What are the characteristics of Song, Liao and Jin pottery?

The 274 years from 960 to 1234 was a period of confrontation and division between Song, Liao and Jin in China's history. The Song dynasty to carry the five generations of the rest of the chaos, although not a strong dynasty, but in China's cultural history is an important period. Song dynasty porcelain in the history of China's ceramic development is a very prosperous and flourishing period, has been found in the ancient ceramic sites distributed in 170 counties in the country, of which there are 130 counties in the Song dynasty kiln site. Song Dynasty kilns are roughly summarized as six kiln system, they are: the northern region of the Ding kiln system, Yaozhou kiln system, the Jun kiln system and the Magnetic Kiln system; the southern region of the Longquan celadon system and Jingdezhen celadon system

These kilns on the one hand, due to the use of raw materials in the region with the impact of the specificity of the kiln, on the other hand, by the political ideas, cultural practices, craft level constraints and has the **** the same. The **** the same sex.

Song Liulichang kiln, the production of a black glaze convex dragon lid jar, 21.5 cm high, caliber 12.5 cm, foot diameter 9.2 cm. The jar has a straight mouth, curved belly, tapering from top to bottom, and a rounded foot. The neck is molded with a coiled dragon design. The body of the jar is bulging with five string patterns, each with a symmetrical tapered point on either side. The whole body is covered with black glaze, the glaze is not as thick as the bottom, and the ochre-colored body of the vessel is exposed near the foot and the bottom, and the body of the vessel is relatively rough. This is a Song Dynasty burial vessel.

Southern Song Dynasty Jizhou kiln flourished, more exquisite for the milky white glaze milk nails willow bucket pattern jar, height 6.4 cm, caliber 7.2 cm. The jar is wide-mouthed and short-necked, with a plump abdomen, overall roundness and thickness, and a double layer of milky studs at the neck. The body is covered with a creamy white glaze, with a crunchy texture and a light body.

Song Jizhou kiln also produced white ground black flower jar, height 10.5 cm, caliber 10.5 cm, foot diameter 6.3 cm. The jar has a wide mouth with a rounded lip, a straight neck, a flat belly, and a rounded foot. The neck and foot are painted in brown with a number of string motifs, and between the shoulders and neck there is a one-week pattern of white dots on a black ground. The abdomen is painted with an open pattern of flowers and grasses, and the outside of the open pattern is painted with a distorted seawater pattern, which is concise and hasty.

This decorative technique originated from the northern magnetism kiln, but has local characteristics. Magnetic kiln white and black flower varieties of white and black contrast, while the Jizhou kiln white ground is actually earthy yellow, black flower is actually brown. The layout of the pattern is mostly in the form of open light, commonly running deer pattern, flower and grass pattern.

Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Southern Song Dynasty tomb found in the lotus pattern furnace and running deer pattern cover jar for this kind of artifacts provide a valuable basis for the break.

In addition to the jar, the white ground black flower objects are bottles, pots, stoves, zun and so on.

Song dynasty life scratch decoration created pick engraving technique, song black glaze pick flower fish decoration meaning closer to the daily fish algae pattern jar, decorative black and white, clear lines, pattern with floating with the development of society, fish decoration as "auspicious" symbol began to highlight, fish more be given auspicious symbolism, loved by the masses of the people. The people's favorite.

Song Ding kiln printing three fish playing lotus pattern plate, the pattern is cleverly conceived, the picture of the three fish playing in the lotus pond, the fish is fat and strong, the lotus flourish, reflecting the "year after year" of the scene, has a rich sense of folklore and auspicious carving.

Western Xia with the Song at the same time, there is no shortage of pottery boutique. Xixia brown glaze pick flower jar, 21.5 cm high, caliber 11 cm, bottom diameter 8.6 cm. Jar is a large mouth, round lip, slightly spherical body, foot ring. The main motif on the abdomen is two groups of floral peony motifs, with a series of arcs on both sides of the motif, a cloud and water motif in the center, and two string motifs on the top and bottom of the motif. It is a representative vessel of the pottery of the Xixia period.

The Liao Dynasty was a local regime established by the Khitans in the Liao River valley in the northeast of China, founded in 916 by Yelu Abaoji, whose territory controlled the entire northeast and part of the northwest. Liao long with the Han Chinese neighbors, and by the influence of the advanced Central Plains culture, Liao pottery modeling practicality, rugged, simple, rich in national characteristics.

Liao pottery is mostly wine, tea, food, storage and daily miscellaneous. Most of the products for the people's kilns, but also for the Liao royal family and the Khitan aristocrats to use the official kiln products.

People's kiln products simple, official kiln products exquisite, has found an important ceramic kiln site 7, of which 4 people's kilns, Liaoning Province, Lin Dong Dongshan kiln, Lindong Baiyin Gole kiln, Liaoyang Jiang Guantun kiln, Datong, Shanxi Province, Qing Hai Kiln Village kiln; official kiln 4, Liaoning Province, Lindong on the capital kiln, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chifeng, and Beijing Longquan service kiln.

Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Beijing area of the Liaoqidan aristocrat tomb and Han people's graves are found in the Liao kiln fired sauce, yellow, green glaze and three color pottery. Liao pottery in the heirloom products to yellow, green monochrome and yellow-green-white three-color glazed pottery.

The Liao Dynasty kiln products are rough, are applied with make-up clay. White pottery glaze white slightly yellow, tire color white with red and black impurities; black glaze pottery glaze color pure black; white glaze black flower pottery tire color white, black flower color black and yellow. The official kiln white pottery tire white, glaze color pure white or white in green, glaze glistening, good and Ding kiln top quality similar, some of the bottom of the engraved "official" or "new official" paragraph.

Beijing found in 985 liao grant qi king zhao dejun tomb and chifeng found in 986 liao extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of the side of a team of the tomb of the "official" and "new official" white porcelain plate, bowl is the early liao by the ding kiln technology influence of the works.

Beijing liao dynasty wang ze tomb, Inner Mongolia zhaomeng shang tomb and Shanxi Datong wuhuwan a liao tomb were found in exquisite white pottery. Black glaze porcelain tire white, glaze black in flash green, glaze such as pile fat, strong luster; white glaze black flower porcelain tire color white in flash yellow, black impurities point; monochrome glaze and three color glaze pottery tire fine and soft, for the light red, applying make-up clay.

Liao official kilns three colored glaze delicate and polished, the people's kilns three colored glaze bright enough, the glaze layer is easy to flake. White glaze pottery glaze is not moist, white glaze on the point of green color is quite beautiful.

LiaoYang 984 yelu yanning tomb, faku YeMaoTai liao tomb, chaoyang before window village liao tomb found in yellow, sauce and green glaze pottery and jinxi 1089 xiao xiaozhong tomb found in yellow glaze and three color glaze pottery, with liao color glaze pottery typical style.

The Liao Dynasty pottery is divided into two categories: the Central Plains form and the Khitan form. Most of the forms of the Central Plains, following the inherent style of firing, bowls, plates, cups, saucers, pots, boxes, pots, jars, pots, bottles, urns, cylinders, and incense burners, ink stone, chess pieces, bricks and tiles, etc.; Qidan form of the Qidan used to follow the style of leather, wood and other containers fired, the types of bottles, jugs, plates, saucers, molding a unique style.

Liao cockle pot, imitation of the Khitan leather container style, the whole by the pot body, tubular flow and different forms of the Department of the composition of the pot body to make imitation leather sewing traces and leather strips, leather buttons and other accessories. Later generations often use the number of traces of leather products to distinguish the age of the cockle pot sooner or later. There are five styles of cockle pots, namely, flat body single hole, flat body double holes, flat body ring beam, round body ring beam and short body beam type.

White ceramic and green glaze jugs with flat body and single hole found in 959 Liao extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of horse's side in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, are the early form of jugs. Hebei qianan liao han phase tomb found in green glaze with lid cockle pot, is a little later flat body double hole style typical ware.

In addition, two Liao tombs in Liaoning province found white ceramic jugs and green-glazed jugs, is the late Liao prevalent round-bodied ring-beam jugs work.

Liaoning Beipiao Shuiquan Liao Tomb found phoenix-head vase, phoenix mouth beads, is the phoenix-head vase of the early style. The phoenix-headed vase has a long neck with a phoenix-head mouth, a swirling pattern or bamboo joints, a high body, abundant shoulders, a thin carcass, and a rounded foot.

The phoenix-head vase found in a Liao tomb in Yixian, Liaoning Province, is the most common, with the phoenix head lifting the lid of the phoenix mouth, which is beautiful and straight. Chicken leg bottle for small mouth, rich bottom, body thin high, on the rich down convergence, shaped like a chicken leg, to arc prismatic string pattern for decoration, is the qidan tribe commonly used storage, the production is very large, the bottle is often engraved with symbols.

The Liao Dynasty typical utensils and disk mouth wear with pots, also known as back pots, the ancient name of the carry pot, is used by nomads to hold sweet wine, milk and other beverages containers. There are two types of pots: flat and round, with grooves and rings on both sides of the body, which can be tied to a rope, making it easy to carry on horseback.

The banded jugs found in the Liao tombs of Qinghemen Xicun in Yixian County of Liaoning Province, No. 7 Liao tomb in Yemautai of Faku, and Shuiquan Liao tomb in Beipiao, show the characteristics of the flat or round-bodied jug style.

