Residential buildings on the Sichuan-Tibet line

Xinduqiao residential collection can be called the Oriental Pyramid! The technology of building Shi Zhuan and rammed earth houses on the Sichuan-Tibet line, as well as the masonry of these stone towers or rammed earth, are all exquisite and superb.

Its momentum is magnificent. It also strongly expressed the builder's awe and love for the earth. I seem to have heard the symphony Song of the Earth.

Not far from Zheduo Mountain, there is a picturesque paradise at the north-south fork of the Sichuan-Tibet line. Magical light, boundless grassland, winding streams, golden poplars, continuous mountains, Tibetan villages scattered among them, cattle and sheep grazing peacefully ... This is xinduqiao, a charming "world of light and shadow" and "photographer's paradise" ...

Most of the wooden houses in xinduqiao are built on the mountain, with stone walls. The house is several feet high, usually three stories high, with livestock on the ground floor and objects and people piled up upstairs, and the lighting is excellent. There are white-walled courtyards and red-painted gates, and there are three or four windows on each wall of each building. The eaves of the windows are painted red, black and white, which symbolizes the prosperity of the population and the bumper harvest of crops. Danba Jiaju Tibetan Village is known as the most beautiful village in China: the whole Danba Jiaju Tibetan Village covers an area of about 5 kilometers, and 149 Tibetan Villages are scattered all over. The panorama of Jiaju is dominated by blue and white, with a unique shape.

Unique, the vast majority of residential buildings are four-story stone and wood structures, completely retaining the basic characteristics of Jiarong residential buildings and maintaining the historical features. Jiaju Tibetan Village is a perfect combination of natural environment and architecture, which has high ornamental value and artistic value. It is a model of national architecture in China, and is called "the most beautiful village in China" and "the fairy tale world in Tibetan areas" by the world.

The village is built on the mountain, and at the foot of the mountain is Dajin River, the main tributary of Dadu River. The village is beautiful and elegant, and the unique white small buildings are scattered in the shade. Small buildings are mostly three to four floors, and there are small towers around the roof. Mani flag is inserted on the tower, and prayer flags are hung in front of the door. The first floor is the barn, the second floor is the living room and kitchen, and the third floor is the bedroom and hall. In appearance, it has both the characteristics of stockade and the shape of watchtower. The walls of Danba Tibetan Village are also made of stone, usually with three or four floors. The ground floor is where warehouses and livestock are stored, the second floor is the living room and kitchen, the third floor is the living room, and the top floor is the hall. There is also a wing on one side. However, no matter how the house and wings are built, the outer edge of the top floor is surrounded by yellow, black and white ribbons, which is a major feature of Jia Rong's Tibetan village.

Hundreds of beautiful and unique Jiarong Tibetan-style houses are built on the mountain, backed by the sacred Muldo Mountain, and at the foot are flowing Jinchuan Valley, which are integrated with the natural environment, reflecting the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Such simple and elegant Danba local residential resources are a wonderful work of local residential buildings in China and even in the world. The wooden houses on the Sichuan-Tibet line are called the notes of the solidification of the earth: Daofu House is one of the most distinctive Tibetan buildings. Its unique temperament has constructed the history and present of Dawu. From a distance, the patchwork buildings quietly flow between the green mountains and green waters, just like the high and low keys, beating the melodious movement of hard work and wisdom. Experts say that "if you can't reach Daofu in Tibetan areas, it's like not reaching the Great Wall of Beijing", which mainly refers to Daofu's ubiquitous and world-famous "collapsed Tibetan dwellings", that is, "houses built of wood".

There are two forms of collapse, one is civil or stone-wood structure, which uses rammed earth or masonry to symbolically erect one or two collapsed buildings on it; One is the all-wood structure, which uses the whole log. Mainly distributed in Daofu, Luhuo, Ganzi, Dege, Jiangda and other places in Tibet on the northern line of Sichuan and Tibet, especially the "collapse" of the all-wood structure of Daofu and Dege is the most distinctive.

Manigango is the first small market town after entering Dege. Due to the high altitude and cold climate, the "collapsed" houses are much lower, and most of them are single-storey like "matchboxes". But don't underestimate it. From these seemingly unremarkable and simple "collapsed" houses, we can feel the shadow of early embryonic forms of various "collapsed" houses on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Dege is located in a deep valley, and the house is built on the mountain. The residential building built on the mountain gives people a feeling of towering into the sky. Due to the limitation of terrain, this makes Dege's "collapsed" folk houses more free in spatial layout. On the number of layers, or two or three layers; The location of the balcony, whether in the center or on the edge, depends on the owner's wishes. The window frame is shaped like a figure of eight. Generally, two or three patterns should be carved, such as beehives, beads and lotus petals, and colored to reveal a gorgeous atmosphere. Khampa residence in Qamdo is known as the world of Datura: Qamdo is located in the national corridor and cultural exchange channel at the junction of Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai and Yunnan. As a channel of national migration and cultural exchange in ancient and modern times, it has many functions such as accommodation, dissemination, communication and contact. From the very beginning, Qamdo culture showed the characteristics of multi-cultural convergence and integration, which not only emerged from the Karuo cultural site four or five thousand years ago, but also continued from the architecture.

