What are the allusions of Zhang Heng's development of two kinds of "instruments"?

Zhang Heng (78- 139) was born in Shiqiao, Xi County, Nanyang County, Henan Province (now North Wuli, Nanyang County, Henan Province). There is a temple of Sun Yicheng in the southwest of the stone bridge. According to legend, Sun Yicheng Miaodong is the former residence of Zhang Heng, now called "Ping Zi Reading Desk".

Zhang Heng's ancestor was a noble family in Nanyang, and his grandfather Zhang Kan's biography was included in the Book of Later Han Dynasty. Zhang Kan is a man with excellent character and knowledge. When he was young, he used to "let my father have millions of money and brothers." Because of his good moral character, he was recommended to study in the capital Chang 'an at the age of sixteen. He is diligent and studious, and is praised as "the son of God" by scholars in Beijing. Liu Xiuqi and Zhang Kan led the whole family and contributed to the establishment of the Eastern Han regime. After the establishment of the East Seismograph in the Han Dynasty, officials went to Shu County and Yuyang County (now southwest of Miyun County, Beijing). As an honest official, his family declined sharply after Zhang's death. Zhang Heng's father didn't see the historical records. Maybe he never became an official and died young.

When Zhang Heng was young, his family was poor and he experienced many hardships, which inspired him to study hard. Zhang Heng is "talented, sensitive and studious" and extremely clever. You can write good articles as a teenager. /kloc-entered Sanfu at the age of 0/7, and then went east to Luoyang, the capital of China. He teaches in imperial academy, under the guidance of Jia Kui, a master of Confucian classics. "He studied the Five Classics and practiced six arts", and the Confucian thought of studying the economic world became his guiding ideology. However, at this time, the political affairs were returned to the consorts, the eunuchs gained power, and the state affairs became increasingly corrupt. Therefore, "it is not good to raise filial piety or even build a government." At this time, Balder became the prefect of Nanyang. Balder "has the title of chronicle festival" and attaches importance to Confucianism, so when Balder invited Zhang Heng as the main book, Zhang Heng accepted it gladly. Because of similar interests and pleasant cooperation, he served for nine years, and didn't leave until Baode was called to worship the senior of Xinong.

Zhang Heng was interested in literature in his early days. From the age of twenty-three, he imitated Ban Gu's "Two Cities Fu" and spent ten years creating the famous "Two Cities Fu". "The world is enduring for a long time, and it is a waste under the princes." The purpose of Zhang Heng's Second Beijing Fu is mainly to "satirize and remonstrate". In Fu, he condemned and exposed the shameless and extravagant decadent rule of the feudal ruling class, and expressed some sympathy for the people. Although Dafu used to talk about satire and exhortation, he often advised hundreds of people to satirize one and tried to satirize and refute it. The satirical suggestions in Erjing Fu are straightforward. For example, "Fu" said: "Today's childe is good at suppressing people for pleasure and forgetting people's grievances as enemies; Good things are used to poverty, and sudden rebellion leads to trouble. The husband's water carries the boat, so it is overturned. " It is used to warn the rulers not to be extravagant and endanger the people, otherwise it will cause people's resistance and show Zhang Heng's progressive political views. Erjing Fu, because of its gorgeous rhetoric and rich feelings, was criticized by predecessors as the masterpiece of Han Fu, which is the "limit track of Han Fu". Of course, Zhang Heng's position in the history of literature was also established by the first lyric poem "Gui Tian Fu" and the copula "The Ancestor of Seven Words" after "Four".

Zhang Heng's greatest scientific contribution is in astronomy. In the fifth year of Andiyong (1 1 1), 34-year-old Zhang Heng was recommended by local officials again and came to Luoyang, the capital, and was appointed as a doctor. During this period, he intensively read Yang Xiong's Taixuan Jing, wrote Taixuan Jing Zhu, and drew Taixuan Tu. Xuan Jing is not only a philosophical work, but also involves the knowledge of astronomy and calendar. Through in-depth research, Zhang Heng gradually turned his interest and research to natural science, especially astronomy. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1 15), Zhang Heng was promoted to Taishiling. Taishiling's duty is mainly to take charge of government files and documents. "Weather, Stars, Calendar" chooses "good days and auspicious days" as the sacrificial ceremony of the imperial court, and records disasters and auspicious events in various places. Zhang Hengben is "smart, especially thinking about astronomy, yin and yang, and calendar", so he is very interested in this book. He served as Taishiling for fourteen years. In this book, Zhang Heng made more in-depth and extensive research on astronomy and calendar, and made immortal contributions to the scientific cause.

