The Four Arts and Crafts. What does it mean?

The Four Treasures of the House of Letters. What does it mean

Introduction: the instruments of Chinese traditional Han culture, namely, pen, ink, paper and inkstone. The name of the Four Treasures of the House of Letters originated in the period of the North and South Dynasties. Historically, the "four treasures of the literary room" refers to things have changed. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, "four treasures of literati" specially refers to Xuancheng Zhuge pen, Huizhou Li Tinggui ink, Chengxintang paper, wuyuan (originally belongs to Anhui Huizhou province, now belongs to Jiangxi) dragon's tail inkstone. Since the Song Dynasty "four treasures of the literary house" refers to the lake pen (Huzhou, Zhejiang Province), Huizhou ink (Huizhou, now Shexian County, Anhui Province), Xuan paper (now Jingxian County, Anhui Province, Jingxian County, ancient belonging to the Ningguo Prefecture, the production of paper in order to rule Xuancheng for the name of the Prefecture), Duan inkstone (Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, the ancient name of the Duanzhou), She inkstone (now Shexian County, Anhui Province), and Taoyan inkstone (now Zuni County, Gansu Province). Xuancheng City is the only "Hometown of Four Treasures" in China, producing Xuan paper (Jingxian), Xuan pen (Jingxian/Jingde), Hui ink (Jixi/Jingde) and Xuan inkstone (Jingde).

What are the Four Treasures of China...?

Pen, ink, paper and inkstone, the Four Treasures of the House of Letters. The best four treasures are Xuan paper, ink, lake pen and ink stone.

Xuan paper produced in Xuanzhou (today's Xuancheng, Anhui Province), the quality of pure white and fine, soft and uniform, cotton tough and firm, light and not slippery, through and through the light, color and luster unchanged, and a long time to hide does not corrode, a hundred folds do not lose, aging resistance, insect-proof and moth-proof, so there is a "thousand years of life, paper," the name of the beauty. All generations of writers and ink masters of calligraphy and painting are cherished and used. Xuan paper inscriptions and paintings, ink and rhyme clear, clear layers, both bone and gas, momentum overflow show, thick and not muddy, light and not gray, its words and its paintings, jumping on the paper, the spirit of the flying, flying eyes shine. Produces a special fullness of artistic effect.

Anhui ink is produced in Huizhou (today's Huangshan, Anhui Province), with pine as the basic raw material, mixed with more than 20 kinds of other raw materials, through the point of smoke, and material, grinding, drying, thwarting the edge, gold, boxed and other processes refined. The finished product has the characteristics of black color, firmness and light, no halo in the paper, no glue in the pen, no fading after a long time, rich fragrance and anti-corrosion and moth-proof, etc. It is suitable for books and paintings, and it is known as "Fragrant through the muscles and bones, and the slag does not stay in the inkstone". Hui ink color can be divided into "burnt, heavy, thick, talk, clear" five levels, the ink color for thousands of years and does not fade, ink black and moist paint, light ink, such as God; used for calligraphy and painting changes, interesting. It is also engraved on both sides of a variety of patterns, beautiful and elegant, is the art of calligraphy and painting treasures.

Duan inkstone produced in Guangdong Zhaoqing (ancient name of Duanzhou) in the eastern suburbs of the Antelope Gorge, the Duanxi area of the bar Ke Mountain, appeared to rely on the quarry stone, the production of Duan inkstone as a livelihood of the laborers. Here, the Xijiang River, which flows eastward, passes through the gorge and goes straight to the South China Sea. The mountains and hills along the banks of the river are magnificent, and the rocks and rocks are stacked high. Among the famous pits of Duan ink stone, Shuiyan (Old Pit), Kengzaiyan, Mazi Pit, Chaotianyan, Gutaanyan, Xuandeanyan ...... The Duan Yan famous pits are staggered in this picturesque environment. The Duan inkstone produced slowly became a unique art and craft product of Zhaoqing; it was loved by the literati and appreciated by dignitaries and emperors and generals. In the Song Dynasty, DuanYan was listed as "tribute" and became famous in China and abroad.

