Tang sancai materials

Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is a treasure of ancient ceramic firing technology in China. Its full name is Tang Sancai. It belongs to a kind of low-temperature lead glazed pottery prevailing in the Tang Dynasty, with yellow, green and white as the basic glaze colors. During the construction of Luoyang section of 1905 Longhai Railway, a number of tombs of the Tang Dynasty were found in the northern part of Mangshan Mountain in the ancient capital Luoyang, and later people called this pottery "Tang Sancai".

Tang Sancai is the full name of Tang Sancai. On the same object, yellow, green, white or yellow, green, blue, ochre, black and other basic glaze colors are used alternately at the same time, forming a colorful artistic effect. "Tricolor" means colorful, not just three colors.

Tang Sancai is a multi-color low-temperature glazed pottery, which uses fine white mud as raw material and lead oxide as cosolvent to reduce the melting temperature of glaze. In the firing process, metal oxides containing copper, iron, cobalt and other elements are melted into the lead glaze as colorants, forming glaze colors of yellow, green, blue, white, purple, brown and other colors, but many utensils are mainly yellow, green and white, and even some utensils have only one or two of the above colors, which are collectively called "Tang Sancai".

To make Tang Sancai, the mashed and washed white mud is kneaded into a certain shape, then trimmed, dried, put into a kiln and fired at 65438 0000℃. After cooling, it is glazed and colored, and then it is burned to 800℃ in the kiln.

Tri-colored Tang Dynasty first appeared in Tang Gaozong, and it was very popular during the Kaiyuan period, with diverse shapes and bright colors. After Tianbao, the number gradually decreased.

Tang Sancai was used as a funerary object in the Tang Dynasty for martyrdom. Since the founding of New China, people have paid more attention to the tri-colored Tang Dynasty and developed the restoration technology of tri-colored Tang Dynasty. People are keen on the display of the study, which is a good gift for relatives and friends.

Tang Sancai was not only popular in China for a while, but also sold well overseas. Tang Sancai has also been found in more than ten countries including India, Japan, North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Egypt and Italy.

Tang Sancai is a kind of low-temperature lead glazed pottery. When different metal oxides are added to the glaze, various colors such as light yellow, ochre yellow, light green, dark green, sky blue, brown red and eggplant purple are formed after firing, but most of them are yellow, white and green. It is a traditional handicraft with China's unique style, mainly the colored glaze coated on the ceramic body. During the firing process, chemical changes occur, the depth of the colored glaze changes, mutual penetration, mottled dripping, natural color coordination and smooth patterns. In the mutual reflection of colors, the three colors in the Tang Dynasty show magnificent artistic charm. Tang Sancai was used as a funerary object. As a funerary object, its practicability was far less than that of celadon and white porcelain that had appeared at that time because of its brittle fetal quality and poor waterproof performance.

Tang Sancai is mainly distributed in Xi and Luoyang. In Xi 'an, it is called the West Kiln, and in Luoyang, it is called the East Kiln. Thick burial prevailed in the Tang dynasty, not only among dignitaries, but also among the people, and it has formed an atmosphere.

Tri-colored utensils in the Tang Dynasty, such as daily necessities, mainly include bottles, pots, cans, cups, plates, pots, candlesticks, inkstones and pillows. The model includes pavilions, imitation wooden cabinets, houses, warehouses, toilets, ox carts, wagons and so on. There are various figures and animals in the figurines, such as ladies, dignitaries, waiters and waitresses, warriors, kings, conference semifinals, horses, camels, pigs, sheep, chickens and dogs.

The rise of tri-color in Tang Dynasty has its historical reasons. First of all, the rapid development of ceramic industry and the continuous improvement of the artistic level of sculpture and architecture in the Han Dynasty promoted their continuous combination and development, so people, animals and daily utensils can be displayed on the utensils in the Tang Dynasty.

