The function of "natural language"

At the beginning of the text, the phenological landscape of nature throughout the year is vividly written, and it is explained in the description, just like showing a picture of the scenery of the four seasons, which is both fascinating and memorable, and stimulates readers' interest in reading. Phenological phenomena in nature, such as the prosperity and withering of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds, actually play a role in predicting agricultural seasons. From this perspective, phenology seems to be a "natural language" for transmitting information. The goal of the topic is "natural language", which is actually an intuitive statement of "phenology"

(1) Clear thinking and distinct levels.

This paper can be divided into four parts:

The first part (1 ~ 3) leads to what is phenology and phenology.

The second part (paragraphs 4-5) explains the importance of phenological observation to agriculture.

The third part (paragraph 6 ~ 10) explains the factors that determine the coming of phenology.

The fourth part (paragraph 1 1 ~ 12) expounds the significance of studying phenology.

These four parts are closely related and the materials are arranged in logical order. The first part explains the object of phenology research, starting with the changes of phenology in four seasons, and describes the changes of phenology in just a few hundred words, which is vivid and highly summarized, so that readers can have an intuitive understanding of phenology. Then, taking specific phenomena as examples, the author tells readers that these are poetic languages such as "lush vegetation, migratory birds coming and going", "flowers and birds singing, grass growing and warblers flying" and so on, which are "the languages of nature". On this basis, from ancient times to modern times, from origin to development, the author naturally leads to what is phenology and what is phenology. This is an explanation from the outside to the inside. The second part, the topic turns to agriculture, and illustrates the importance of phenology to agricultural production with concrete examples. This part also forms a reference with the end of the article. The third part of the article goes on to talk about four factors that determine the arrival of phenology: latitude, longitude, height difference, ancient and modern difference. This is the main part of the article. The influence of the four factors is different, from large to small, arranged in turn and carried out in an orderly manner. Latitude and longitude are different locations on the earth. The third factor is the difference in the same place. These three factors are all spatial factors, and the last one is time factor, which is a continuity from space to time. Use a rhetorical question to explain the four factors, and then use connectives such as "first", "second", "third" and "besides" to make this part clear. It is worth noting that every question is illustrated with examples, so that the article is convincing and easy to understand. The last part of the article explains the significance of phenology to agricultural production. "First of all", "for" and "can also be used" have four meanings, some are light and some are heavy, which highlights the significance of phenology to agriculture in four aspects. Finally, once again highlight the "natural language" and take care of the first part of the text. The full text is clear, and the phenological knowledge introduced is easy to understand and impressive.

(2) The language is accurate, vivid and elegant.

In the first paragraph, the phenological landscape of nature throughout the year is vividly written, which is a description method and shows readers a picture of the landscape of the four seasons. "The Earth" and "Awakening" are anthropomorphic brushstrokes, and then two words with the same structure "Melting snow and ice, sprouting vegetation and letting a hundred flowers blossom" are combined into a long sentence, which describes the "Awakening" of the Earth in detail and brings people a piece of spring. The word "second" is used very elegantly. Swallow "came back", and the lively and agile swallow image suddenly appeared in front of us. Yellow leaves "rustle" in the autumn wind, making people feel the scenery. In addition, words such as "flying north and flying south", "in the field and grass", "disappearing", "dead grass" and "traveling in the snow" are elegant, concise, vivid and vivid, just like the focus plane. "Welcome winter with snow" is another anthropomorphic technique, which brings nature to life and prepares for another anthropomorphic "language of nature" below. Finally, the author summed up the four seasons changes in this passage with four words: "year after year, cycle after cycle", which is extremely concise. In short, the beautiful words used by the author in the first paragraph are dizzying, and these beautiful words constitute a vivid picture, just like the beginning of a landscape prose. In the second paragraph, the two groups of words "lush vegetation, migratory birds come and go" and "flowers and birds sing, grass grows and warblers fly" are extremely general, elegant and literary. What is more noteworthy in this passage is the use of anthropomorphic techniques: "Apricot blossoms are blooming, as if nature were preaching to cultivate the land quickly", "Peach blossoms are blooming, as if suggesting to plant millet quickly", "Cuckoo begins to sing, and the working people know what it is singing ..." In these three sentences, "preaching", "hinting" and "singing" bring extremely rich phenology in nature into life, and it seems that there are people.

