Middle school students must master the general knowledge of the literary language in the middle school examination

Chinese Literature and Literary Knowledge for Junior High School

The five sounds are also known as the "five tones", i.e., the five tones of the ancient Chinese five-tone scale: gong, shang, jiao, zheng (zhi), and yin (zhi)，and the five tones of the ancient Chinese musical scale. The five tones, like the ancient so-called yin and yang, five elements, five flavors, five colors, five senses, five valleys and other simple theoretical forms, are China's early holistic view of aesthetics, and are regarded by Westerners as the basic form of the entire Oriental music. In the "Strategies of the Warring States", Jing Ke assassinated the Qin king: "Gao Jianli struck the building, and Jing Ke sang with him, making the sound of changing levies, and all the soldiers wept and sniffled." The "change of levy" in the text is the sound between the horn and the levy, which is close to the sound of the levy, and has a sad tone.

Gong tone music term. In ancient times, it was called Gong, Shang, Horn, Changzheng, Zheng, Feather, and Changgong as the seven tones, in which any one of them is the starting point of the scale, which can form a kind of tonal pattern. Where the palace sound as the starting point of the scale of the modulation called "palace", that is, the palace modulation, and the other sounds are mainly called "tone", such as the tone of the business, the corner of the tone, collectively referred to as the "palace tone".

The twelve laws of ancient music, is an ancient method of sound. That is, with the three-point loss and gain method will be divided into an octave of twelve not exactly the same semitones of a legal system. From low to high, each law is as follows: Huang Zhong, Daliu, Tai Lu, Jie Caste, Gushu, Zhong Lu, Legendary, Lin Zhong, Yi Ze, Nan Lu, Wu Jie, Ying Zhong. Twelve laws are divided into yin and yang categories, where the six odd-numbered laws are called yang law, and the six even-numbered laws are called yin law. In addition, the odd-numbered laws are called "Lu", and the even-numbered laws are called "Lu", so the twelve laws are also referred to as "Lu Lu".

Mundane music is a general term for all kinds of folk music in ancient times. The popular music used in the palace banquets was called "Yan music". The "elegant music" is the ceremonial music and dance formulated by the ruling class, in the final analysis, almost all from folk music, only to change its content and mood. There are famous zither music "Guangling San" "wine crazy" "high mountains" "running water" "plum blossom three", etc., pipa music "Yangchun ancient song" "Pingsha Luyan" "Nishang Qu", silk and bamboo music "Spring River Flower and Moonlit Night" "old eight boards", Guangdong music "dry heavenly thunder" "rain beating banana", etc., as well as a large number of monasteries music, all over the world various kinds of music, many of which are the treasures of China's traditional culture.

Ya music is the music and dance used by the ancient emperors when they sacrificed to heaven and earth, ancestors, and the great ceremonies such as congratulations and feasts. In the Zhou Dynasty, Yaluo referred to the "six dances" (Yunmen, Xianchi, Dachime, Daxia, Dawu, Dawu, the first four kinds of cultural dances, and the last two kinds of martial dances). Later rulers of successive dynasties regarded this as the highest model of music and dance, believing that its music was "neutral and peaceful" and its lyrics "elegant and pure", so it was called "elegant music". Various dynasties have followed the rituals of music, singing the praises of virtue, such music and dance collectively referred to as "elegant music".

Spring River Moonlit Night music "Wu sound song" name. Legend has it that Chen Houzhu (Chen Shubao) created, the original words have been anonymous. Emperor Yang of Sui, Wen Tingjun, etc. have made this song. Tang Dynasty Zhang Ruoxu made the "Spring River and Moonlit Night" is the most famous.

Nishang Feiyi Dance is "Neishang Feiyi Qu", or "Neishang" for short. It is a musical dance of the Tang Dynasty court. Its origin legend varies: some say, Tang Xuanzong climbed the Sangxiang stage, looking at the daughter of the mountain, return to make; some say, this song is "Brahmin song" of the alias; some say, Tang Xuanzong wrote the first half of the song based on fantasy, but also the governor of Xiliang, Yang Jingshu into the "Brahmin song" adapted into the second half of the song together and the production of the. Bai Juyi has a poem that describes the singing of this song in detail.

The Ten Ambush Pipa Great Song. It was already in circulation in the late Ming Dynasty. The piece describes the final battle of the Chu-Han War at Gaixia in 202 B.C. It utilizes the pipa's unique expressive techniques to express the vividness of the battle in ancient wars, in which thousands of horses and dry troops charge into battle. This piece is one of the representative works of the traditional pipa.

The Five Shooting Techniques of Ancient Times. These five shooting skills are: white vector, Senlian, Hepai, Xiangshou and Jingyi. White vector, the arrow through the target and arrow white, indicating that the hair vector accurate and powerful; Senlian, before the release of a vector, after the three vectors in succession and go, vectors and vectors belong to each other, such as the link of the pearl of the title; Hepatitis, said that the vector line of the fast; Xiang feet, the minister and the king shot, the minister and the king and the king, so that the king of the ruler a foot and back; Jing Yi, four vectors in succession, are right on the target.

The four treasures of the old pen, ink, paper, ink stone four kinds of stationery general term. Wen room, that is, the study. The Northern Song Dynasty Su Yijian wrote a book, "the four recipes", describing the four types of stationery categories and facts. These stationery, the production of a long history, famous hands, and rich categories, unique style. Famous are: Anhui Jingxian's Xuan paper, Anhui Shexian's She ink, Guangdong Duanzhou's Duan inkstone, Zhejiang Wuxing's lake pen.

Calligraphy is one of the traditional arts in China, which is a kind of line modeling art with Chinese characters as the object of expression and brushes as the tool of expression. Chinese characters have gone through the development stages of seal script, official script, regular script, etc., and the techniques have been refined day by day. Between the dots and paintings of the writing, it expresses the author's character, emotion, interest, literacy, temperament and other spiritual factors, and then it has become an independent art. Pen, structure, chapter for the calligraphy of the main points. From the Shang and Zhou oracle bones, two weeks of gold, Qin seal script, Han Li, as well as the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Tang and Song Dynasties Regular, Running and Cursive, the calligraphic style is complex, many schools of thought, emerged Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing, Huaisu and other great calligraphers, leaving behind the "Lanting Preface," "Self-explanatory post" and other precious calligraphy heritage.

The Six Books are six regulations summarized by the ancients who analyzed the methods of Chinese character creation, i.e., pictograms, references, ideograms, morpho-sounds, transcriptions, and pseudo-borrowings. Today, people generally believe that the latter two have nothing to do with the creation of characters. Pictograms are character creation methods that depict the shape of things, such as "sun, moon, mountain, sheep, horse", etc. Pictograms are all monograms. The word "指事" is a character creation method that uses symbols to express meaning, such as "上、下、本、末、中、甘、刃", and so on, and the characters for "指事" are also all monograms. Huiyi is a character creation method that combines two or more characters to express a new meaning, such as "Ming, Dan, Cai, Hugh" and so on.