One of Zhang Heng's achievements in astronomy is to write the immortal theoretical masterpiece Lingxian in the history of world astronomy. He expounded the generation and structure of heaven and earth, the essence and movement of the sun, the moon and the stars from the theoretical height summarized by philosophy. For example, "the moonlight is born in the sun, the soul is born in the sun, and the sun shines, and the sun shines", indicating that the moon shines because of the sun, and the moon becomes a full moon facing the sun, and the moon is hidden. Zhang Heng also explained the reason for the formation of the eclipse for the first time, arguing that the eclipse was formed because the shadow of the moon entering the earth was not reflected by sunlight. He also described the number of the stars, "twenty-four enlightened people, three hundred and twenty able people, which is 2,500 stars", and drew a spiritual constitution map about the positions of the stars. This is the earliest map of China. Zhang Heng's Lingxian further developed China's ancient astronomy theory. According to Cai Yong, there were three theories in the Eastern Han Dynasty, namely, the theory of covering the sky, the theory of turbid sky and the theory of announcing the sky. The theory of covering the sky is developed from the ancient theory that the sky is round and the earth is round. This theory holds that the sky is round, the earth is square and the earth is covered by the sky. Celestial bodies move above the ground, and the sun, moon and stars are attached to the sky and rotate with the sky. "Huntian theory" holds that heaven and earth are integrated, and the sky is like an eggshell and the ground is like an egg yolk, living in it, and the sun, the moon and the stars are constantly turning on the eggshell. Tian Xuan said that the sky has no certain shape, and the sun, moon and stars are suspended in the sky. By observing the astronomical phenomena, Zhang Heng thinks that Huntian theory is more in line with reality. He believes that "the celestial body is round like a projectile, and the rehmannia is like a chicken, living alone, big and small; There is water in the sky, there is earth in the sky, and the earth is still covered with a shell and wrapped in yellow. Heaven and earth stand idly by and drift with the water. " In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (1 17), according to the theory of Huntian, and referring to the armillary sphere created by astronomers such as Luo and Geng Shouchang in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng made an armillary sphere with pure copper to demonstrate astronomical phenomena.

According to records, the armillary sphere is a rotatable hollow sphere. The iron shaft passes through the center of the ball, and the ball can rotate around the iron shaft. The two intersections of the iron axis and the sphere represent the North Pole and the South Pole. The sphere is engraved with 28 constellations and other stars. There are several circles around the ball, namely, horizon circle, meridian circle circle, ecliptic circle and equatorial circle. The intersection of the ecliptic and the equator is 24 degrees, and there are 24 solar terms engraved on it, which are divided into 365 1/4 degrees from the winter solstice. Meanwhile; There is also driving the instrument to rotate by dripping water, so that astronomical phenomena can be displayed on the instrument. After the armillary sphere was made, Zhang Heng wrote notes on armillary sphere and notes on missing armillary sphere, explaining their principles and uses.

The appreciation of ancient landscape painting "Jin Shu Tian Wenzhi" vividly explained the exemplary role of Zhang Heng's armillary sphere: "Zhang made a bronze armillary sphere and turned it into a leaky kettle in the secret room, which made the waiter close the door and advocated. The person waiting for it told the sky watcher of GV that a star had just seen it, a star had been hit and a star had disappeared. They are all like a combination. " In other words, because these celestial phenomena are very similar to the operation of celestial bodies, people can see the movement of celestial bodies at a glance as long as they observe the rotation of the "armillary sphere" in the house.

The "armillary sphere" developed by Zhang Heng was later lost, but because he kept a book "Annotations on the armillary sphere", scientists later copied this "armillary sphere" according to the principles described in the book. The copied "armillary sphere" is now in the Chinese History Museum in Beijing.

In the first year of Andi Jianguang (12 1), Zhang Heng was transferred to Sima Ling, a bus. Sima Ling was an official of Wei State, ranking higher than Taishiling. However, official career is changeable. In the first year of permanent construction in Shun Di (126), it became an official order. This is of course an unpleasant career, so people at that time thought that this "wind of not making progress" was a sign of losing ambition. Zhang Heng holds the attitude of "endless success (beauty) and generous failure (shame)" and imitates Dong Fangshuo's "difficult to answer a guest" to express his views on this matter. In his article, he said: "A gentleman does not suffer from disrespectful position, disrespectful morality, uncooperative Shandong and insufficient knowledge." He said, "It's no use asking for the heavenly king." Failing to achieve his destiny, he should "obey the truth, remain loyal ... and live in peace." As before, he continued his scientific research work in Taishiling.