In addition, the language of the article is accurate and rigorous, which reflects the scientific nature of the explanation language. For example, the word "many" in the third paragraph "Many agricultural proverbs handed down from ancient times contain rich phenological knowledge" is limited in number, not generalized in scope and rigorous in wording. When explaining phenological phenomena, we should first distinguish between "plants" and "animals", and then generalize "creatures", and the words are carefully scrutinized everywhere. When explaining the four factors that affect phenology, the exact figures are listed, and the exact examples are given and compared. For example, "the latitude of Dalian is about one degree south of Beijing, but in Dalian, the flowering period of forsythia suspensa and plum blossom is one week later than Beijing." At the same time, it also uses the interpretation method of definition, such as "at the turn of autumn and winter, in a clear sky, the temperature at a certain height is inversely proportional to the low and high." This is called inversion layer. "

Second, the problem research

1. What is the explanation order of the four factors that determine phenology? What are the advantages of this arrangement?

The author ranks the four factors that determine phenology according to the degree of influence, latitude has the greatest influence, followed by longitude, the difference between high and low, and the difference between ancient and modern times. In addition, latitude and longitude are different positions on the earth, the third factor is the difference in the same place, all of which are spatial factors, and the last factor is time, which is an arrangement order from space to time. This arrangement makes the article clear.

2. The number of examples depends on the need. You can name one, two or even more. In most cases, this article only gives one example. Why should we give two examples when explaining the influence of longitude difference on phenology?

According to needs, the number of examples can be one, two or even several. In most cases, this paper only gives one example and two examples to illustrate the influence of longitude difference on phenology. This is because the temperature in the offshore area is generally considered to be higher than that in the inland area. In fact, the spring in the offshore area is colder than that in the inland area. This is a phenomenon that readers are unfamiliar with. If only one example is given, the reader will think it is accidental. If you give two examples, the reader will be convinced.

Practice note

Read the text and answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

1. What is phenology?

2. What is the significance of phenological observation to agriculture?

3. What are the factors that determine the coming of phenology?

4. What is the significance of studying phenology?

The purpose of this topic is to guide students to extract information from the text and train their generalization ability.

1. Natural phenomena such as the prosperity and decline of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds were called phenology by ancient working people; The science of studying agricultural production with phenology is phenology.

2. Phenology reflects the influence of climatic conditions on organisms, which is relatively simple and easy to master, and can be widely used in agricultural production.

3. Latitude and longitude, competition, ancient and modern differences.

4. Forecast the farming season and arrange the sowing date; Arrange crop zoning and determine the date of afforestation and seed collection; Introduce plants into areas with the same climatic conditions; Avoid or reduce the harm of pests; Promote agricultural development in mountainous areas.

Second, understand the meaning of the sentence and answer the following questions.

The purpose of this question is to try to find out the meaning of two important sentences in this article.

1. After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep. Snow and ice melted, vegetation sprouted, and all kinds of flowers bloomed for the first time.

What do you mean "second"? Please use it to make sentences. )

Second, one after another. Make simple sentences.

2. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom, as if nature is promoting rapid land reclamation; Peach blossoms are blooming, which seems to imply that we should plant millet quickly. The cuckoo began to sing, and the working people understood what it was singing: "Grandparents, cut wheat and transplant rice."

What do these three examples mean? )

It shows that some common natural phenomena play an important role in predicting agricultural time in agricultural production.

Third, choose one of the following two questions.

1. Collect some agricultural proverbs and talk about their phenological knowledge.

2. Contact the phenology knowledge in the text and talk about your understanding of the following poem. Have you ever had similar observations and experiences as a poet? Tell it to everyone.

Peach blossoms in Dalin Temple

Bai Juyi

In the world of April, the flowers have withered, and the peach blossoms in the ancient temples have just bloomed.

I want to find a place where my life is dying, but I don't know that it has been moved here.