The lake pen is produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, today, and is generally made from the finest goat hair through nearly 100 processes, such as dipping, pulling, combing, connecting, and combing. The fame of Shannian Lake Pen is closely related to Zhao Mengfu, a great calligrapher and painter in the Yuan Dynasty. Zhao Mengfu, a native of Huzhou, who claimed to have "written ten thousand words a day", was very concerned about and attached great importance to the local art of making lake brushes. According to the Huzhou Prefecture Records, he had asked people to make pens, and when one tube was not as good as the other, he was ordered to split it and make it again. This strict quality requirements, has been passed down to this day. Bai Juyi once used "ten million hairs in the selection of a" and "milliliter although light, the work is very heavy" to describe the fine and complex pen-making skills. Lake pen has a pointed, flush, round, healthy features, known as the lake pen "four virtues", so there is "Mao Ying's skills of the world" said.

What are the four treasures

The first treasure: pen. Pen, refers to the writing of the Chinese characters of the brush, it is China's unique writing tools, soft and flexible, very simple structure. But its special function, so that it has become an important medium for the dissemination of the culture of Chinese characters, but also to make the calligraphy of Chinese characters in the art of unique color, showing the charm of beautiful and moving. As Han Cai Yong said in "Pen Theory": "Only the pen is soft, but strange is not born".　General brush is made of bamboo or wood as a pen, with animal hair or plant fibers as a nib, carefully crafted. Therefore, different kinds of animal hair made of the pen and have different names. Such as sheep hair, wolf hair, purple hair (rabbit hair), chicken hair, mane, mouse whiskers and so on.　Types of brushes, if differentiated by their effectiveness, can be roughly divided into three categories, namely, "soft hair", "hard hair", "both hair".　According to the length of the brush, it is generally divided into "long", "medium" and "short".　As for the pen maker or origin named various pens, since ancient times and today is not rare, such as the Southern Song Dynasty, "Xu Yan pen", Song Dynasty, "Cheng Yi pen", "Wang Boli pen", Anhui Province, "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen" and "Xuan Pen", "Xuan Pen". Xuancheng's "Xuan Pen", (or Hui Pen), Zhejiang Huzhou's "Lake Pen" and so on. Changes in ink thickness can express the flavor of calligraphy, so the beauty of calligraphy is colorful. Ink, like the color of painting, plays a great role, and there are different kinds of graphite and pine smoke, which are described as follows:

Second Treasure: Ink

Graphite Graphite is a natural thing, a kind of mountain stone that is "all like ink". In ancient times, there was no ink, so the only way to write calligraphy was to use graphite, and there are many testimonies of graphite being used for calligraphy. However, the use of graphite for calligraphy has not been heard of since the Wei and Jin dynasties. The use of graphite for calligraphy was before the Wei and Jin dynasties, and it was replaced by the use of pine smoke, which led to the transformation of calligraphy into a new realm. But today there is no longer exist, will not be discussed here.　　　　Pine Smoke Ink Pine smoke replaced graphite after the Wei and Jin dynasties. Pine smoke originated very early, to the Han Dynasty, there are valuable pine smoke. Among the famous ink makers of the past generations, the one who enjoyed the most fame was Li Tinggui of the Southern Tang Dynasty, whose texture was rumored to be as hard as graphite and whose "ink could cut wood, and when it fell into a ditch by mistake, it remained intact for several months. Later generations of famous ink makers include Pan Gu of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wu Guoliang of the Yuan Dynasty, Cheng Junfang and Fang Yulu of the Ming Dynasty, and Cao Sugong and Hu Kaiwen of the Qing Dynasty, all of whom are considered to be giants. The third treasure: the main source of paper paper for plant fibers, bamboo and wood-based, wood fibers are flexible, made of paper, ink-absorbing stronger; bamboo fibers are brittle and hard, made of paper, ink-absorbing weaker, so this is divided into two broad categories:

1. Weakly absorbent paper: more bamboo fibers made of bamboo paper, paper surface is smoother, the ink floats on the surface, it is not easy to slow open, so the colors are vibrant. To 牋 paper type, such as Chengxintang paper, mud gold 牋, and today's foreign paper also belongs to it.　　　　Chengxintang paper: This is the famous paper used by Li Houzhu of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and is also known as Tinggui ink. It is characterized by its smoothness and tightness, and is called "as smooth as spring ice and as dense as a seal," making it the best of the weakly absorbent papers, while the lesser ones are called Jade Water Paper and the second-worst ones are called Cold Gold Jade. It is characterized as "light and brittle".　　　　Shu牋: It is said that the ancient paper-making method of Cai Lun (蔡伦) has been passed down in Western Sichuan, and the Shu牋 produced since the Tang Dynasty has been quite famous, such as Xue Tao牋, Xie Gong牋, and so on. It is said that the water quality in the area is pure, so the paper is especially good. Xie Gongjie" is named after Shih Hou, who created the paper pattern, and is also known as "Ten Colors" because of its ten colors. "Xue Tao 牋" is named after Tao, but this kind of colorful 牋 paper, though made in accordance with the ancient method, can not be passed on for a long time because the dyeing is easy to fail, and it is just a pleasure to play with.　　　　Tibetan scripture paper: Tibetan scripture paper is used by Buddhist temples to write or print Buddhist scriptures, also known as Jin Su 牋, there are two kinds of yellow and white. Ming and Qing people commonly used mud gold ?, wax ?, today has been rare, cold light ? although for the surface of the light of the lowest, but also rarely seen. Today, we generally use the Japanese-made Toriko paper, but it is expensive and not durable, and really not practical.　　　　2. Strong ink-absorbing paper: mostly made of wood fibers, strong ink absorption, surface astringent, ink a fall paper, very easy to diffuse, writing is often added pulp or waxed, the light is not as sharp as the 牋 paper, more subtle, to the Xuan paper type of the main. Although it appeared later, it has now replaced 牋paper as the most valuable writing paper.　　Xuan paper and Xuan: The most valuable writing paper today is jade board Xuan. Jadeboard Xuan is made from mulberry, short-sectioned wood, rice straws, and sandalwood bark soaked in lime, and has the strongest ink-absorbing properties and the best texture. Xuan paper is named after Xuancheng in Anhui Province, but Xuancheng itself does not produce paper; rather, it is the reason why all the neighboring properties use Xuan as their distribution center. The famous Jade Board Xuan. This kind of paper is not for everyone, because it absorbs ink very well, so those who are too slow to use the pen, use it very hard: as soon as the pen stops a little, the ink will seep out, forming a big ink ball! But there are also people who use its properties to write words with a different flavor, like Pao Shichen's light ink book, Qi Baishi's large brush strokes in writing, etc. ......

What are the "Four Treasures of the House of Letters"?

Pen, ink, paper and inkstone are outdated, and now it should be computers, printers, digital cameras and scanners, which are more appropriate

I hope to adopt

What are the four treasures of the study room

Brush, black ink, rice paper, inkstone

What are the four treasures of the study room of the ancient Chinese

1, i.e., the pen, ink, paper, inkstone.

2, the name of the four treasures of the literati, originated in the period of the North and South Dynasties. Historically, the "four treasures" referred to the thing has changed repeatedly.

3, in the Southern Tang Dynasty, the "Four Treasures of the Scholar's House" specifically refers to Xuancheng Zhuge pen, Huizhou Li Tinggui ink, Chengxintang paper, Wuyuan (originally belongs to Anhui Huizhou province, now belongs to Jiangxi) Longwei inkstone.

