What types of societies prior to the nation-state have been classified by Western scholars?

Localized tribal cultural systems (whether hunter-gatherer or sedentary-agricultural, which had long existed in prehistory prior to class divisions and continued to exist in areas of the world that did not give rise to states);

City-state systems (such as historical port city-states, which survived and flourished through overseas trade, and whose frontier problems were more a matter of wars on the borders with neighboring countries);

Feudal systems (represented by medieval Western Europe); and

Feudal system (represented by medieval Western Europe);

Systems dominated by large imperial forms (whose frontiers were inhabited by small states or tribal cultures). From the perspective of world history, these four social systems in the pre-nation-state era, not only the city-state system and the large empire system of frontier problems and frontier management there is a great contrast, but also the different large empires of the East and the West in these issues are not the same.