Characteristics of grassland ecosystem

Classification: Computer/Network >> Operating System/System Failure

Problem description:

Hurry up, what are the characteristics of grassland ecosystem? How is it different from other ecosystems?

Analysis:

In recent years, the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Positioning Research Station of China Academy of Sciences has made great progress in the fields of grassland ecosystem multifunction, grassland ecosystem carbon cycle and greenhouse gases, long-term observation of the influence of climate change on plant community structure, grassland ecosystem degradation and recovery process, grassland ecosystem sulfur biogeochemical cycle, grazing ecosystem management and so on. The results showed that the agricultural reclamation activities caused the loss of organic carbon by 34%, and the grassland vegetation-soil system was a weak sink of methane. For more than 20 years, climate change in this area has been warming, with obvious warming in winter and further aggravation of drought in spring, which has affected the production of primary productivity. It is systematically put forward that grassland degradation is grassland ecosystem degradation, and the degradation stages are divided. Applying sulfur fertilizer in degraded grassland of Artemisia frigida in Inner Mongolia has obvious effect on improving primary productivity and wool performance.

forest ecological system

Forest ecosystem is distributed in humid or relatively humid areas, and its main characteristics are various species of animals and plants, complex community structure, and long-term stability of population density and community structure. Plants in the forest are mainly trees, but there are also shrubs and herbs. Because animals in the forest can easily find rich food and habitats in the trees, there are many kinds of climbing creatures on the trees, such as rats, raccoons, tarsiers, gibbons, refugees, tree frogs and so on. Adapted to the life of climbing trees, these animals have a series of characteristics in shape and structure. For example, squirrels and other animals have curved and sharp claws and developed foot pads on their palms; The fingers (toes) of animals such as tarsiers have special suction cups; The toes that escaped from the camp were crouching in pairs; Animals such as capuchin monkeys have long curved tails that can be wrapped around branches to hang their bodies. Because there are many obstacles in the forest, carnivores often ambush and hunt, and the hunted animals often hide to avoid the enemy. Because of the dense underground roots and moist soil in the forest, it is not conducive to animals to dig holes, so there are very few animals digging holes in the forest. Most birds in the forest build their nests in branches or tree holes, which is obviously much safer than building nests on the ground.

Features: There are many kinds of animals and plants, the population structure is complex, and the population density and community structure can be in a relatively stable state for a long time.

Function: 1. Economic benefit: Forest ecosystem is a treasure house of human resources. In addition to providing a lot of wood, forests can also produce products with great economic value, such as rosin, camphor, tung oil and rubber. There are not only a large number of edible plants in the forest, such as jujube, persimmon, chestnut, kiwi fruit, litchi, etc., but also many oil plants, such as camellia oleifera, tung oil tree and Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, as well as rich medicinal resources. 2. Ecological benefits: it can adjust the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the biosphere and improve the ecological environment; Water conservation and soil and water conservation are known as "green reservoirs"; Wind and sand fixation, climate regulation, air purification, pollution elimination, etc.

Grassland ecosystem

Grassland ecosystem is distributed in arid areas with little annual rainfall. Compared with forest ecosystem, the species of animals and plants in grassland ecosystem are much less, and the community structure is not as complicated as the former. In different seasons or years, the rainfall is very uneven, so the population density and community structure often change dramatically. The plants on the grassland are mainly herbs, but there are also some shrubs. Due to the low rainfall, trees are very scarce. Adapted to the life on the grassland, most animals there have the behavior characteristics of digging holes or running fast. There are many rodents on the grassland, almost all of which live underground. There are many kinds of insects that dig holes, such as ants and crickets. Animals that can't dig holes (such as reptiles and birds) often use rodent caves. Caves are of great significance for animal defense, avoiding enemies and storing food. There are many animals with strong running ability on the grassland, such as gazelle, antelope, rhinoceros, jerboa, hare, wolf, fox, leopard, lion and so on. Gazelles can run at speeds of 60 kilometers per hour, and cheetahs can run at speeds of 90 kilometers per hour. This is related to the flat and open terrain and few obstacles on the grassland. Amphibians and aquatic animals are very scarce in grassland ecosystem due to water shortage.

Features: Grassland ecosystem is distributed in arid areas, with few species of animals and plants. In different seasons or years, the rainfall is very uneven, and the population density and community structure often change dramatically.

Function: 1. Economic benefit: Grassland ecosystem is an important production base of animal husbandry. There are many herbages with high nutritional value and strong palatability in grassland ecosystem, which are used to graze important livestock. It can produce meat, milk, skin and wool, and provide a large number of livestock products with unique economic functions. 2. Ecological effect: Grassland ecosystem is an important ecological barrier to regulate climate; Prevent the land from being eroded by wind and sand. In 2000, sandstorms exceeding 10 hit Beijing, the western development, the Yangtze River flood and many other major problems made many of us realize that the ecological function of grassland is actually more important and prominent.

marine eco-system

The ocean accounts for 70% of the earth's surface area. The oceans on the whole earth are connected as a whole, and the seawater is mobile, so it can be said that all the oceans on the earth are a huge ecosystem. There are a lot of creatures living in this ecosystem, which are very different from those on land. Most animals in the ocean can swim in the water. Can't run or fly fast. Plants in the ocean can carry out photosynthesis in water. They have neither tall trunks nor developed roots. Abiotic factors affecting marine life are mainly sunlight, temperature, salinity and so on. This is also different from life on earth. Plants in the ocean are mainly phytoplankton, such as diatoms. Although there are few phytoplankton, they are abundant and are the main bait for herbivores. There are also many large algae in shallow waters, such as kelp and Undaria pinnatifida. There are many kinds of animals in the ocean. The water layer with water depth less than 200m has sufficient sunlight and a large number of phytoplankton. This water layer mainly concentrates a variety of marine animals, including zooplankton, shrimps, fish and so on. Plants and herbivores that can carry out photosynthesis cannot survive in the deep sea area with a water depth of more than 200m, but there are still many carnivores. These animals have special adaptability to the deep-sea environment. Some fish have degenerated eyes and rely on long tentacles at the front of their bodies to explore food. Some fish have special luminous organs, which are good for finding food and enemies.