4, since the Song Dynasty, "the four treasures" refers to the lake pen (Huzhou, Zhejiang Province), Huizhou ink (Huizhou, Anhui Province, now Shexian), Xuanpaper (now Jingxian, Anhui Province, Jingxian County, the ancient belonging to the Ningguo Prefecture, the production of paper in the Prefecture of Xuancheng for the name), Duan inkstone (now Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, known as the ancient Duanzhou), and She inkstone (now Shexian, Anhui Province).

What are the four treasures of China's literary room

The four treasures of the literary room, is the pride of Chinese culture. Wen Fang, is the study. In ancient China, the four kinds of stationery used in the study, pen, ink, paper and inkstone are called the four treasures of the literary room.

(1) pen

Pen, that is, brush, is a unique Chinese writing utensils. Because it is made of wool, free hair, skunk hair, etc., it is called the brush. The Spring and Autumn period has been able to manufacture brushes. In folklore, there is a famous general of the Qin Dynasty, Mengtian, who was honored as the ancestor of the brush. Before the Tang Dynasty, the peak of the brush was shorter. After the Tang, the brush gradually put long, brush types are more and more, counting the purple hair, part of the hair, the water millimeter, wolf hair, sheep hair, large brush and Chinese painting brush 7 categories.

The best of the brushes is the Lake Brush, produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province (now Wuxing). The brush is made of wool from the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain (only 2-3 taels per sheep) after 72 processes. The lake brush enjoys a great reputation for its strict selection of materials and excellent production, and its millimeters have the four major advantages of being sharp, flush, round and healthy, which are treasured by the world.

(2) Ink

Ink, as the black pigment used for writing and painting, is made of raw materials such as pine smoke. The earliest Chinese ink was produced in the Western Han Dynasty. At that time, ink was only made into small round pieces and could only be ground by pressing a stone on an ink stone. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the shape of ink developed into ink ingots, which could be ground directly by hand. Among the many Chinese ink ingots, Hui Ink is the only one that stands out from the rest. Hui ink is produced in Anhui Huizhou Province, Shezhou (now Shexian County), ink production began in the Five Dynasties. After the Song Dynasty, She, Yixian, Xiuning, Jixi and other places of ink production of good workers emerge in an endless stream, pay attention to the quality and craftsmanship decoration, unique world.

(3) paper

Paper, one of the four great inventions of ancient China. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzhou (now Jing County) in Anhui Province produced a high-class paper for brushes and calligraphy, and at the same time in Xuancheng collection and distribution, so called Xuan paper. Xuan paper is made from sandalwood bark and straw, and is copied by hand after lime treatment, sunlight bleaching and pulping, and its types have developed into more than 10 kinds. Xuan paper is characterized by white paper, fine texture, soft and light, clear ink, not easy to moth, durable. After the Tang and Song dynasties, Xuan paper has become the writing of famous calligraphy and painting paper.

(4) inkstone

Inkstone, ink research equipment. Inkstone, in China has a history of 5000 years. Han Dynasty, the inkstone gradually among the ranks of the traditional art of painting and calligraphy. After the Han Dynasty, in addition to the main types of ink stone inkstone, but also appeared porcelain inkstone, lacquer inkstone, pottery inkstone and metal inkstone. Tang dynasty ink stone-making process has made rapid progress. In the Song Dynasty, the inkstone process has reached a new peak, DuanYan, SheYan, ChengYan, TaoYan is regarded as China's four great inkstones, and especially DuanYan for the best.

The inkstone is produced in Duanxi, the eastern suburb of Duanzhou, Guangdong (now Zhao Dong City). The stone of Duanzhou is a water-forming rock, made of this stone Duan inkstone is delicate, solid, full of ink, lubrication, and grinding good ink does not dry and not frozen, become the best in the stone inkstone, appreciated by successive generations of literati, known as "the first of the group of inkstones".

What are the four treasures of the literary house, including those four ah