According to the different load-bearing structures and materials used, the residential buildings in Changdu area can be roughly divided into three categories. The first is the load-bearing column beam, and the stone exterior wall is the so-called bunker. Beam-column bearing is the main structure of Tibetan architecture, especially in Qamdo area. Wooden column structure, dense beam with flat roof, non-load-bearing wall, and beam structure outside the wall are an important feature of Changdu residential buildings. The second is the mixed bearing of wall and column, and the wall is made of rammed earth or stone. This load-bearing structure is basically similar to the internal structure of column and beam, but the difference is that the beam is not supported by another column close to the wall, but directly supported on the wall, which is a common structure in Changdu residential buildings. This kind of structure can be built very high, and if combined with the function of military defense, it can be called a watchtower. The third type is the wooden shack with wall bearing and external protection, that is, the dry well buildings in the three types of wooden structures in ancient China. The coffin tombs of the royal family or nobles in Han dynasty mostly adopted well-shaped structure. The basic structure of wooden shacks is that logs are placed horizontally, interlocking with each other in a cross shape, and the joints of circles outward, planes inward and corners are dug into grooves, which overlap each other and are stacked up and down to form a well-shaped or box-shaped structure, and can also be placed on the floor or wall as needed. Because of its good sealing, moisture-proof, anti-theft and strong earthquake resistance, it is often used as a grain depot for wealthy families in eastern Tibet.

The residential buildings in Changdu are eclectic in structural types and materials, showing the combination of multi-ethnic cultural exchanges. In recent years, we have found Sanyan and Dongba dwellings with regional characteristics in the investigation of local buildings in Changdu area.

Sanyan dwellings are generally 3-4 stories high, and the wooden frame on the top or the top two stories has collapsed. The rest are earth walls, with a thickness of about 1.2 meters, and there are small holes in the walls for shooting and observation during the war. Its shape and function are very similar to those of ancient buildings in Tibetan areas. The ground floor is a barn, the second floor is a kitchen, the third floor is equipped with a hall, a bedroom and a granary, the fourth floor is a warehouse, and the roof is a solar dam. None of the houses of Sanyan exists alone, but all the houses of the same member of Goba are closely linked together, reaching dozens, that is, dozens of bunkers are connected together, forming a huge and magnificent castle. These houses are not only connected to each other, but also connected by back channels, so they can travel freely.

Dongba, a traditional and unique "polyandry" lifestyle, has directly impacted modern people's new concepts such as monogamy, flash marriage, cohabitation era, dink, AA system and so on! Form a big contrast between modern people and Dongba people's views on survival and life! Dongba folk house is the most unique and popular attraction among the propaganda attractions along the Great Shangri-La and the Tea-Horse Ancient Road. Dongba folk houses are built in all aspects and corners, with exquisite workmanship and exquisite style; As far as craft carving is concerned, Dongba folk houses include round carving, relief carving, block carving, chain carving, through carving, semi-relief carving and line drawing, just like temples, palaces, pavilions, bridges and cottages in ancient China. It is difficult to clearly distinguish what is Chinese and western, what is religious element, what is ancient and modern, and what is Chinese and western. The unique love of Linzhi folk houses: the beauty of heaven and earth. Over the Mount Sejila, the quiet pastoral scenery of Tibet is displayed in front of my eyes. A row of girls in the distance are playing Aga.

Aga means "white material" in Tibetan. This is a unique building material in Tibetan areas, that is, the weathered limestone or sandy clay rock is pounded into powder and used on the roof and ground of buildings. Tibetan people regard Aga as precious and mysterious, just as a folk song says, "Aga is not a stone, Aga is not soil, Aga is the essence of lotus land in the deep mountains." In Tibet, "Aga" is widely used, and its use history can be traced back to the Tubo period. Today, this building material is still widely used in Tibetan areas.

Linzhi area is characterized by high mountains and deep valleys, swift rivers and rare Pingchuan and valleys. Most of the villages seen along the way are located at the foot of the mountain and on the Xiaoping Dam by the river. The exterior walls of these houses are often made of stone, and the wall materials are not only gravel, flaky and pebbles, but also wooden boards and bamboo fences. The basic form of folk houses in Linzhi area is a two-story building with one household and one floor, where livestock are raised on the ground floor or used as storage room, and people live on the second floor. The internal structure is basically wooden, except for beams, columns and floors, even the partition walls are wooden. The top is mostly a sloping roof with a few rest peaks. You can travel in depth, which is the virtual boundary between the "Museum of Tibetan Culture of the Ministry of Industry" and the "Pastoral Leisure Land of Artistic Conception".

On the Sichuan-Tibet line, there is also a unique folk house-a tent that moves around. Historically, Tibetan herdsmen lived a nomadic life. Due to constant migration and no fixed place to live, in order to keep out the cold and shelter from the wind, they made tents as habitats. The vast green grassland and colorful tents in the pastoral area set each other off in interest, showing a beautiful plateau scenery.

All kinds of residential buildings on the Sichuan-Tibet line, like this wonderful nature, make people linger between reality and dreams.