The purpose of the topic is to enable students to expand the application of their phenological knowledge.

1. The agricultural proverb "Before Qingming Festival, boiled water fields" refers to determining the time of "boiled water fields" according to solar terms; "Six hairs blossom, beans grow melons" arranges the time of "beans grow melons" according to phenological phenomena; "Steamed bread cloud, sunny day" predicts the weather according to the shape of the cloud.

2. The article says, "The third factor that affects phenology is the difference of height. The phenomenon of flowering and flowering of plants goes higher and later in summer and autumn, which is explained by "April flowers are all over the world, and peach blossoms bloom in mountain temples". After revisiting the beautiful scenery of spring in Dalin Temple, the poet was overjoyed and suddenly "woke up" that spring had turned here! In fact, the poet doesn't really think so, just a literary brushwork.

Students who climbed the mountain in early spring may have noticed that the trees on the mountain germinate later than those on the flat ground.

Teaching suggestion

First of all, through the teaching of this paper, students' scientific spirit is enriched.

Through the teaching of this paper, students' scientific knowledge can be enriched and their interest in exploring scientific mysteries can be stimulated. This text also tells us that science is around us, and science is not far away from us.

Second, the focus of this paper is to summarize the main points and learn the language. We must withhold these two teaching points. Summing up the main points is to ask students to sum up the main points of the article with their own words, such as what is natural language, what is phenology, what are the factors that affect phenology, and what is the significance of phenological observation to agriculture. Learning the language of this article is mainly to learn the accurate, rigorous, vivid and beautiful language of this article, especially the language describing the four seasons in the first and second paragraphs, so as to guide students to accumulate and learn to use it.

Third, this is an expository article, which can dilute the style in teaching and just regard it as a popular science article. Therefore, the key is to accumulate scientific knowledge and learn the language of the article. However, students can also be properly guided to learn some methods of reading and writing expository texts. For example, we can consciously attract students' attention to explain that things should be not only accurate and scientific, but also vivid, so we should pay attention to the use of language; When explaining things, the author often gives some examples and lists some data in order to make the article more convincing; Explain that things should be organized, prioritized and detailed, which is more logical and so on. These can be targeted at students appropriately.

related data

First, the promoter of the development of modern phenology in China-Zhu Kezhen (Zhang Fuchun)

Zhu Kezhen (1890— 1974) was an outstanding scientist in modern China. He has made great achievements in meteorology, climatology, geography and the history of natural science all his life, and phenology is also one of his great contributions. Every achievement of China's modern phenology is inseparable from his work.

He is an advocate and organizer of China Modern Phenology Observation Network. A unified and rigorous phenological observation network is an important symbol of the development of modern phenology. As early as 193 1 year, Zhu Kezhen summed up the achievements in ancient China and put forward a new method for phenological observation. Under his impetus, from 1934, the former Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica selected 2/kloc-0 species of plants, 9 species of animals, several hydrometeorological phenomena and almost all crops, and entrusted them to agricultural experimental sites around the country for observation, which was the earliest organized phenological observation in China. At present, there is a seven-year record of 1934- 1940. Due to the suspension of survey in many places during the Anti-Japanese War, only 1934- 1936 records are relatively complete. After liberation, more regular and continuous observation began. The phenological observation of winter wheat began with 1953, and then the phenological observation of cotton and rice was carried out. Since 1957, crop phenology observation has been popularized to the whole country. 196 1 year, under the guidance of Zhu Kezhen and under the auspices of the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences, the national phenological observation network was established, and the phenological observation method (draft) was formulated, and the domestic phenological observation species were determined: 33 woody plants, 2 herbaceous plants and animals 1 1. Unfortunately, during the period of 1966- 197 1 year, most units stopped observing and did not resume until 1972. In recent years, the agrometeorological experimental station under the National Meteorological Administration has also started phenological observation. Observation data were published one after another, and the name and content of the first annual report were examined and approved by Zhu Kezhen himself.

