First year history review outline

Review outline for 7th grade?

★Before A.D., After A.D. 1 century = 100 years. 1 decade = 10 years. The first 20 years are the beginning and the last 10 years are the end.?

Lesson 1? Ancient humans of the Chinese land?

★Yuanmou Man, about 1.7 million years ago, Yuanmou, Yunnan, Yangtze River Basin. A few days ago, the earliest known human beings in China.

★China is the world's largest discovery of primitive human remains.?

★Peking Man, about 700,000-200,000 years ago, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, Yellow River basin. Still retains some physical characteristics of apes. The faster development of the upper limbs as well as the evolution of the brain suggest that labor played an important role in the evolution from ape to man. Natural fire was already used. Lived in groups (the most primitive form of human social organization). Used beaten stone tools.?

★Shan Dingdong Man, about 18,000 years ago, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, Yellow River Valley. Not much different from modern humans anymore. Already able to make fire artificially. Clan life. Used ground stone tools and had ornaments.?

Lesson 2? Starry clan settlements?

★Hemipo settlement, about 6,000 years ago, Xi'an, Shaanxi, Yellow River Valley. Semi-cave houses. Cultivation of corn (China was one of the first countries to cultivate corn). Widespread use of ground stone tools (drilled stone axes), use of bows and arrows. Pottery was the main utensil (fish patterned colored pottery basin).?

★Hemudu Settlement, about 7,000 years ago, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, Yangtze River Basin. Dry-fence houses. Cultivation of rice. Widespread use of ground stone tools, bone plows. Pottery was the main utensil (black pottery bowl with engraved pig pattern).?

★Dawenkou Primitive Inhabitants, about 4,000-5,000 years ago, Da Wenkou, Shandong, Yellow River Basin. Produced a division between rich and poor.?

★Material reading - what is the significance of human beings coming out of caves to build houses and settle down: so that human beings have been living a sedentary life, getting rid of the dependence on nature, improving the living environment, expanding the space for activities, and improving the quality of life.?

Lesson 3? The dawn of civilization in the Age of Legends?

★Yan Di and Huang Di were the leaders of the tribal confederation in the Yellow River Valley. Yandi (Shennong), improved agricultural tools, taught people to farm, invented medicine, invented pottery, and opened markets. (Founder of agriculture and medicine). Yellow Emperor (Regulus), built palaces, carts and ships, weapons, clothing, had subordinate officials invent writing, calendars, arithmetic and music.?

Yan Huang united war Chi You - the battle of Yan Di and Huang Di (Battle of the Hankuan) - Yan Huang towards union - the formation of the main body of the Huaxia ethnic group. Yan Di and Huang Di are honored as the humanistic ancestor of the Chinese nation.?

★Yao and Shun's "Zen Transition" - the democratic election of tribal leaders. Dayu's water control - a combination of building embankments to block water and dredging rivers.?

Lesson 5? The change of Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou?

★About 2070 B.C., Yu established the Xia Dynasty - the first state in China's history, with the capital Yangcheng. Our ancient society entered the age of civilization. Yu passed on the throne to his son, Qi, who began the "family world" system of hereditary kingship, which replaced the system of abdication.

About 1600 BC, Tang founded the Shang Dynasty, with Bo as its capital. In about 1300 BC, Pan Geng moved to Yin.?

In 1046 B.C. (11th century B.C.), at the Battle of Muo Ye, King Wu of Zhou founded the Zhou Dynasty, with its capital at Haojing. It is known as the Western Zhou.

In 771 B.C. (8th century B.C.), Inu Rong killed King Yu of Zhou.?

In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved his capital to Luoyi, known as the Eastern Zhou.?

★The replacement of the hereditary system with the cedentary system was the inevitable result of the emergence of the division between the rich and the poor and the emergence of private ownership in the late primitive society. The change from the "public world" to the "family world" was a historical progress.

★The demise of Jie and Zhou, the last kings of the Xia and Shang Dynasties: Whoever wins the hearts of the people wins the world, and whoever loses the hearts of the people loses the world; a tyrannical king is bound to be abandoned by the people.

Lesson 6? Society and State in the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou?

★The feudal system of the Western Zhou: feudalization of relatives to fence off the Zhou.?

★Purpose of the feudal system: to consolidate rule over the neighborhood.?

