What are the characteristics and works of early Greek classical sculpture?

Although the sculptures in the early Greek classical period were mainly statues, they began to pay attention to the vivid expression of characters' personalities. They got rid of the influence of the East and became rich and real shapes closely related to the real life of Greek society. Social sculptures in public squares also developed at this time.

Athena Temple in Egina Island was built in the 6th century BC, and its carving was completed in 490 BC. It has the nature of transition from ancient style to classical style. In the shaping of characters' faces, it conflicts with the classical style developed later. The carved fragments of the east and west gables of the temple found in the early19th century were seriously damaged, and were later restored by Thorvaldsen, a famous Danish sculptor. Its theme is the Trojan War. The sculpture on the western hill wall shows Athena protecting the injured Bertlock Routh, with Athena holding a shield in the center and Bertlock Routh under her. Athena's shield and spear point at the Trojan on the right to protect the Greek on the left and rescue his companions. The characters on both sides maintain strict symmetry, standing, kneeling, falling down and lying down. All kinds of dynamic processing are more realistic and the anatomical structure is more correct than in ancient times. But the expression of each character is still an "antique smile", which is very uncoordinated. The Dongshan Wall is badly carved, and the best existing works are Hera Keres with a Bow and The Wounded Warrior, both of which can show their level.

Temple of olympian zeus's sculptures are slightly later than the Athena Temple in Egina, and their styles are much more mature, especially the sculptures of the east and west gables, which can be called masterpieces of early classical sculptures. Dongshan Wall is based on the story of the race between Bai Lopes and Onomamus in Greek mythology. Standing in the middle is Zeus, the great god. He is the referee of this game and the owner of the happy marriage between the Peloponnesus and Princess Hippodamia. On Zeus' left are King Onomamus and his wife. Although he stands straight, he looks sad and seems to have lost confidence in winning. Further to the left, there are squatting charioteers and four-horse chariots, and then an old man sits on the ground. He is a prophet, look up to Onomamus and tell him that fate will not beat him. At the top is a young man lying on the ground, symbolizing the starting point of Olympia. He is watching the game with curiosity and joy. On the right is the hero Peloponnesus, who is full of energy because he borrowed Apollo's Japanese car. Next to him was Princess Hippodamia, looking at the front with deep affection, as if praying for the Peloponnesus to win. Further to the right are the charioteer kneeling on one knee and the majestic Japanese car. At the top is a young man lying with a similar expression and posture to the left end, representing the end of the game, Corinth. The composition of the whole gable triangle, although the characters are static, shows the tension before the game, and the static contains explosive force.

The sculpture of Western Hills Wall is based on the battle between the solo cuisine and Cantor. The picture below shows its recovery. There are not many statues left now. Standing in the middle is Apollo, the sun god. There are three groups of people fighting on each side, the struggling woman, the robbing monster and the man struggling to save people, forming a composition of intense movement, just in contrast to the stillness of the Dongshan wall. In addition, its forehead carving level is also very high, with a square forehead of 65,438+02, which just shows the 65,438+02 masterpieces of the hero Hera Keres, each with only 2 to 3 people, some with strenuous exercise (such as taming the mad cow in Crete), some with serenity (such as the stories of Hera Keres and Atlas), full of diverse and unified composition rhythm, and carved with gables.

The authors of temple of olympian zeus gables and forehead carvings have not yet reached an agreement. Some people think that the characteristics of sculpture style are quite similar to that of Miron or his school. In his works, Bosania identified them as Paoos and Old Alcamenez. They are all first-class sculptors in this period.

In addition to temple sculptures, independent sculptures in this period also developed rapidly, and many masterpieces have been discovered so far, among which the most famous ones are:

The Black Boy of the Tyrant (47 BC1) was written by Chrittia and Nisodas, and it shows the heroes who overthrew the despot Harmodius and Aristo Chilton. Although separated in two bases, one wielding a knife and one shielding, the dynamics are seamless.

Knight of Delphi (470 BC) is a bronze statue of the knight in the chariot dedicated to the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It has a calm face, vertical and orderly clothes patterns and particularly vivid hands and feet, which embodies the principle of simplicity and simplicity in classical art.

"The Relief of Ludwig's Throne", a beautiful stone chair, was named after the discovery of Ludwig, an Italian. There are exquisite reliefs on the back of the chair and armrests. The back of the chair is the birth of Venus, which shows the beauty of young people rising from the sea. Two fairies in the water reached out and helped her out of the water, clinging to the thin folds of her body, fully showing her youthful and energetic figure. Handrails on both sides, with clothes incense burners and flutes carved at the same time, have a beautiful image and well-proportioned composition, which is a typical representative of early classical elegance.

The discus thrower is the masterpiece of sculptor Miron, who was active between 470 and 455 BC and was a transitional figure between the early classicism and the prosperous period. He is familiar with the human body structure and is good at expressing the moving human body. This sculpture captures the most representative moment of the discus throwing action and concentrates the whole body strength of the athlete, but his expression is still calm and dull. Originally made of copper, it has been lost now. The existing marble replicas come from different imitations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Miron's other work, Athena and Mathea, illustrates his skill in handling the plot: Athena was playing in the jungle while cutting her flute. Mathea, the troll, was attracted by the flute and secretly followed Athena. By a pond, Athena saw her face reflected in the water, which became ugly because she played the flute. She threw away the flute in disgust, followed by Mathea, who was overjoyed and left in a hurry. The dignified and beautiful Athena is in sharp contrast with the ugly and flustered Mathea.

Finally, I want to mention the bronze colossus discovered in the shallow sea near Athens in 1928. His left arm stretched horizontally forward, his right arm lifted backward, and his legs spread apart, making a powerful throwing action. One view is that he is Zeus, the great god, waving his thunder axe, while the other view is that he is Poseidon, the sea god, holding his three steel forks in his right hand. The elephant is 2 meters high, with precise structure and calm expression. Its author is considered to be agis Nader, a famous sculptor in Greek history. It is said that he is the teacher of Miron, Polica Burroughs and Pheidias. Belongs to the peloponnesian school.