According to the Records of the Five Elements in the History of the Later Han Dynasty, earthquakes occurred every year in China during the thirty years from the 4th year of Yongyuan (1992) to the 4th year of Yan Guang (125), and one of the duties of Taishiling was to collect the earthquakes in various places. Especially in the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty (1 19), two major earthquakes occurred in Luoyang, which caused the most damage. Houses collapsed and people and animals died, affecting dozens of counties. Some people describe earthquakes as acts of God, trying to create a foundation for predicting superstition. In order to master the laws of nature and get rid of superstition, Zhang Heng made a serious study on this, and in the first year of Yangjia (132), he designed and manufactured the world's first "seismograph" which can record earthquakes and master earthquake information. Zhang Heng is 55 years old this year.

"Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty" describes the shape of the seismograph: "It is made of fine copper, with a round diameter of eight feet, covered with a bulge, shaped like a wine bottle (sound statue), decorated with tortoise, birds and animals, and has seal characters. All of them are pillars, eight-way, and the engine is turned off. There are eight dragons outside. The first one is a copper pill, and the next one is a toad. Their teeth are cleverly made and hidden in statues, covering a wide range. If there is an earthquake, the statue will shake the dragon, the machine will spit out pills and the toad will hold it. The vibration was so exciting that the waiters noticed it. Although Yilong started the engine, the seven songs did not move, and it was a place to know the earthquake. "

Appreciation of Ancient Landscape Paintings: In April of Yangjiannian (133), December of Yangjiannian (135), April of Yonghe (137) and February of Yonghe (138), earthquakes occurred in Kyoto one after another, which were accurately detected by seismographs. One day in the third year of Yonghe, the dragon facing the northwest spit out copper balls, but in Luoyang, no one felt that the earth shook. People are talking about the fault of seismograph. A few days later, people were sent to Luoyang to report that there was an earthquake in Longxi (now southeast Gansu) a few days ago. I checked the time, and it was the moment when the northwest faucet spit the ball on the seismograph. So people "are convinced." Today, experts in cultural relics, archaeology and history of science have restored and studied Zhang Heng's seismograph, and think that its design principle is basically the same as that of modern seismic instruments, but it is earlier than that of Europe 1700 years! It can be seen how great Zhang Heng's ingenuity is!

In the second year of Yangjia (133), Zhang Heng was promoted to an auxiliary middle school. The assistant is a Shaofu elder, one of Jiuqing, with a salary of 2000 stone. "The emperor leads behind the scenes and satirizes the left and right", so you can contact the emperor directly. This position makes Zhang Heng very unhappy, because he has experienced Johnny, He Di, Shan Di, Andy, Shao Di and Shun Di in his life. From the beginning, these emperors succeeded to the throne in their early years, and court affairs were controlled by consorts and eunuchs. Dissatisfied with this corrupt political situation, Zhang Heng repeatedly appeared in On Shu, Chen Shishu's Campaign to Ban Pictures, and Shi Jing Earthquake Countermeasures, demanding political reform, which not only failed, but also aroused the envy of ministers. In the second year of Yang's family, he wrote to Shun Di, asking him to resign and write articles about ancient landscape painting-Dongguan in academic institutions, but he was never allowed. In the first year of Yonghe (136), the capital was moved to become Hejian facies (equivalent to Hejian satrap). In view of the situation that "Wang is arrogant and extravagant" and "arrogant and extravagant, * * * immoral", he got off the bus from the beginning, that is, "rule with dignity, improve the statutes, and know the name and surname of the traitor." At that time, all the birds were in awe, which was called politics. "After three years in power, he was praised by the people. Yonghe four years (139), transferred to the capital as a minister. That year, the 62-year-old great scientist died in Luoyang.

Cui Yuan, Zhang Heng's best friend, wrote a long inscription for his tombstone, and spoke highly of Zhang Heng's achievements in his life: praising his diligence and efforts in learning knowledge, such as "passing away like water, staying at night"; It is not an exaggeration to praise his scientific achievements as "the number of poor people in the world, what nature has done". Zhang Heng is not only an outstanding scientist in ancient China, but also occupies an important position in the history of world science. He has made great achievements in literature, astronomy, seismology and machinery manufacturing. After liberation, Comrade Guo Moruo wrote an inscription on the tombstone: "Such an all-round developed figure is also rare in world history." In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's outstanding contribution to science and technology, the international astronomical community named a crater on the back of the moon "Zhang Heng Crater Mountain".