Song yingxing tian gong kai wu essay material

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Song Yingxing's Tian Gong Kaifu, while teaching people the knowledge of scientific production in agriculture and handicrafts, also informs people to break the traditional academic concepts and create new scientific and academic ideas.

First, Song Yingxing resume

Song Yingxing, the word Changgeng, was born in Jiangxi scholarly family, is Jiangxi Fengxin County, Waxi Pailouli (now Fengxin County, Songbu Commune, Pailou production team), he grew up smart and studious, "a few years old can rhyme" (poetry), there are

Song Yingxing was well versed in history and the classics, and he was particularly fond of Zhang Zai's Guanxue among the four great masters of the Song Dynasty, and he accepted the materialistic view of nature from it. He was very interested in astronomy, acoustics, agronomy, and the science of craftsmanship and manufacturing, and had read Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica and other books. In addition, he liked music and poetry. He often went on excursions to scenic spots in the county with his classmates and friends, composing poems and inspiring each other to talk about the world.

These experiences in his youth created the prerequisites for him to write scientific works and create new academic ideas.

The Ming scientist Song Yingxing

In 1615, Song Yingxing and his brother Yingsheng went to the provincial capital of Nanchang to take part in the B Mao examination. Among more than 10,000 candidates, the 29-year-old Song Yingxing won the third place in the province, and his brother was ranked sixth. The brothers were the only ones in Fengxin who were successful in the examination, so they were called "Fengxin Two Songs". But later, he went to the capital (now Beijing) several times to participate in the examination, all failed.

After Song Yingxing, as a scholar, he served as an oracle in Jiangxi province, and as a magistrate in Fujian province, and as a governor of Bozhou province in Nanzhili province. With the decline of the Ming Dynasty, Song Yingxing resigned from his post in discouragement, and concentrated on his writings. He eventually spent his later years in poverty, and died in the twentieth year of the Yongli reign (1666) at the age of 80.

Second, "Tiangong Kaiwu" and its academic value

Song Yingxing, well read poetry, due to the examination is not successful, the government is not happy, he will be all the best efforts to scientific research and writings. He has been in China for thousands of years of agricultural production and handicraft production knowledge for a summary of the work, but also on the technical experience for a summary of the generalization, and make them systematic, organized, and then written into a book so that it can be passed down.

Tian Gong Kaifu

Tian Gong Kaifu book *** divided into three volumes of eighteen, including agriculture, handicrafts, such as machinery, brick and tile, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt, coal mining, oil and other production technology.

Tian Gong Kai Wu is the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production, is a comprehensive work of science and technology in ancient China, some people also call it an encyclopedic work, foreign scholars called it "China's 17th century encyclopedia of technology.

"Tian Gong Kai Wu" is characterized by illustrations, focus on the practical and practical. It systematically summarizes the technologies of ancient China, constituting a complete system of science and technology. It summarizes the rich experience in agriculture and comprehensively reflects the achievements of craft technology at that time.

Tian Gong Kaifu describes many advanced scientific and technological achievements in industrial and agricultural production. The book uses technical data to give a quantitative description, revealing advanced scientific ideas and theories, focusing on the introduction of theoretical concepts, rather than purely technical description. This is one of the most valuable aspects of the book.

Song Yingxing Memorial Hall

The book introduces some Western scientific and technological methods, such as metal welding, soldering flux and other technologies. However, the book's "theory of variation in species development", the cultivation of new varieties of silkworms, the scientific discussion of zinc and copper-zinc alloy (brass), and the piston blower technology, etc., are many years ahead of the relevant technology in Europe and Russia and other Western countries.

There is no doubt that the Tian Gong Kai Wu was of great value as a guide to the agricultural and handicraft production of the time, and also of great scholarly value.

Three, breaking the old ideas, the creation of new academic ideas

"Tiangongkaiwu" in the scientific production of knowledge to bring people at the same time, the book is also throughout the breaking of traditional concepts, the establishment of new academic ideas.

The Ming Dynasty and other feudal dynasties, the determination of the eight-legged scholarship, so that the science of science and technology gradually into a rigid scientific dogma, which seriously impeded the development of science and technology. Song Yingxing for those ghosts and superstitions to give a resolute refutation, he advocated the examination of things to use the "try to see" and "test" method. That is, focus on practice and scientific experimentation.

