Architectural Layout Forms of Northeastern Folk Houses

Architectural Layout of Northeastern Folk Houses1

Abstract: Northeastern folk houses not only have a long history and culture and unique construction style, but also formed a unique architectural layout form adapted to the natural environment of the Northeast region and multi-ethnic habits.

The study of the architectural layout of Northeast residential buildings is of great significance to the construction of modern residential buildings.

Keywords: northeastern folk dwellings; architectural layout; layout form

Along with the integration, diversification and modernization of the modern world, the pace of the rapid acceleration.

East and West two major civilizations exchange impact, traditional culture and modern architectural culture conflict is increasingly intense.

Modern architecture in terms of equipment, comfort, hygiene and other aspects of the high degree of scientific, advanced, but the uniformity of modern architecture has brought people in the spirit of boredom, the lack of national style and local characteristics also exist to varying degrees.

The layout of traditional Chinese residential buildings is characterized by a clear flow, a complete pattern, an obvious main building, a simple assemblage and a gradual hierarchical layout.

Among the vast number of residential houses, the folk residential architecture of the Northeast has a unique style and form.

1, the overall layout of the Northeast folk residential architecture form

Because of the complexity of the regional situation, although the type of change is simple, but the use of materials, architectural design techniques and local treatment is very rich.

Especially due to the experience accumulated by the various ethnic groups living for a long time, the specific treatment and changes are multifaceted.

Some of these architectural techniques are still applicable today, the layout of the Northeast residential architecture is more so.

For example, Shenyang, such a historic city in the Northeast, the city is divided into several major areas, such as the east, west, south and north of the four towers, four cities, etc., and each district has a main street? Middle Street? Small streets, streets and then through the Hutong alleys, Hutong is the gateway to the home, the relationship between its organized architectural group composition and a clear flow of hierarchical pattern.

Northeastern residential courtyard, courtyard form is the courtyard for the public **** center of the inward family complex, the composition of the building has a rigorous square pattern, so a complete residential regardless of the size of the composition of a rigorous and clear pattern; the main building in the city to control the road network and other subordinate buildings, residents want to live in their own neighborhood there is a clear sign.

When a group of buildings or a part of a building is treated as the main body, it forms the core of a village, town, group of buildings or family house.

The Northeastern folk houses not only pay attention to the layout changes of the combination itself, but also pay more attention to the division and connection between the streets, neighborhoods, and courtyards, and arrange the building community combination with social life content in a group area.

These combinations can show the idea of organizing the socialization of neighborhood life; the arrangement of the building to be used to the extent of the public ****, to form a hierarchical layout, according to people's affinity for the layout of the mansion.

The need for this kind of progressive hierarchical layout in the residence from the public **** gradually transition to private.

If the progressive hierarchy is not taken into account, and many rooms are listed together in a mixed way, it does not reflect the relationship between social and family life.

Therefore, when planning and arranging a house, it is important to create such a progressive hierarchy, from the entrance to the public part of the introduction to the semi-public part, and finally to the most private part.

2, the space layout of the Northeast residential architecture form

The cold weather in the Northeast region, the residential homes of various ethnic groups pay particular attention to the issue of cold and cold, and therefore the formation of the Northeast unique residential customs.

The layout of the residence is based on the main house, generally a positive and a compartment, the width of the house, the courtyard wall is mostly enclosed by wooden boards, the gate is opened on the central axis; the house is built with wooden frames, the outer wall is built with soil or coated with stucco using twigs and fences, the inner partitions are mostly made of wooden boards, and the roof is a double-sloped tiled roof or covered with thatched grass, the square windows are glued with white paper, and the standard indoor floor plan is commonly referred to as "three straw rooms and four kangs". The standard indoor layout is commonly known as "three straw rooms and four kangs".

Large mansion plan long vertical, horizontal short, similar to the layout of the courtyard or courtyard.

Large homes using wood frame, brick walls and tile roof, wide scale, majestic modeling, decorative and exquisite materials.

For example, the gate is set on the horse stone, the gate is installed on the lion's head copper door ring, the courtyard shadow wall, the front porch of the main house, the window lattice, the outer wall and the ridge of the roof to do a variety of decorative flowers, bright columns under the stone carving column base and so on, all show the owner's social status and aesthetic taste.

