China stringed instruments

Guqin, also known as Qin, lyre, stone and lyre, is a traditional plucked instrument of the Han nationality, with a history of more than 3,000 years, belonging to the silk in the eight tones. Guqin has a wide range, deep timbre and lingering sound. "Qin" has been its specific meaning since ancient times. From 65438 to 1920s, it was renamed Guqin to distinguish it from piano. At the beginning, it was 5 strings, and it was customized to 7 strings in the Han Dynasty. There are 13 emblems that mark the rhythm. They are also ritual vessels and musical instruments.

Qin is the most famous musical instrument in China culture, and it is said that "a scholar does not withdraw the Qin without reason" and "left the Qin and right the book". Ranked first among the four traditional arts of China, Qin, Qi, calligraphy and painting, it is regarded as an elegant representative by literati, and it is also an accompaniment instrument when literati sing. Since ancient times, it has been a necessary knowledge and compulsory subject for many literati. The story of Boya and Zhong Ziqi's bosom friend "high mountains and flowing water" has been passed down to this day; Qintai is considered as a symbol of friendship. Qin is found in a large number of poems. There are more than 3360 piano pieces, 130 piano scores and 300 piano pieces. The main spread range is the countries and regions in the Han cultural circle, such as China, North Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, etc., and there are also Qin Hui organized by Qin people in Europe and America.

Guqin is the earliest plucked instrument of Han nationality, a treasure of China culture and a masterpiece of human oral and intangible heritage. The physical objects unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Hubei Province date back more than 2,400 years. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, guqin products have been handed down from generation to generation. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 100 kinds of music and 3000 musical instruments. There are also a large number of documents about pianists, piano theory, piano system and piano art, and the rich remains are outstanding among Chinese musical instruments. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, guqin was also introduced to East Asian countries, and was absorbed and passed down by the traditional cultures of these countries. In modern times, with the footprints of China people all over the world, it became a symbol of oriental culture in the eyes of westerners. Gehu is a bass stringed instrument of Huqin. After years of reform and practice, Yang Yusen developed in 1950s on the basis of retaining the basic timbre and shape of the huqin, combined with the pronunciation structure of western violin instruments. There were four kinds of original songs: small, medium, big and bass. After continuous reform, the timbre and appearance have been improved, greatly enriching the bass range of national bands.

Gehu consists of a round, horizontal wooden piano barrel, one end of which is wrapped with python skin (single-skin vibration or double-skin vibration), and four strings are strung together to form a lever piano code. At present, the beard used by Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra is a single-skin vibrating beard.

Gehu timbre is tough and loud, with a wide range of about three octaves. Gehu plays off-string sounds with a bow, or plucks the strings with his right finger. Its timbre changes are roughly the same as those of erhu. Gehudo is responsible for playing the bass part of the music. He can play all kinds of two-tone chords and adapt to any tone sandhi. Gehu plays an important role in enhancing the sound thickness and enriching the harmony effect in ensemble.

Ge Hu's playing skills are divided into right-handed and left-handed skills. The right hand is mainly the bow method, including slow bow, fast bow, divided bow, connected bow, broken bow, bow, jump bow, shake bow and so on. Because Gehu's piano box is bigger, the strings are longer and the reverberation is longer, it is also played by plucking the strings from time to time. As for the skills of the left hand, there are mainly overtones, vibrato, playing and sliding. Because of the wide fingering distance, it is not suitable for playing too fast or playing too many flowers. Zhonghu is the abbreviation of alto erhu, belonging to Huqin's alto stringed instrument, which was reformed on the basis of erhu shape in 1950s. The appearance and shape are the same as erhu, the tube is bigger and the pole is longer than erhu.

The structure of the Chinese Hu is basically the same as that of the erhu except for the posture. Its range is about two octaves, and its timbre changes are basically the same as those of erhu. In national orchestras, Hu Zhong generally acts as the alto and bass of stringed instruments. Its profound and rich timbre can play a lyrical melody. In the ensemble of national orchestras, it is mainly used to enrich the midrange part and even the whole string, such as overlapping the melody of the treble part to enhance the acoustic effect. When he plays the role of accompaniment, he takes continuous long tones and various rhythms as harmonious accompaniment.