Such as Song Yingxing on the flowering of wheat has been carefully observed, made a "southern wheat flower night hair, northern wheat flower day hair" scientific conclusions, but not personally tested things and phenomena, often with a cautious attitude of reservation. It is commendable that Song Yingxing in the academic requirements for their own very strict, noble scientific virtues.

Song Yingxing also pushed the traditional Chinese materialist philosophy on the composition of matter and its development of the `doctrine to a new realm, set a new milestone, so that the ancient simple view of nature with more philosophical and natural science content, the use of these theoretical ideas can be easier to explain a wider range of natural phenomena.

Song Yingxing's materialistic view of nature grew out of his struggle with the dominant idealistic view of nature at that time. He named his work "Heavenly Works", which is a vivid embodiment of this idea. "Heaven" means nature; "work" refers to human skill; "open" means to develop and utilize; "things" also refers to material wealth. "Heavenly work to open things," that is, the natural world cup artificial skills to develop material wealth.

In short, China's Ming Dynasty scientists Song Yingxing's "Tiangong Kaiwu", in teaching people the scientific production of agriculture and handicrafts knowledge at the same time, but also told us to break the traditional academic concepts, the creation of new scientific and academic thinking. He dared to fight against the traditional academic spirit, worthy of our learning and admiration; his courage to practice, do not stay in the theoretical knowledge, bold and innovative scientific attitude, more worthy of our praise.

Extension: Allusion

Song Yingxing bought a book

Song Yingxing was fifteen years old when he heard that Shen Kuo's Mengxi Bianan of the Song Dynasty was a scientific work of great value, and he longed to read it. Whenever he saw a friend, relative or neighbor who was literate in reading and writing, he eagerly asked them if they had the book. One day, he heard that the town of Wen Bao Zhai bookstore has just purchased a batch of new books, so he rushed to buy books, but the bookshelves are placed on the four books and five classics, no "Mengxi Bianan". Shopkeeper saw the young man in the bookshelf to look around, secretly wondered: so many scriptures he did not buy, this is to find what shopkeeper went up and asked only to learn that he wanted to buy the "Dreams and Streams". The shopkeeper told him that people now read the Four Books and Five Classics, in order to obtain the merit, scientific books even if the goods are no one to buy. Song Yingxing had to leave the Wenbaozhai with chagrin.

Song Yingxing on the way back, the brain has been thinking about the book, where to find? Alas, find a book is really difficult ah! He let out a long sigh and shook his head helplessly. He was walking, thinking, only to hear "ouch", hit a pedestrian in front of him, and then look at the ground, has been scattered a lot of rice naked. At this time Song Yingxing's mind from the "Dream Stream Pen Talk" back to the eyes, he apologized, and hurriedly bent down to help the pedestrian pick up rice naked. As he was checking, he realized that there was a line of "Dream Stream Brush Talks" on the waste paper wrapping the rice nudes! This is really a step through the iron shoes without a place to find, get all the effort. He was busy asking the man where he bought the rice nudity, so he could go and look for the book. Song Yingxing ran out of several miles, before panting, sweating to catch up with the old man selling rice nude, to pay a high price to buy the old man wrapped rice nude waste paper.

The old man saw his love of books, to find an old book to him, it is the Department of the remnants of the "Dream Brook Brush Talk", the book less than the second half. Song Yingxing ran all the way to the pulp store, but the second half of the book has been broken up with other old books and soaked into the pool, ready to be beaten into pulp. Song Yingxing was so anxious that he rubbed his hands together and turned around the pool, looking at the book in the pool with pain, tears were falling down. He took the shopkeeper's hand and said eagerly, "Please, please, help to fish the book 'Dream Stream Brush Tales' up from the pool." Saying this, he felt out all the money he had on him and laid it in front of the boss, and took off his clothes as honorarium. The boss said: "child, this pool of waste books are not worth the money ah!"

Song Yingxing told the boss about his search for the book. The boss was y moved by this spirit of learning, rushed to let the craftsmen down the pool from the scattered pile of wet paper to find the half of the book. Song Yingxing returned home with the wet book, carefully separated page by page, dried and bound. He finally got the book of his dreams.