In the northern Han Chinese houses facing north and south have? The positioning of heaven and earth? conform to the way of heaven? Great Luck? The first thing you need to do is to get a good deal on your own.

But the northeastern Manchus built houses have? To the west for the noble, to close to the water for the lucky, to rely on the mountain for the rich?

Most of the Manchurian houses in the Northeast are long and narrow at the front and back, and the mouth is longitudinal rectangle.

Between the house and the house are separated by a thick and large wall, each side of the wall has a wide distance from the house building, the houses are loosely distributed in the middle of the yard, and the compartments are distributed on both sides of the main house, which do not block the light of the main house.

"White Mountains and Black Water Records" recorded:? The system of Manchurian house construction, the south side of the hall, left and right for the rooms, in front of the guest room, outside the door, brick for the wall, the room has a bed?

So the layout of the full house not only pay attention to the scale and space, but also symmetry of the buildings on both sides of the central axis, houses, courtyards in the neat see changes in the simplicity of the elegant.

In fact, the northern winter is long and cold, the requirements of the house is to absorb as much sunlight as possible, therefore, cold insulation is the main function of the residence.

In addition, the walls are required to be thick and tight, and the foundation is solid.

That is to say, the opening should be wide, so that the sun can be sufficient; depth should be shallow, so that materials can be saved; indoor light is good, the back side is not wet; the house is higher than the positive and negative, so that it is easy to waterproof and moisture-proof; the indoor wall should be short, so that it is easy to heat preservation, and so on.

3, under the influence of climate in the Northeast Manchu residential building layout form

Reasonable building layout form is to create a suitable building microclimate environment based on the building unit of heat preservation and energy saving play a multiplier effect.

When choosing the layout, full consideration should be given to the different regions of the climate environment, to take a different layout.

In the hot and humid climate zone of the building group sparse overall layout, the use of loose layout to increase the space scale to enhance the effect of ventilation and humidity, while located in the hot and dry climate zone of the building group, the use of a tighter layout, in order to facilitate the creation of shaded space between the buildings.

The Manchurian houses in the Northeast in the overall layout, although also the use of sparse layout form, but with the hot and humid region layout is different, mainly for more access to sunlight.

Differences in the form of architectural layout in different climatic regions reflect the adaptability of the building to the climate from one side, but also reflect the regional characteristics of the building.

The orientation of a building is the direction in which the main rooms of the building are located.

For the Northeastern Manchu houses, the direction of the main room is regarded as the orientation of the building.

The cold climate of the Northeast region, in order to meet the need for sunlight during the long winter, most of the buildings are oriented north to south, and the main entrances are located in the south.

The reason for this orientation can be analyzed in terms of sunlight and prevailing wind direction.

In summer, the angle between the sun's rays and the south-facing wall is very small, so there is relatively little solar heat on the wall, and at the same time the sun's altitude angle is large, which leads to the depth and time of the solar radiation shining directly into the interior of the building through the building's openings are relatively small.

On the contrary, in winter, the south-facing room is stronger than the other directions in terms of the time and depth of solar radiation, so the south-facing room is characterized by warmth in winter and coolness in summer.

For the northeast in the cold region of the Manchu houses, although the hope that the summer can avoid too much sun, but in contrast, more hope in the cold winter to get as much sunlight as possible, the south is basically the largest amount of sunshine in winter direction, but also the most suitable direction, the east-west direction to get the heat is not only much less than the south, according to the calculation of the thermodynamics of its access to the sun's heat is less than half of the south direction!

In adapting to the natural environment of the Northeast region, residential evolution of historical changes, the formation of a unique style characteristic of the Northeast residential building layout form, which fully reflects the wisdom of the residents of the Northeast and the ability to adapt to the environment, change the environment, create the environment.

The wealth of reports left by the ancestors provides a strong theoretical basis for modern residential design.

In the face of the cultural impact of modern Chinese and Western residential architectural design, we can only continue to tap the cultural essence of traditional architecture, in order to create a more comfortable, reasonable, modern residential architecture with local characteristics.

References:

1 Zeng Jian: Interior Design Overview of the History of Modern Chinese Architecture, Tianjin Science and Technology Publishing House, 2001.

2 Zeng Jian: Interior Design Overview of the History of Modern Chinese Architecture, Tianjin Science and Technology Publishing House, 2001.