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There are two lines on the earth's surface: longitude and latitude, also known as "latitude and longitude net"

Three steps, the highest in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Followed by the surrounding plateaus, hills and basins; The lowest is the eastern plain. This is the result of collision between India plate and Eurasia plate. 2. Climate: the east is close to the Pacific Ocean, with monsoon climate; The west has a continental climate; There is excessive dryness and dampness between the two; The climate in the mountainous area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is vertical. 3. Vegetation: 13% forest, mostly concentrated in the northeast, between Sichuan and Tibet, Nanling and other places; Most crops are concentrated in the eastern plain; Grassland is mostly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet and other places; Deserts are mostly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet. There are many things to learn about geography in China, including the general topography, landforms, provinces, climate and temperature zones of China, as well as the economy, population, climate, topography and landforms of various regions, including the east, the central and western regions, the northeast, the northwest and the southwest. In addition, there are some very basic things, such as the four plateaus, which you should know without learning! Physical geography 1, topography: three steps, the highest in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Followed by the surrounding plateaus, hills and basins; The lowest is the eastern plain. This is the result of collision between India plate and Eurasia plate. 2. Climate: the east is close to the Pacific Ocean, with monsoon climate; The west has a continental climate; There is excessive dryness and dampness between the two; The climate in the mountainous area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is vertical. 3. Vegetation: 13% forest, mostly concentrated in the northeast, between Sichuan and Tibet, Nanling and other places; Most crops are concentrated in the eastern plain; Grassland is mostly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet and other places; Deserts are mostly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet. Human geography, economy, population and climate are the most basic. You'd better know how many provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions there are in China and what their geographical features are, and that's all. O(∩_∩)O Haha ~ Just find a geography book in middle school. You should know the names of 34 provincial administrative regions in China, and the general topography of China (three steps). You can roughly draw the contour topographic map of China by hand. To know the landform, temperature zone, economy and population of China, we must know the trend and position of China's four plateaus, three plains and four great basin, as well as the basic mountains. You'd better find a geography book China-Geographical Information Land area of China: The total land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, accounting for115 of the world's total land area, slightly equivalent to the total area of European countries except the former Soviet Union, ranking third in the world after the Russian Federation and Canada. The eastern region accounts for 10.5%, the central region accounts for 25.3% and the western region accounts for 64.2%. Among the land resources, there are 3.2 million square kilometers of mountains, 2.5 million square kilometers of plateaus, 6.5438+0.8 million square kilometers of basins, 6.5438+0.65438+0.5 million square kilometers of plains and 950,000 square kilometers of hills (up to 654.38+0.997). Borders and neighboring countries: China's land border starts at the mouth of Yalu River on the border between China and North Korea and ends at the mouth of Beilun River on the border between China and Vietnam, with a total length of more than 20,000 kilometers. It borders 14 countries: North Korea in the east, Russian Federation in the northeast, Mongolia in the north, Russian Federation and Kazakhstan in the northwest, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the west, India, Nepal and Bhutan in the southwest, and Myanmar and Laos in the south. The neighboring countries across the sea from China are South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia from north to south. ? Land territory: including People's Republic of China (PRC) mainland and its coastal islands, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands include Diaoyu Island, Penghu Islands, dongsha islands, Xisha Islands, zhongsha islands, Nansha Islands and all other islands belonging to People's Republic of China (PRC). The width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical mile from the baseline of the territorial sea. China's contiguous zone is 24 nautical miles wide. Climate in China: The monsoon is distinctive, the continental climate is obvious, and the climate types are diverse. The climate in China is complex and diverse, spanning tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, middle temperate, cold temperate and frigid zones from south to north. China is located in the northern hemisphere, passing through the south, and most areas are located in the warm temperate zone and subtropical zone, belonging to the East Asian monsoon climate. There is a great temperature difference between north and south. From June 65438 to March of the following year, it is winter wind, and most areas are cold and dry; Summer monsoon blows from April to September, and it is hot and rainy in most areas. The annual average precipitation varies greatly from place to place, ranging from 1500mm in the southeast coast to below 500mm in the northwest. Geographical map of China's 24 solar terms China's topography: China is high in the west and low in the east, with mountains, plateaus and hills accounting for 67% of the land area, and basins and plains accounting for 33% of the land area. The mountains are mostly east-west and northeast-southwest, mainly including Altai Mountain, Tianshan Mountain, Kunlun Mountain, Karakorum Mountain, Himalayan Mountain, Yinshan Mountain, Qinling Mountain, Nanling Mountain, Daxinganling Mountain, Changbai Mountain, Taihang Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Taiwan Province Mountain and Hengduan Mountain. There is the highest Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the world in the west, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters. It is called "the roof of the world", and Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world, with an altitude of 8844.43 meters. Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the north and east are the second steps of China's topography. Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan Mountain-Wuling Mountain-Xuefeng Mountain is the third step, and the coastline from east to east is mostly plain and hilly. The continental shelf to the east and south of the coastline is rich in seabed resources. Latitude is horizontal, the shape of each latitude is round, and the length of each latitude is different. Latitude 0 is also called equator. Latitude indicates the north-south direction.

The dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres is the equator.

The warp is vertical, and each warp has the same length. A jumping meridian is a semicircle, and two opposite meridians form a circle. (e.g. 20 w160 e) The 0 meridian is also called the prime meridian, which means that the line dividing the east and west hemispheres in the east-west direction is 20 w160 e..

Formation of Four Seasons (Northern Hemisphere)

Spring: Because the sun shines directly on the equator at around 3.2 1, this day is called vernal equinox. Three months before and after the vernal equinox is spring in the northern hemisphere.

At this time, the world is divided equally between day and night.

Summer: Because the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer around June 22nd, this day is called the summer solstice. Summer to June, July and August is the summer in the northern hemisphere. At this time, the days in the northern hemisphere are long and the nights are short. There is an extreme night phenomenon in the Antarctic circle.

Autumn: Because the sun shines directly on the equator around September 23, this day is called autumn wind day. The three months around the vernal equinox, 9, 10, 1 1, are autumn in the northern hemisphere. At this time, the world is divided equally between day and night.

Winter: Because the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn on June 22nd, 12, 1 and two months to Sunday before and after winter are winter in the northern hemisphere. At this time, the days in the northern hemisphere are short and the nights are long (extreme night phenomenon appears in the Arctic Circle). Extreme sunlight appears in the Antarctic circle.

The earth's surface is divided into five zones: the tropical southern temperate zone, the southern frigid zone and the northern temperate zone (most of China is in the northern temperate zone).

The dividing line between the tropics and the north temperate zone is the Tropic of Cancer (22.5 N = 22.5 N), the dividing line between the north temperate zone and the north frigid zone is the Arctic Circle (66.5 N = 66.5 N), and the dividing line between the tropics and the south temperate zone is the Tropic of Cancer (22.5 S = 22.5 N), and the south temperate zone and the south frigid zone.

The longitude and latitude illustrate the calculation of the sun-to-sun height angle and some simple environmental problems.

The tropical rain forest climate is hot and rainy all year round.

The average temperature in the tropical grassland climate is high, and it is obvious in dry and wet seasons.

The Mediterranean climate is hot and dry in summer, warm and humid in winter, and the rainy and hot periods are different.

Tropical desert climate, high temperature and dry all year round.

The tropical monsoon climate is hot all year round, with southwest monsoon blowing in summer and abundant precipitation, and northeast monsoon blowing in winter with little precipitation.

Subtropical monsoon climate, also known as subtropical monsoon humid climate, is similar to tropical monsoon, and its temperature is lower than tropical monsoon climate.

The climate characteristics of temperate monsoon are similar to those of subtropical monsoon, and the temperature is lower than that of subtropical monsoon.

Temperate continental climate, Leng Xia is hot in winter, with large annual temperature difference and little precipitation.

Temperate maritime climate, cool in summer and warm in winter, with precipitation all year round.

Coniferous forest in sub-frigid zone has strong continental climate, long and cold winter, short warm season, high annual temperature difference, less precipitation, concentrated warm season and weak evaporation, belonging to cold and wet environment.

Plateau climate and alpine climate are vertical climate zone structures.

The climate of tundra is winter all the year round, with little precipitation and obvious extreme phenomena day and night.

The climate of the ice sheet is cold all year round, with little precipitation. The common geographical location of snowstorms is:

The Chao Phraya River Plain is located in central Thailand.