He also took the lead in writing phenological monographs and popularizing phenological knowledge. The book Phenology, published in 1963 and reprinted in 1973, is the crystallization of years of phenological research in Zhu Kezhen. He systematically introduced the basic principles of phenology, the knowledge of phenology in ancient China, the development of phenology around the world, the basic laws of phenology, and the methods of forecasting agricultural time by using phenology. In the chapter "Dynamics of Biophenology in a Year" added in the second edition of 1973, he applied materialist dialectics to explain the internal and external causes of phenological changes and their relationship. Because of the complexity of phenological changes, he suggested exploring the mystery from physiological and genetic aspects. He also believes that phenology work is a mass work and hopes to be widely carried out in rural areas. The book is easy to understand, easy to understand, and has a strong scientific and knowledgeable nature. In his article "Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Five Thousand Years", he quoted a large number of paleophenological data and adopted phenological analysis methods. Commenting on this article, Japanese climatologist Masanori Yoshino said: "Zhu Kezhen has played a huge role in the history of climatology ... After half a century, his published papers are still ahead of the academic circles." Zhu Kezhen climbed the peak bravely all his life, which not only won glory for the motherland, but also added luster to our phenology. His achievements and tireless spirit are always worth remembering and learning.

(Excerpted from Phenology, Meteorological Press, 1985)

Second, the noun explanation

Phenology: mainly refers to the growth, development and activities of animals and plants and the response of abiotic changes to seasons and climate. For example, winter bud germination, leaf picking, flowering, fruiting and defoliation of plants; Animal dormancy, recovery, singing, mating, reproduction, molting and migration are closely related to seasons and climate. Abiotic phenomena, such as first frost, first snow and freezing and thawing, are also phenological phenomena.

Agricultural proverbs: proverbs about agricultural production experience. Agricultural proverbs are the summary of farmers' experience in long-term production and life practice. Generally, it is in the form of popular verse, which is easy to remember and plays a good role in the dissemination of production experience and agricultural meteorological knowledge. There are abundant agricultural proverbs all over China. For example, there is an agricultural proverb about sowing and harvesting in the Yellow River basin of North China: "Qingming is early, Xiaoman is late, and Grain Rain is planting cotton at that time." "Wheat is harvested in autumn in Manggu, and beans are harvested in cold dew."

Phenology: also known as "bioclimatology", is a science that studies the relationship between biological life activities and seasonal changes.

Thirdly, many agricultural proverbs handed down from generation to generation contain rich phenological knowledge.

For example:

Smell cicadas in the rain and announce the arrival of sunny days.

Smell cicadas in early autumn and welcome Tian Yu in late autumn.

Sparrows hoard food and it will snow.

It's going to rain in the ant nest.

Fish dive and rain comes.

Swallows fly low, it's going to rain.

When the toad comes out of the hole, it never stops raining.

Turtle back tide, rain omen.

Earthworms climb the road, and it rains like hemp.

The loach is quiet and sunny.

Crocodile grass, the cold wave is coming.

Chickens stay late, ducks crow happily, and storms come quickly.

Fourth, the meaning of the names of the twenty-four solar terms

Beginning of spring, Changsha, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter: "Li" means that it is about to start, indicating that spring, summer, autumn and winter are coming soon.

Solstice in summer and Solstice in winter: The ancient names of "Solstice North" and "Solstice South" indicate that summer and winter have arrived.

Vernal equinox: "vernal equinox" means equal division, that is to say, these two days are equal day and night, just between the summer solstice and the winter solstice.

Rain: When the rain begins, it increases.

Sting: It began to thunder, the temperature rose, and hibernating animals began to move.

Qingming: It's sunny and everything breeds.

Grain Rain: With the increase of rainfall, the grain grows sturdily.

Xiaoman: The seeds of summer crops such as wheat are full, but not yet mature.

Miscanthus: Wheat has mature awn crops, and late-maturing crops are in the rush period.

Slight summer heat: "Slight summer heat" means heat, which means it is the hottest season of the year.

Summer: "Out" means ending, which means that the summer is over and the temperature begins to drop.

White dew: When the temperature drops, dew appears.

Cold dew: It's cold, and the dew is very cold.

First frost: frost begins.

Light snow, heavy snow: it begins to snow, and snow forms when it snows heavily.