★Contents of the feudal system: granting people to grant territory. The obligations of the vassals.?

★The role and impact of the feudal system: strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and the vassal states. Closened the relationship between the Western Zhou and the neighboring minorities, and promoted the economic development and cultural development of the remote areas. It consolidated the rule of the state.?

★The three classes of Western Zhou society, the aristocracy (the Zhou king, the vassal ministers, and the scholars), were the ruling class, and the commoners and slaves were the ruled class.?

★The means of ruling the people: ritual indoctrination (a policy of softness), and military criminal law (violent repression).?

Lesson 7? The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period?

★Spring and Autumn Period: 770 BC-476 BC. The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period: Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu (King Helu of Wu, King Goujian of Yue).?

1. Reasons for the hegemony of Duke Huan of Qi: great power in the east; Guan Zhong's reforms; "honoring the king and hustling the barbarians"?

Marker: 651 BC, Kwai Kiu Alliance?

2, Jin and Chu for supremacy: Duke Wen of Jin retreated from the Battle of Cheng Pu; King Zhuang of Chu asked for the Central Plains (Battle of Bi Bi)?

3, Wu and Yue rivalry: Goujian lying in wait?

★Warring States time: 475 BC - 221 BC. The seven males of the Warring States period: southeast, northwest and north to the center, Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.?

Harmonization: the six countries north and south united *** with the fight against Qin.?

Lianheng (Zhang Yi): Qin utilized the contradictions of the six states to attack from afar and break each one. Toward the Qin Chu...?

Lesson 8? The social change triggered by iron and oxen plowing?

★ During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farming tools were widely used with agricultural production.?

★ During the Warring States period, oxen plowing was popularized. (Plows drawn by two oxen began to be used for plowing)?

★Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, the use and promotion of iron oxen plowing greatly improved the production efficiency, "thousands of lotus roots and their plowing" way of cultivation was broken, so that the individual production became possible. "Public work is late, but the division of land is fast". Individual small farmers gradually became the basic production unit of the society. The new landlord class began to ascend to the stage of history.

★? Shang Yang changed the law: In 356 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin?

★? Reason: 1. The real pressure of the Warring States period countries competing for reform.?

2. The need for Qin to enrich its state and strengthen its army?

3. The support of Duke Xiao of Qin?

4. Shang Yang's persistence?

★? Contents: 1. Preparation of household accounts and strengthening of penalties; introduction of the county system; (Function: to strengthen centralization)?

2. Rewarding production; recognizing private ownership of land; unifying weights and measures; (Role: enriching the country)?

3 Reward military service (function: strengthen soldiers)?

★? Function: After the change of law, the state of Qin became rich and powerful, and its national strength increased greatly, laying a solid foundation for the later annexation of the six states.?

★? Evaluation of Success or Failure: The standard of success or failure of a reform does not lie in the life or death of the person who implements the change of law, but in whether the purpose of the change of law is achieved. In the end, Shang Yang was executed, but the reform was a success. Because of this, Qin developed into the richest and strongest feudal state in the late Warring States period.

★? Inspiration: reform measures should be correct, reform should follow the trend of history.?

Lesson 9? Oracle Bones and Bronzes?

★The writing engraved on tortoise shells and animal bones during the Shang Dynasty is known as oracle bone inscriptions.?

★China's written history can be traced from the Shang Dynasty.?

★The evolution of Chinese characters: oracle bone script - jinwen (or inscription) - liushu - regular script.?

★The value of oracle bone inscriptions: 1. Important for the study of the history of the Shang Dynasty.?

2. The oracle bone script is a relatively mature script, and today's Chinese characters have a relationship of origin with the oracle bone script.?

★Bronze: an alloy of copper, tin and lead.?

★Simuwuding is the largest bronze vessel ever discovered in the world. Discovered in Yinxu (Anyang, Henan Province), it is majestic in form and grandeur, ornate in decoration and highly skilled in craftsmanship, embodying a solemn and dignified style. It is 1.33 meters high, 1.10 meters long, 0.78 meters wide, and weighs 875 kilograms.?

The tenth lesson? The vitality of thought and a hundred schools of thought?

★? Confucius: the founder of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius?

Great thinker: core ideas: benevolence and propriety. In politics, he advocated the rule of the country by virtue and etiquette.?

Great educator: founded private schools; ?