The central plains of the United States lie between the Appalachian highlands and the Rocky Mountains.

Climate:

Tropical monsoon climate

Temperate continental climate

Rivers:

Zhaopiye R.

Mississippi River

Plain area:

The Chao Phraya River Plain covers an area of 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers.

The Great Plains of the United States covers an area of 1.536 million square kilometers.

Population density:

Thailand's Chao Phraya Plain has a large population density, with a population of 400 per square kilometer.

The central plains of the United States are vast and sparsely populated, with a small population density of about 20 people per square kilometer.

Main crops:

paddy field

wheat

Mode of production:

labor intensive

Mechanized production

Transportation:

Waterway traffic is developed

Traffic contour refers to a closed curve connected by equal elevation points on topographic map. 1. Hills and depressions (basins)

The slope indicator line is a short line perpendicular to the contour line to indicate the direction of slope decline. The slope line points from the inner ring to the outer ring, indicating that the middle is high and the periphery is low, which is a hill. The diagonal line points from the outer ring to the inner ring, indicating that it is high around and low in the middle, so it is a depression.

2. Ridges and valleys

A ridge is a highland that extends in one direction. The highest ridge line of a ridge is called the ridge line. The outline of the ridge shows a set of curves protruding downwards.

A valley is a depression that extends in one direction and is located between two ridges. The line passing through the lowest point of the valley is called the valley line. The contour lines of the valley show a set of curves convex to the heights.

Rainwater near the ridge must take the ridge line as the dividing line and flow to both sides of the ridge respectively. Therefore, the ridge is also called the watershed. In the valley, rain will inevitably flow from the slopes on both sides to the bottom of the valley and gather at the valley line. Therefore, the valley line is also called the catchment line.

3. Car seat

A saddle is a saddle-shaped depression between two adjacent hills. Saddles are often places where mountain roads pass, where two ridges and two valleys meet. Saddle contour is characterized by two groups of small closed curves in a circle of large closed curves.

4. Steep cliffs and cliffs

The steep cliff has a slope of 70 degrees. The steep cliff above can be divided into stones and mud.

Cliff is a steep cliff with a convex top and a concave bottom. The contours of this landform intersect. The hidden contour lines in the top view are indicated by dotted lines.

A closed curve connecting points with the same height on the ground. Projected vertically on the standard surface, scaled down and drawn on the map, the contour line is obtained. The contour line can also be regarded as the intersection line between the horizontal plane with different heights and the actual ground, so the contour line is a closed curve. The feature of contour lines is that (1) ground points on the same contour line have the same height. (2) In the same picture, contour lines of different elevations cannot intersect except cliffs. The height difference between adjacent contour lines in the figure is generally the same, so the ground slope is inversely proportional to the horizontal distance between contour lines. The smaller the horizontal distance between adjacent contour lines, the denser the contour lines are arranged, indicating that the ground slope is greater. The greater the horizontal distance between adjacent contour lines, the finer the contour line arrangement, which means the smaller the slope of the ground. Therefore, contour lines can reflect the characteristics of surface fluctuation and surface morphology.

The number marked on the contour line is the height of the contour line.

According to the different functions of contour lines, contour lines can be divided into four types: first curve, design curve, intermediate curve and auxiliary curve.

(1) The first curve, also called basic contour line, is a thin solid line when surveying and mapping at vertical intervals according to regulations, which is used to represent the basic form of landform.

(2) Curve counting, also called bold contour lines, starts from the specified elevation, and the first curve is bold as a thick solid line every five vertical intervals, so as to interpret and calculate the elevation on the map.

(3) The middle curve, also called the half-distance contour line, is a slender dotted line drawn by one-half vertical interval, which is mainly used to represent a section of miniature landform that the first curve cannot represent.

(4) Auxiliary curve, also called auxiliary contour line, is a short dashed line drawn with a quarter vertical interval, which is used to represent a certain section of miniature landform that can't be displayed by indirect curve.

The middle curve and the auxiliary curve are only used to represent the landform of local areas, so they are generally not closed except the peaks and valleys are closed respectively. There is also a short line orthogonal to the contour line, indicating the slope direction. One end connected with the contour line points uphill and the other end points downhill.