Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - The 24 Solar Terms - What are the circular mountains on the moon named after China people?

What are the circular mountains on the moon named after China people?

List the following three people

Gaopingzi

Guo Shoujing

Chungchi Tsu

Gaopingzi

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Gao (18881February 23, 970 ——1March 23, 970) was an astronomer in China and a pioneer of modern astronomy in China. Formerly known as Gao Jun, it was named after worshipping Zhang Heng, an astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Born in Jinshan, Shanghai on February 23rd, 1888,1970 died in Taipei on March 23rd. Gao xie, a famous bibliophile in modern Jiangnan, Gao Xu, the founder of Nanshe, and Gao Kun, the "father of optical fiber" are all members of his clan.

I studied at Aurora University in my early years. Published "Zhou Xie Arctic Mystery Test" to calculate the correct position of Polaris in Zhou Dynasty. 10 ~ 1920s, he worked in Xujiahui Observatory, Sheshan Observatory, Qingdao Observatory and Astronomical Institute of China Academy of Sciences. During the period of 1924, astronomical instruments were repaired and installed in Qingdao Observatory, and observers were trained, which initiated the work of sunspot observation and meridional injection timing in China. 1926 participated in the first international radio longitude joint survey, and obtained the first batch of modern longitude values for China, which was the beginning for China astronomers to participate in the international astronomical joint observation. 1928, the latitude and longitude of Nanjing Institute of Astronomy, Lushan Mountain in Henan Province and Dengfeng Scenic Area were measured. 1936, through the painstaking study of China astronomical calendar, published "History and Japanese Long Edition". 1937 wrote "classic table line of sight measurement theory". He also presided over the compilation of the China Astronomical Almanac and the National Almanac, helped to build the Purple Mountain Observatory, and was responsible for solar spectrum observation. From 65438 to 0948, his family moved to Taiwan Province Province and worked in the meteorological research department, mathematics research department and education department successively. Initiated the establishment of Taiwan Province Astronomical Society, and served as the chairman for many years. After arriving in China, he mainly engaged in sorting out and studying the ancient astronomical calendars in, and published hundreds of papers on astronomical calendars, most of which were later included in two books published in the late 1960s, Essays on Academic Degree and Ping Zi's Legacy.

1982, the planetary system nomenclature committee of the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the front of the moon at 87.8 east longitude and 6.7 south latitude after him, becoming the only modern astronomer in China who left his name on the moon.

From "blog.org/wiki/%e9% AB% 98% E5% B9% B3% E5% AD% 90"

Page classification: 1888 was born | 1970 died | China astronomer | Shanghainese.

Guo Shoujing

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Guo Shoujing (123 1 year-13 16), a native of Xingtai, was an astronomer, mathematician and hydraulic scientist in China in the Yuan Dynasty.

Guo Shoujing used to be the water superintendent, responsible for repairing the canal from Dadu to Tongzhou. 1276 revised the new calendar, and it took four years to specify the "timing calendar", which has been used for 360 years. This was the most advanced calendar in the world at that time. He used the "sagittal circle division method" similar to the current spherical triangle algorithm to deal with the coordinate transformation between the ecliptic and the equator. When calculating the prototype positions of the sun, the moon and the planets, he created and applied the "difference method", that is, the cubic difference interpolation method. Various astronomical observation instruments, including simple instruments and altimeters, have been designed and manufactured. A large number of astronomical observations were organized, including the determination of the position of the constant star, the winter solstice, the perigee and the intersection of the ecliptic and the ecliptic, the lunar motion table was compiled, and the latitudes of 27 observation points across the country were determined. It is determined that a month is 29.530593 days and a year is 365.2425 days. Formally abolish the accumulated time difference in previous calendars, subject to actual observation. It is determined that 1/24 of a year is a solar term, and the month without neutral gas is a leap month. This principle has always been adopted.

In memory of him, the main street in Xingtai City was named "Guo Shoujing Street".

From "blog.org/wiki/%E9% 83% AD% E5% AE% 88% E6% 95% AC"

Chungchi Tsu

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Zu Chongzhi (429-500), Wen Yuan, was a famous mathematician and astronomer in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Zu Chongzhi's ancestral home is Kuai County, Fanyang County (now Laishui, Hebei Province). In order to escape the war, Zu Chongzhi's grandfather, Zuchang, moved from Hebei to Jiangnan. Zuchang was once a "great craftsman" in Liu Song, in charge of civil engineering; Zu Chongzhi's father is also a DPRK official.

