kill a poisonous snake, you can take a long stick with good elasticity and cut it quickly behind your forehead, because it is the seven inches of the snake, that is, the heart. \x0d\ 10, beware of those snakes that look dead, because they may be observing their prey and pretending to be dead. \x0d\ 1 1。 When the narrow road meets a snake, you should step back and give him a chance to escape, and he will do it. \x0d\ 2。 Snake prevention in camp \x0d\ 1. Avoid camping in snake and rat holes, garbage or bushes. Weeds around the camp should be eradicated. In addition, a deep drainage ditch can prevent the invasion of snakes and insects. \x0d\ 2。 Scatter one or more of the following items around the camp: realgar. Lime powder. Plant ash. Tobacco leaves soaked in water. \x0d\ 3。 Please check the package carefully before use. The snake is likely to hide under it. When camping, the tent zipper should be completely zipped. Check the bed before going to bed, press the tent and get up in the morning to check the shoes. If you find a snake, you can quickly back off and keep a certain distance. \x0d\ 4。 If the floor is paved, it can be paved with branches, leaves or thin bamboo mats. Try not to use weeds. Before going to bed, you should knock on the ground to get rid of crawling insects. When you wake up, you should first look around your body carefully, otherwise if there are snakes or insects nearby, you will be disturbed by sudden activities. \x0d\ 5。 Pay attention to keep the camp clean, and all garbage must be buried in time. Because as long as there is star grease, it is possible to attract ants, ants will attract lizards, and lizards will attract snakes. Be careful not to burn fish bones, the smell will also attract snakes. \x0d\ III。 Common snake medicine \x0d\ 1. Self-made anti-snake medicine: \x0d\ Material: Realgar (toxic, please don't burn when using). \x0d\ Production: Mash garlic, grind realgar into powder, mix well, wrap it in gauze and tie it into balls, preferably without water. \x0d\ Usage: Hang the realgar garlic ball around your waist. To be on the safe side, make two balls and tie them to your left and right ankles. In this way, no matter where you go, the snake family will stay away. \x0d\ Features: remarkable effect and durability, which can be used for one month at a time. \x0d\ 2。 Snakes are afraid of essential balm. After being bitten by a snake in the wild, eat snake pills and apply snake venom powder around the wound. Drug supply stations all over the country have different snake wound drugs, which can be used with reference to the instructions. Nantong snake medicine, also called Ji Desheng snake medicine (tablet), is used to treat the bites of poisonous snakes and poisonous insects, and has the functions of detoxification, pain relief and swelling reduction. Shanghai snake is used in medicine to treat the bites of poisonous snakes such as Agkistrodon acutus and Bambusa bambusa, and also used to treat the bites of cobra, Bungarus multicinctus and Agkistrodon acutus. Has the effects of relieving snake venom, diminishing inflammation, strengthening heart, inducing diuresis, stopping bleeding and resisting hemolysis. \x0d\ 4。 Serum: If possible, it is best to prepare corresponding serum according to the local fauna, and take it to the local cold storage in the hospital. \x0d\ IV。 About being bitten by poisonous snakes: \x0d\ 1. If you are not sure what kind of snake bit you, you can't judge that there are no poisonous snakes without obvious symptoms. In most cases, the wound may become blurred. If it is not clear whether there is a poisonous snake bite, treat it as a poisonous snake bite. Non-venomous snake bites generally have four rows of tiny teeth marks, while venomous snake bites generally have one or two or three relatively large and deep teeth marks, and some venomous snakes have two rows of fangs. \x0d\ 2。 Look at the wound. A poisonous snake may bite a tooth in your flesh and pull it out. \x0d\ 3。 Burning: Burn the wound with 5-7 matchsticks immediately after being bitten by a snake to destroy the local snake venom. \x0d\ 4。 Flushing: snake venom will not spread within 1-3 minutes. At this time, squeezing out or rushing out the snake venom can effectively eliminate most of the snake venom. Immediately with hydrogen peroxide or 0. 1% potassium permanganate, salt water or cold water, soap and urine. It is best to put the injured limb in ice water at 4 ~ 7℃ (ice cubes in cold water), put crushed ice around the injured part for 24 hours, or spray chloroethane (keep warm when cooling). Remember: never rub alcohol on the wound. \x0d\ 5。 Limb binding: At the proximal end, the limb is spirally bound in a large area like leggings to delay the spread of venom. For example, if an ankle is bitten, it will be bandaged under the knee. Snake venom spreads through veins and is distributed on the surface of human body. Pressing the superficial veins with coarse cloth strips can effectively prevent the spread of snake venom, and at the same time, it will not block the blood circulation because of too tight local binding. This can prevent the spread of venom as much as possible and prevent toxins from entering the lymphatic system. After ligation, go to a doctor for treatment. After emergency treatment, it should generally not exceed 2 hours. When there is no bandage, you can also use rope, cloth belt, shoelaces, straw and so on. And make a circular ligation at the wound 5~ 10 cm near the upper end of the heart, not too tight or too loose. Ligation should be done quickly, within 2~5 minutes after the bite, and then relax every 15 minutes 1~2 minutes to avoid limb necrosis caused by blocked blood circulation. After injecting antivenom in a nearby hospital, the ligation can be lifted. \x0d\ 6。 After cleaning, use a sterilized knife to cut the skin between the two tooth marks, and at the same time, use a knife to draw a few rice grain-sized places on the skin near the wound to let the venom flow out. Keep squeezing the wound for 20 minutes. But if you are bitten by Agkistrodon acutus (Agkistrodon acutus), Agkistrodon acutus and Agkistrodon acutus, don't stab to detoxify, because there is a hemolytic enzyme in their venom, which will cause a lot of bleeding. If you cut the wound again, it will only accelerate the blood loss. Because ordinary people can't distinguish poisonous snakes, the practice of wound incision to treat snake wounds can't be popularized. \x0d\ 7。 Acupuncture or cupping: However, acupuncture or cupping is not suitable for patients who are injured by snakes due to blood circulation (such as Agkistrodon halys, ferrochromium head, bamboo leaf green, Agkistrodon acutus) to avoid wound bleeding. If the swelling around the wound is too severe, you can stab the lower end of the swollen area every 1 ~ 2 inches, and stab it with a sterile blunt needle for 2 cm; For example, when the hands and feet swell, the upper limb pricks the Eight Evil Points (between the four fingers) and the lower limb pricks the Eight Wind Points (between the four toes) to eliminate the venom and accelerate the swelling. Acupuncture detoxifies. \x0d\ 8。 If you have a stroke, you should actively treat it, give artificial respiration if necessary, and always pay attention to the patient's breathing. Severe patients who are unconscious after being bitten by Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus multicinctus can be maintained by artificial respiration. \x0d\ 9。 Application of antidote: take medicine as soon as possible after being bitten by a poisonous snake. Nantong Snake Medicine (Jide Snake Medicine), Shanghai Snake Medicine, fresh Lobelia Chinensis (Ophiopogon Chinensis), Lobelia Chinensis, Lobelia Chinensis and Realgar are mashed together and made into paste for external application once a day. Don't think it's good to have medicine. This medicine can only relieve your pain. Go to the hospital quickly. \x0d\ 10。 After doing these things, avoid strenuous walking or activities, and keep the injured part drooping and relatively fixed. If conditions permit, it should be shipped by others. On the way to transport the wounded to the hospital, the wounded should do as little activity as possible, reduce blood circulation and keep warm. \x0d\ 1 1。 No special treatment is needed after being bitten by a poisonous snake. Just clean the wound, stop the bleeding and go to the hospital for a tetanus shot.