Features: There are many kinds of animals and plants, and the structure is stable. All the oceans on the earth are a huge ecosystem.

Function: 1. Economic effect: It contains extremely rich biological resources and is also a treasure house of human resources. Many marine organisms can be used as industrial raw materials, and some of them have high medicinal value. 2. Ecological effect: providing 70% oxygen in the biosphere and maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere; The ocean can maintain the water cycle and regulate the climate; The water vapor evaporated from the ocean is converted into precipitation, which can supplement a lot of fresh water for terrestrial ecosystems.

Wetland ecosystem

According to the definition of "wetlands international Convention Especially as Waterfowl Habitat", swamps, peatlands, rivers, lakes, mangroves, coastal beaches and even shallow waters with a water depth of less than 6 meters at low tide belong to wetlands. There are many types of wetlands in China, including winding beaches and rivers. Lakes are dotted with marshes. In addition, there are a large number of constructed wetlands, such as reservoirs, ponds and rice fields. These numerous wetlands not only have obvious economic benefits, but also have great ecological benefits. Wetlands are often directly used as water sources for domestic water and industrial and agricultural water. Wetlands can also replenish groundwater. In rainy season or flood season, wetland becomes a huge reservoir, which plays the role of regulating flow and controlling flood. In dry season, the water stored in wetlands can supplement surface runoff and groundwater, thus alleviating drought. Wetlands are rich in animal and plant resources. For example, reed growing in marshland is an important raw material for paper industry and has high economic value. This swamp is suitable for many waterfowl. Marshes on both sides of rivers and lakes are places where fish breed and fatten.

Function: 1. Economic function: Wetland is rich in animal and plant resources. Wetlands are often used as water sources for domestic water and industrial and agricultural water. 2. Ecological function: Wetlands have powerful water regulation function (not only regulating water flow and controlling flood, but also replenishing surface runoff and groundwater, thus alleviating drought); Wetlands have a powerful function of purifying the environment.

Present situation: In the freshwater ecosystem, the main body is freshwater, and all other aquatic animals and plants belong to the object. As long as it doesn't destroy the fresh water environment of the subject, the object generally won't have much problem. Then, this ecosystem can basically maintain balance.

Farmland ecosystem

Farmland ecosystem is an artificial ecosystem, and its main feature is that people play a very prominent role, and various crops planted by people are the main members of this ecosystem. There are few species of animals and plants in farmland, and the community structure is single. People must constantly engage in activities such as sowing, fertilization, irrigation, weeding and pest control, so that the farmland ecosystem can develop in a beneficial way. Therefore, it can be said that the farmland ecosystem is artificially controlled to some extent. Once the role of human beings disappears, the farmland ecosystem will be rapidly degraded, and the dominant crops will be replaced by weeds and other plants.

Features: few species, simple food web structure, poor stability and many human factors.

Function: provide food, vegetables, etc. For humanity.

Present situation: At present, a large number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used in farmland in China, while organic fertilizers beneficial to soil are rarely used, and the content of soil organic matter in China is declining. At the same time, grain production is increasingly dependent on chemical fertilizers. Once there is no chemical fertilizer, the grain output will definitely decline, and even new and excellent varieties will generally consume water and fertilizer. In addition, due to industrial development, farmland ecosystem has been seriously polluted, threatening all living things in the system. For example, the pollution of the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River, the main grain producing areas in China, has caused great damage to the surrounding ecosystems and will definitely affect the quality and output of grain in the future. The recycling of waste in the system has not yet been realized. Although "returning straw to field" has been advocated for many years, it is rarely implemented in various places.

Urban ecosystem

It is a unified whole formed by the interaction between urban residents and their environment, and also a special artificial ecosystem established by human beings on the basis of transforming and adapting to the natural environment. All the facilities in the city are made by people, who play an important leading role, and most of the food needed by urban residents depends on the artificial input of other ecosystems; Industry, construction, transportation, etc. A lot of materials and energy are needed in cities, which must also be imported from outside and quickly transformed into various products. At the same time, a large number of wastes produced by human beings in production activities and daily life in cities must be transported to other ecosystems because they cannot be completely decomposed and reused in this system. It can be seen that the urban ecosystem is very dependent on other ecosystems, and it will also have strong interference with other ecosystems. Urbanization is the inevitable trend of the development of human society. In the process of urbanization, human beings confine most wild animals to smaller and smaller areas, and at the same time, they enclose themselves in the artificial environment composed of reinforced concrete and various kinds of pollution, resulting in various diseases of modern civilization. Therefore, improving and protecting the urban ecological environment is a subject that human beings should attach great importance to in the process of urban construction and development.

Features: The city is a special artificial ecosystem with people as the center, which has great dependence on other ecosystems and will have strong interference with other ecosystems.

Function: production function: providing rich material and information products for the society; Life function: to provide convenient living conditions and comfortable living environment for citizens.