The square saucer is in the style of an imitation wooden saucer, with a lace open mouth, quadrangular shape, and shallow body and flat bottom. White glaze printing square dish exquisite, but very few products. Three-color printing square dish is quite a lot, the late Liao tombs are found from time to time, West Arc Hill 1089 Liao tombs, Jianping and Le Village 1090 Liao tombs found in three-color printing square dish for which the masterpiece.

Begonia long dish is imitation metalwork style, shallow wall, flat bottom, for eight curved begonias, yellow, green, white glaze flowers mostly, beautiful style, colorful, some imitation of natural objects burnt fish pots, mandarin duck-shaped pots, vivid form, practical and beautiful.

Liaoning Lingyuan County found three color mandarin ducks pot, 19 cm high, mandarin ducks pot body lying on the lotus leaf type bracket, the mouth for the flow, the back of the paste five petals flower-style mouth, and the abdominal cavity, the lower part of the flower mouth to the end of the crank, to yellow, green, white color glaze to cover the body, the plume pattern clear, colorful.

And in accordance with Indian mythology, "Capricorn fish" made of animal heads, fish body pots and lamps, new and clever design, beautiful shape, Ningcheng found in three color Capricorn pots for the masterpiece.

Liao pottery by the influence of the Central Plains decorative techniques, carving, ticking, printing, painting and color glaze decoration, characterized by simplicity and boldness. Such as the black painted decorations taken from the Magnetic Kiln, more than a scattered composition to show the simplicity of the pattern, there is the beauty of the sparse and unrestrained.

Jianping fifty Liao tomb found in the white glaze black vase, three groups of flowers and butterflies around the body, the brushwork is childishly strong, quite wild.

Some of them are painted on the surface of the vessel or gold decorations, unique. Monochrome and tri-color glaze decoration is a major feature of Liao Dynasty pottery, delicate yellow or green to give people a sense of beauty.

The decorative themes were mostly peonies and peonies in flowers, and the patterns of birds, animals, fishes and insects, flowers and plants, and water waves in nature were also widely seen in the decorative images, as well as the traditional patterns of dragons, animal faces, knights, ligers, fire beads, and streaming clouds, etc. The Jin Dynasty was a time of peace and harmony. The Jin Dynasty is located in the era of the Southern Song Dynasty and the confrontation of a special era, and at the same time is the northern ethnic minorities built, so it has a strong era of characteristics and national style.

The reason for the rise of pottery in the Jin Dynasty is due to the female Genghis Khan in the Khitan Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty area a large number of looting treasures, stimulating the development of pottery in the Jin Dynasty; the second is to learn from the advanced culture of the Central Plains, which promotes the development of pottery.

Pre-Jin Dynasty ceramics more than the use of the Liao Dynasty old kiln firing, low level of craftsmanship, products more rough, national style and regional color is more obvious. Liaoning fushun dagantun kiln and liao yang jianggantun kiln is the pre jin dynasty pottery production, varieties of black, white, sauce glaze and tea green glaze, etc., the tire thick impurities, glaze turbidity is not glossy.

Jin dynasty pottery class to bowl, plate mainly, with three series, four series of bottles, pots, jars is the regional characteristics of the outstanding wares. Decoration is simple, only see the white ground black color decoration, carving, scratching, printing, carving, adding color and so on rarely seen.

The black grass and leaf pattern on the white glaze and black flowers on the four series of bottles found in Shuangcheng County, Heilongjiang, is free and unrestrained. Liaoning Changwu County found in white glaze black flowers gourd-shaped pot, pasted on the pot flow of the seated old man, novel and rare, showing the special style of pottery in the pre-Jin Dynasty.

After Jin moved capital Yanjing, pottery production is concentrated in the Dading years or later developed in Hebei Quyang Ding kiln, magnetic county Guantai kiln, Henan Yuxian Jun kiln and Shaanxi Tongchuan Yaozhou kiln, Shandong Zibo magnetic village kiln and so on.

The Ding kiln is mainly white porcelain, carved and printed decoration. Fine white porcelain with decorations, burned with the over-firing process, the ware are "mangkou". Civilian coarse porcelain, innovative sand circle firing process, the formation of objects in the bottom of a circle of unglazed characteristics.

Beijing Tongzhou 1177 Jin tomb and Beijing Xiannongtan Jin tomb found in white glaze engraved flower plate, bowl, wash, pots and so on and jiangsu province jiangpu county 1195 zhang's tomb found in white glaze printed mandarin ducks and lotus bowl, are representative of the jin dynasty ding kiln.

Magnetism Kiln varieties, there are white glaze, black glaze, sauce glaze, white glaze painting flowers, white and black flowers, red and green colored porcelain and color glaze pottery. Such as gold "dading two years" inscription white black flower bird tiger pillow, henan xinxiang gold green glaze engraved lotus pillow, north xianxian found white glaze black flower peony bottle, henan jiyuan county found three color engraved figure pillow, as well as magnetic county pengcheng town found in red and green color figurines, are different varieties of masterpieces.