Slight cold and severe cold: the coldest season of the year.

V. Highlights of text analysis

1. About the title

The topic of "natural language" is novel, unique and fascinating. Language is a tool for people to exchange ideas and transmit information. How can there be language in nature? After reading the article, we suddenly realized that the original phenological phenomena in nature, such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds, actually played a role in predicting agricultural time. From this perspective, phenology seems to be a "natural language" for transmitting information.

(Xu Boming's Linguistic Analysis of Nature)

2. Analysis of the first and second paragraphs

(1) Starting with "beginning of spring", the article describes the climate change, the growth of flowers and fruits and the activities of birds and insects throughout the year with literary language and anthropomorphic techniques. These are phenological phenomena. The article wrote in spring, "The earth gradually wakes up from its deep sleep. The snow and ice melt, the vegetation germinates and all kinds of flowers open. " "The swallow is back. Soon, the cuckoo also came. " Here, some natural phenomena with characteristics are selected in chronological order to illustrate the problem. Then write summer, emphasizing the climate "hot" and "the period when plants breed fruits". In autumn, I mainly choose the characteristics of "ripe fruit", "yellow leaves", "geese flying north and south" and "disappearing insects" to write. Writing about winter is a transition from "a scene of withered grass" in late autumn to "preparing for winter with snow and snow", and one sentence becomes. It can be seen that when writing the four seasons, the author not only grasps the different characteristics of each season, but also strives for changes in writing style, rich words and diverse sentence patterns, and appropriately uses personification rhetoric and some idioms to make the article vivid. This kind of writing is very important in popular science books. At the end of this paragraph, I summed up a sentence: "In the temperate and subtropical regions of the earth, this is the case every year, and it goes on and on." This sentence points out that the natural phenomenon of the cyclical changes of the four seasons is regular, which has become the object and foundation of scientific research and plays a connecting role.

(Liu Zhenjiang's Explaining the Language of Nature)

The text begins with a sentence: "After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep." It makes people feel abrupt and different, and they can't understand its function for a while. However, as long as we carefully scrutinize the word "awakening", we will get a clue. After reading it, you will find that the article depicts natural phenomena such as flowers, birds, insects and fish with rich lyric marks to express the connotation of "awakening". More importantly, it shows the changes and characteristics of the four seasons: spring, "melting of snow and ice", "germination of vegetation" and "second opening of flowers"; In summer, "plants breed fruits"; In autumn, "the fruit is ripe", "the leaves turn yellow gradually" and "fall down"; In winter, insects "disappear", "wither" and "snow trails" everywhere. Among them, the word "Meng" accurately reflects the beginning of vegetation growth; "Second Place" appropriately shows the order of flowers blooming, and renders the breath of spring; "Gradually" accurately expresses the process of leaf yellowing; "Sasha Vujacic" imitates the sound of the wind blowing leaves, making people feel the chill of autumn; "Load" means full, which properly describes the degree of snowfall. The first paragraph of the article vividly outlines a poetic "four seasons map". At first it seemed like a digression, but it wasn't. It not only vividly illustrates the close relationship between the changing law of flowers, birds, insects and fish and the climate, but also outlines the charming colors of natural scenery; It not only aroused the interest in reading with colorful pictures, but also gave people a strong suspense with beautiful flowers, thus fully rendering and paving the way for the following language of nature.

"For thousands of years, working people have paid attention to the relationship between natural phenomena such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds and the climate, and arranged farming accordingly." This is a transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following. The first sentence points out the relationship between the regular changes of flowers, birds and insects and the climate, and reveals the meaning of phenology; The latter clause is summarized as follows, pointing out the influence of this relationship on farming: "apricot blossom" and "fast cultivated land"; "Peach Blossom" and "Fast Broadcast Valley"; "Cuckoo Birds Singing" and "Cutting Wheat into the Valley" make people clearly realize that the regular changes of natural phenomena such as "flowers and birds singing, vegetation growing and warblers flying" are all "the language of nature", and the topic is clear. On this basis, phenology, the formation of phenology and its research contents are summarized, so that people can have a basic understanding of the characteristics of phenology.