Zu Chongzhi was born in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). Generations have been studying astronomical calendars, and Zu Chongzhi has been exposed to astronomical and mathematical knowledge since childhood. When Zu Chongzhi was young, he gained a reputation for reading widely. When Emperor Xiaowu of Song heard about it, he sent him to the "Hualin Studies Province" to do research work. 46 1 year, worked in the secretariat of southern Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and successively served as a historian and government official in southern Xuzhou to join the army. In 464 AD, he was transferred to Lou County (now northeast of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province) as county magistrate. During this period, he compiled Da Li Ming and calculated pi. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Zu Chongzhi returned to Jiankang as a servant. After that, he spent a lot of energy studying mechanical manufacturing until the demise of the Song Dynasty. From 494 to 498, he served as a captain of Changshui in the Southern Qi Dynasty and received four salaries. In view of the constant war at that time, he wrote "On Security" and suggested that the imperial court reclaim wasteland, develop agriculture, stabilize people's livelihood and consolidate national defense. Zu Chongzhi died at the age of 72.

Zu Chongzhi's major achievements are in mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing. In addition, it is recorded in history that Zu Chongzhi is proficient in temperament and good at playing chess, and he also wrote the novel "A Record of Different Stories". Zu Chongzhi wrote a lot, but most of them have been lost.

Zu Chongzhi's son Zu Xuan is also a mathematician.

To commemorate this great ancient scientist, people named a crater on the back of the moon "Zu Chongzhi Crater" and the asteroid 1888 "Zu Chongzhi Asteroid".

Directory [hidden]

1 mathematical contribution

1. 1 Calculate pi.

1.2 Calculate the volume of the sphere

2 astronomical calendar contribution

3 the contribution of machinery manufacturing industry

4 works

5 Please refer to

6 Related links

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Mathematical contribution

Mathematically, Zu Chongzhi studied Nine Chapters Arithmetic and Liu Hui's Annotation, and annotated Nine Chapters Arithmetic and Liu Hui's Heavy Difference. He is also the author of Composition, which brings together the mathematical research results of Zu Chongzhi and his son. This book is so profound that "scholars can't study its profundity, so they ignore it." Seal script was included in Ten Arithmetic Classics in the Tang Dynasty, and became a textbook of imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty. It took four years to learn seal script at that time, which shows the difficulty of seal script. Seal script was once spread to Korea, but it was lost in the Northern Song Dynasty. People can only know part of Zu Chongzhi's work through other documents: there is a brief record of Zu Chongzhi's study of pi in the Legal Records of Sui Shu; In the Tang Dynasty, Li recorded the method of Zu Chongzhi's father and son to find the volume of the ball in "Nine Chapters Arithmetic Notes". Zu Chongzhi also studied the problems of "open difference power" and "open difference station", which involved the problem of finding the roots of quadratic equation and cubic equation. Zu Chongzhi's mathematical contributions are mainly his calculation results of pi and the formula of sphere volume.

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Calculate pi

According to "Sui Shu's Law Calendar", Zu Chongzhi converted ten feet into one hundred million, and took this as the path to find pi, and the abundant number (that is, the approximation of the remainder) was; The number (that is, the approximate value of the loss) is 0, and the true value of pi is between two numbers. Sui Shu did not specify how Zu Chongzhi calculated its surplus. It is generally believed that Zu Chongzhi adopted Liu Hui's secant technique, but there are many other speculations. Zu Chongzhi's result was accurate to the seventh decimal place, and it was not until more than a thousand years later that the Arab mathematician Al Cassie in15th century and the French mathematician Veda in16th century broke this record.

According to the habit of calculating and using fractions at that time, Zu Chongzhi also adopted two fractional values of pi: "approximate rate" (or "sparse rate") and "density rate". Among the integer fractions including all denominators, the ratio of density is the closest to pi, indicating that Zu Chongzhi may get this ratio through some calculation. Mathematician Hua once thought that getting this secret ratio indicated that Zu Chongzhi might have mastered the concept of continued fraction. In Europe, it was not until16th century that German Otto and Dutch Antuoni worked out this ratio. Therefore, in order to commemorate China, a great ancient mathematician, Japanese mathematician Mishima suggested calling it "ancestral rate".

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Calculate sphere volume

Zu Chongzhi and his son Zu Xuan solved the problem of calculating the volume of a sphere with clever methods.

In Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, it is considered that the ratio of the volume of a circumscribed cylinder to the volume of a sphere is equal to the ratio of the area of a square to its inscribed circle. Liu Hui pointed out in the annotation for Nine Chapters Arithmetic that the statement in the original book is incorrect, only the ratio of the cover of a square (the volume of the same part where two cylinders intersect vertically) to the volume of a sphere is exactly equal to the ratio of the area of a square and its inscribed circle. However, Liu Hui did not give the volume formula of "Mouhe Square Cover", so he could not get the volume formula of the sphere.

Zu Chongzhi and his son adopted "if the situation is the same, the products cannot be different." (that is, "the volumes of two solids with the same cross-sectional area at the same height must be equal"), the volume of the "Mouhe Square Cover" is obtained, and the volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of the "Mouhe Square Cover", thus finally calculating the volume of the sphere as (the diameter of the sphere).

Zu Chongzhi and his son adopted the principle of "if the potentials are the same, the products cannot be different", which was rediscovered in Europe by Italian mathematician cavalieri (B. cavalieri, 1598- 1647) in the17th century, so the western literature generally called this principle cavalieri principle. In order to commemorate the great contribution of Zu Chongzhi and his son in discovering this principle, people also call it "Zuqiu principle".

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Astronomical calendar contribution

Zu Chongzhi's achievements in astronomical calendar are mostly contained in his Da Ming Calendar and Refutation to Da Ming Calendar.

Before Zu Chongzhi, the calendar used by people was Li Yuanjia compiled by astronomer He Chengtian. After years of observation and calculation, Zu Chongzhi found that Li Yuanjia had great errors. So Zu Chongzhi set out to make a new calendar. In the sixth year of Song Xiaowu (AD 462), Da Ming Li was compiled. Daming Calendar was never adopted before Zu Chongzhi's death, and it was not officially promulgated until the 9th year of Tian Jian, Liang Wudi (AD 5 10). The main achievements of Daming Calendar are as follows:

The tropic year and sidereal year are distinguished, and precession is introduced into the calendar for the first time. The precession measurement is 45 years 1 1 monthly difference 1 degree (about 70.7 years difference today). The introduction of precession is a great progress in the legal history of China.

A tropical year is set at 365.24 148 1 (today's measurement is 365.2425438+09878), which is the most accurate data until Yang Zhongfu made a unified calendar in the fifth year of Qingyuan, Ningzong, Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 199).

The new leap week of 39 1 year (144 leap) is more accurate than the leap week of 19 year (7 leap) adopted in the previous calendar.

The fixed intersection days are 27.2 1223 days (currently estimated as 27.2 1222 days). Accurate measurement of the number of months and days at the intersection makes it possible to accurately predict solar and lunar eclipses. Zu Chongzhi calculated the time of the four eclipses in the 23 years from the 13th year of Yuanjia (AD 436) to the 3rd year of Daming (AD 459) with Da Ming Li, and the results were completely in line with the reality.

It is concluded that Jupiter overtakes the sun once every 84 years, that is, the period of revolution of Jupiter is 1 1.858 years (currently measured as 1 1.862 years).

A more accurate five-star rendezvous period is given, in which the rendezvous period of mercury and Jupiter is also close to the modern value.

A method of determining the winter solstice time by measuring the length of the noon sun shadow with a standard table is put forward.

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Mechanical manufacturing contribution

Zu Chongzhi also designed and manufactured many exquisite machines, which are recorded in the biographies of Zu Chongzhi in Nanqi and Zu Chongzhi in Nanshi. He once designed and manufactured a water hammer mill that used water to grind rice and flour; Recasting the lost south guide car at that time, no matter how the car turns, the bronze man on the car always points south; A "Thousand-Li Ship" was built and put on trial on the Xinting River (now southwest of Nanjing), and it can sail 100 Li every day. He also designs and manufactures timing instruments, such as clepsydra and throwers.

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work

Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi contains 51 volumes of Zu Chongzhi Collection, a captain of Changshui, which has been lost.

Scattered in various historical records are the following works:

The safety theory has been lost.

Ten volumes of Yi Shuoji have been lost.

Yi Shi, Ilo Zhuang, has fallen.

The annotation on filial piety in The Analects of Confucius has been lost.

The six volumes of seal script have been lost.

Nine volumes of Interpretation of Nine Chapters have been lost.

The book "Notes on Heavy Difference" has been lost.

Daliming

Go to Daming calendar

refute

Open circle

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See.

Asteroids 1888

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