Object of education: to teach without discrimination;?

Method of learning: independent thinking;?

Method of education: teaching according to ability.?

★Hundred Schools of Thought: Mohism: "concurrent love," "non-attack," "moderation."?

Legalism: "rule of law", strengthening centralized power.?

Confucianism: "benevolent government", "the people are more important than the ruler".?

Taoism: Taoist law of nature. People should develop in harmony with nature. (Brief list of the Hundred Schools of Thought on page 53 of the textbook)?

★Reasons for the emergence of the Hundred Schools of Thought:?

1, the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, the rapid development of productive forces (the root cause)?

2, rapid social change, great upheaval and change.?

3, the lords of various countries to compete for hegemony, the need to recruit talent.?

4, the private school flourished various schools of literati lobbying and lecturing, criticizing each other, and promoting the development of ideas.?

★Role: the various schools argue with each other, influence each other, and strongly promote the development of thought and culture.?

★Han Fei's legalistic ideas were most useful during the Warring States period: during the Warring States period, China was in a period of great change when slavery further collapsed and the feudal system was initially formed. In this situation, Han Fei Zi proposed that history is moving forward, the latter will prevail over the present; the establishment of a monarchical dictatorship centralized feudal state; "rule of law" and other ideas in line with the historical development trend at that time, but also in line with the feudal rulers to establish the need for centralized power. Many of the measures taken before and after the unification of Qin were the application and development of Han Feizi's theories.?

★Damage to public property/governance of the class: self-education and self-reflection can solve the problem in time is the best method; persuasion and education is the main method of solving the problem; punishment is not omnipotent, but is only an auxiliary means of solving the problem. All three have reasonable components, but none of them is absolutely effective, and should not be mutually exclusive and antagonistic to each other. Different methods are applicable to different objects, different methods play different roles at different stages.?

Lesson 11? The Wisdom and Creation of the First Peoples?

★Dujiangyan: Li Bing, father and son of the Qin State of the Warring States, Minjiang River Basin.?

★Three major projects: "water diversion fish mouth" (is the river water is divided into the inner river and the outer river), "flying sand weir" (flood control, sand drainage), "the mouth of the bottle" (to control the amount of water diversion).?

★Role (why Dujiangyan was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000):?

1, maintain the ecological balance, reflecting the harmony between man and nature;?

2, China's largest, most effective and longest-lasting water conservancy project in ancient times, which still plays an important role today.?

3, on behalf of China at the time of the advanced level of water conservancy engineering, is the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient working people.?

★Chimes: Chimes from the Zenghouyi Tomb of the Warring States in Suizhou, Hubei. It shows that more than two thousand years ago, China's music culture has reached a high level.?

Lesson 13? The Rise and Fall of the Qin Empire?

★The unification of Qin: The Battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao in 260 BC. The six states were unable to defend themselves against the Qin offensive.?

★? In 230-221 BC, Ying Zheng successively annexed Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi. He established the Qin Dynasty, the first unified multi-ethnic centralized state in Chinese history, with its capital at Xianyang.?

★The fall of Qin: In the summer of 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang revolted in Dazhexiang. "Wouldn't the king and his vassals rather have seeds?" The first large-scale peasant war in the history of China, a heavy blow to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty.?

In 207 BC, Xiang Yu's Battle of Julu. Liu Bang captured Xianyang and the Qin Dynasty fell.?

206-202 B.C.E., the battle of Chu and Han. Liu Bang establishes the Han Dynasty, capital Chang'an. Beginning of Western Han Dynasty.?

★Background of Qin's unification (conditions): 1) Since the Warring States period, unification became a general trend. (2) After the change of law by Shang Yang, Qin became the strongest state among the seven states, laying a solid foundation for unification. (3) After the Battle of Changping, the six states were no longer able to resist Qin's offensive. (4) Qin Shi Huang's eloquence.?

★The significance of Qin unification: (1) It ended the situation of the feudal lords and vassals who had been at war since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first united, multi-ethnic and centralized state in the history of China, which pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage. (2) After the unification of Qin, the people could have a more stable environment to engage in production. (3) The Qin dynasty implemented many measures to eliminate the divisive factors and enhance the economic and cultural ties among the regions, which were followed for more than 2,000 years and laid the foundation for the long-term unification of China.