The Jin Dynasty Magnetic Kiln Jar is 12.8 centimeters high, with a diameter of 6.3 centimeters at the mouth, 7.9 centimeters at the bottom, and a maximum diameter of 27.5 centimeters at the abdomen. The base color is white glaze, with black-brown pattern on it, sketching simple, like aquatic plants. The interior of the tire of the jar is covered with black-brown full glaze, and the workmanship is simple and plain.

From the vessel type and craftsmanship has the typical characteristics of the Jin Dynasty, is more common in the magnetism kiln system, it should be the magnetism kiln system jar produced in Shanxi area.

Jun kilns mainly burned ceramics with sky-blue milky glaze. Liaoning Liaoyang Jin Tomb, Shanxi Houma Jin Tomb found in the pottery of fine texture, color gray, glaze moist, with flake pattern, show halo spots or small black spots, the craft is not fine enough. The same kind of gold tomb in Datong, Shanxi 1190 years found in the Jun glaze small stove, also initially revealed the characteristics of the Jin Dynasty pottery.

Yaozhou kiln mainly burned green glaze pottery, and black glaze and black porcelain on white. Celadon tire coarse color light gray, glaze ginger or light green, thin glaze layer, not enough light. Decoration to print the majority, carving tends to be less.

Shaanxi tongchuan yaozhou kiln site gold layer found in the green glaze engraved flower bowl and Beijing fengtai gold tomb found in the green glaze engraved peony pattern bowl, carving line is smooth, pattern free, as representative of the ware.

Shandong zibo magnet village kiln main firing white pottery, white ground black flowers, black glaze, white glaze black edge, sauce color glaze, stranded glaze and so on the second. Black glaze white line pattern is also commonly known as "powder bar", is one of the most characteristic varieties of the Jin Dynasty.

Magnet village kiln found in black glaze white line pattern jar, in the black drum belly, raised white line pattern, color white and thick, very eye-catching. Add color ware in white porcelain on the red, green color, bright and colorful. Some of the bottom ink writing "Taihe", "Zhengda" and other words.

Hunyuan Kiln in Shanxi, Xiao Kiln, Suzhou Kiln and Sizhou Kiln in Anhui also produced products in the styles of Jun Kiln, Ding Kiln and Magnetic Kiln respectively.

The pottery of the Jin Dynasty consisted of plates, bowls, jars, bottles and pots, followed by cups, washes, stoves, marigolds, pillows and toys. Daily objects styling more inheritance of the Song style, the era of distinctive features of the shape of the double system, three systems, four systems of bottles, double system of jars and high body of the long-necked vase cockle bottle and so on. Daguan Tun kiln found pottery Lei and Jiang Guantun kiln found black glazed peach-shaped pot is rare and special objects.

Jin Dynasty pottery decoration tends to be simple, there are engraved, scratched, printed, ticking flowers, brush painting, plastic paste, add color and so on. Carved, scratched flower decoration to Ding kiln for the most, in the white glaze cover cylinder under the mouth engraved a week of sawtooth pattern, the abdomen engraved dense convex and concave line pattern, there is the effect of shallow relief carving, the era of outstanding features.

Brush painting decorations are represented by the magnetic state kiln system, simple brush, bright lines, the picture is rich in life. The white-glazed black flowers found in Daguntun kiln and the white-glazed black flower pots found in Guantai kiln in Magnesia County are representative of the wares.

Decorative composition in addition to the Song Dynasty, mostly used in the banded twining branch style, separate patterns of balanced and full of flowers, but also good to highlight the theme of light style pattern. Yaozhou kiln site of the Jin Dynasty layer found in green glaze carved flowers crouching cow bowl, Hebi City, Henan Province, found in white and black flowers baby playing lotus pillow, white and black flowers pot flower pillow, are diamond-shaped open light to support out of the crouching cow, baby lotus and pot flower theme.

Patterned isometric lines within the composition of a single pattern is also prevalent, Jilin Province, found in the sauce brown glaze printed bowl as a typical example. A flower and a leaf composition, sparse and simple, the picture of a branch of lotus, a branch of daylilies, a swimming fish, are full of vitality, Jilin Province, found in the Ding kiln white glaze engraved flowers are representative of its ware.

White glaze and black painted decorative subject matter to flowers mostly, water waves, fish, ducks, mandarin ducks, herons, flying phoenix and baby play pattern is also common in the picture. Picture of children dressed in flowery shirts and pants, head combed buns, a change in the Song Dynasty, the kind of bald, naked body image. White glaze and black painted composition, very close to the chapter of Chinese painting, the picture is common on the autumn geese and lotus, a late autumn scenery, ink and wash paintings of the tranquil mood, found in Beijing, white and black flower tiger-shaped pillow is representative of its ware.