After the rule of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong and all walks of life flourished, which also led to the corruption of some senior officials' lives, so the wind of reburial became more and more fierce. At that time, Tang Sancai was also a funerary object, which was once listed in the government's explicit provisions, that is, one product, two products, three products and four products, that is to say, how many pieces can he be allowed to be buried with him, but in fact, as these dignitaries, they are not satisfied with the explicit provisions, but often many times more than the government's provisions to do this kind of reburial. The official style is like this, and the folk customs are of course like this, so such a style of heavy burial has been formed from top to bottom, which is one of the main reasons for the rapid development and rise of Tang Sancai in the Central Plains at that time.

The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of China's feudal society. Therefore, the three colors of the Tang Dynasty reflect the politics, culture and life of the Tang Dynasty from another side. Like other cultures in the Tang Dynasty, poetry, painting, architecture and * * constitute the melody of Tang culture, but they are different from other cultures and arts. Seen from the history of modern ceramics, the tri-colored glaze in the Tang Dynasty is an epoch-making milestone in the history of ceramics in the Tang Dynasty, because before the Tang Dynasty, there were only monochromatic glazes. After the Tang Dynasty, this multicolored glaze color was also used on ceramic objects. It is verified from the history of ceramics, which is related to the great changes in aesthetic points at that time in the Tang Dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, people advocated vegetarianism. After the Tang Dynasty, it embraced various cultures, including many foreign cultures. At this time, from the production of paintings, ceramics and gold and silver utensils, it formed the characteristics of splendid culture.

Tri-color in the Tang Dynasty occupies an important historical position in China culture, and has left a rich and colorful stroke in the history of China ceramics. Tang Sancai was born in the Tang Dynasty because of its cultural origin. First of all, mature ceramic technology is the material basis for the birth of Tang Sancai; Secondly, the wind of heavy burial in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was the direct direction of its birth; Third, the history and culture in various fields of the Tang Dynasty are the best artistic nourishment. The birth of tri-color glaze in Tang Dynasty is also the birth of tri-color glaze decoration technology, which is a process of combining glaze decoration with carcass decoration. Brilliant tri-colored Tang Dynasty, its gorgeous artistic effect has been perfectly displayed and vividly displayed on the figurines with exquisite sculptures and vivid shapes.

The production process of Tang Sancai is very complicated. First of all, the mined mineral soil should be selected, mashed, washed, precipitated and dried, then made into tires with molds and fired in the kiln. The firing method of Tang Sancai is secondary firing. From the raw material point of view, its matrix is white mud, which is fired in a kiln at1000-1100℃, and the fired blank is cooled, and then the prepared glaze is put into the kiln for glaze firing at a firing temperature of about 800℃. In terms of glaze color, various oxidized metals are used as colorants, and various colors appear after calcination.

After the glaze is burned, some characters need to start over. The so-called opening means that the antique products of figures' heads are not glazed, and they have to go through a process of inserting, hooking lips and painting hair, and then the three-color products of Tang Dynasty are completed.

The basic forming methods of tri-color in Tang Dynasty are wheel-making, modeling and carving, and several methods are often used in combination on an article. Wheeling is a method of making ceramics with wheelbarrows. The main part is a wooden round wheel with a vertical shaft under it. The lower end of the vertical shaft is buried in the soil, and the upper end has a hub to facilitate the rotation of the round wheel. During operation, the round wheel is rotated to make it rotate smoothly, and the mud is pulled into the required shape with both hands by using the rotating force of the wheel cart. The wheel method began in the late Dawenkou culture in the Neolithic age, and the artifacts made were regular in shape. In daily appliances, cups, plates, bowls, plates, bottles, stoves, pots and cans are mostly wheels. Molding is similar to the manual extrusion method of modern ceramic manufacturing industry. Mostly used to make small objects with simple shapes. Molding can be divided into single mode and closed mode. Single mode is formed by putting mud into a mold and extruding it. This single mode is suitable for decorative decals and other small accessories on utensils. A double mold is formed by pressing two mold halves and butting them together. Clamping is suitable for household utensils, servants, animals and more complicated utensils. Sculpture modeling is mostly suitable for large servants and complex utensils. The production of complex three-color devices requires a variety of molding methods.