Playing skills are roughly the same as erhu, which can be divided into right-handed skills and left-handed skills. In addition to being an accompaniment instrument, he also acts as a solo; The famous China Hu's solo is On the Prairie (Liu Mingyuan), and China Hu's concerto is Su Wu (Liu Zhu).

Gaohu, also known as "Moon Lake", was reformed from Erhu by famous Guangdong musician Lv Wencheng in the 1920s. It is shaped like an erhu, but its body is slightly smaller than that of the erhu, and its tuning is four or five degrees higher than that of the erhu, so its timbre is clear and gorgeous. In the early days, it was one of the main accompaniment instruments of Guangdong music and Cantonese opera, and gradually became a stringed instrument that can be solo, ensemble and ensemble.

The physical structure of gaohu is basically the same as that of Erhu, except that the drum is smaller and the piano rod is shorter. The player clamped the piano barrel between his legs to play. Gaohu's tuning is five degrees higher than erhu's, and its range is about two octaves. Gaohu's timbre has little difference in each sound zone, and the timbre changes are the same as those of Erhu. Gaohu, as the high-pitched part of stringed instruments in the national orchestra, is not as expressive as erhu, but he is still good at playing lyric melody or expressing warm and jubilant atmosphere. When it plays the role of accompaniment, it can play continuous long notes, accompaniment with various rhythms and so on.

Gaohu's playing skills, like erhu, can be divided into right-handed skills and left-handed skills. Famous music includes Gao Hu's concertos Qin Shi (Li Zhuqu) and Liang Zhu (He Zhanhao and Chen Gang Qu). Gehu, a perch, has the same appearance as Gehu, but is bigger. It is also a bass stringed instrument created by Yang Yusen on the basis of Erhu in 1950s. After the reform, the bass voice has also been improved in timbre and appearance, enriching and strengthening the bass voice of the national orchestra.

The bass Gehu has the same structure as Gehu, but because of its large size, it is necessary to stand or sit in a higher chair when playing. Its voice is rich and vigorous, its playing method is the same as that of Gehu, and its bow is also like a double cello in western musical instruments. The playing skills of bass brother Hu are basically the same as those of brother Hu. Banhu is a bowstring instrument in China folk music. Piano barrels are made of wood or coconut shells. Its pronunciation is crisp and loud, suitable for expressing passionate songs. Besides solo, it is also the main accompaniment instrument of northern operas (such as Hebei Bangzi, Pingju and Henan Opera). Banhu, a stringed instrument, came into being on the basis of Huqin with the appearance of Bangzi Opera, a local opera in China.

Its name is because the piano barrel is made of thin wooden boards. Also known as Banghu, Qinhu, Tribal Tiger, Tribal Tiger, Daxian and Piao, it was called banqin in Qing Dynasty. Banhu has a history of about 300 years in China, with a wide variety, bright timbre and high pitch. It is the main accompaniment instrument of all kinds of Bangzi Opera, Beiju Opera and Quyi in China. Mongolian bows and stringed instruments. It was called Hull in ancient times. Mongolians are commonly known as Sinagen Hull, which means spoon piano, referred to as Xihu. The Yuan Dynasty literature called it Huqin. Chinese literally translates into spoon-shaped huqin, also known as ponytail huqin. It has a long history, unique shape, soft and rich timbre and rich grassland flavor. Can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment. It is popular in all parts of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, especially in eastern areas such as Horqin and Zhaowudamang. As early as the early Song Dynasty, on the basis of playing Hobbes, Lei Hu and other stringed instruments, the Mongolians in northern China made the bow-string instrument Huqin. Mongolian people call it "Hull", which is completely different from Western Qin stringed instruments in shape and playing method. It is a kind of Huqin with two strings, and a bow is pulled outside the strings. Mongolians are commonly known as "Sinagan Herr", which means spoon piano, also referred to as "tin pot".

It is the product of the change from playing stringed instruments to playing stringed instruments in Song Dynasty. There is a saying in Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan" in the Northern Song Dynasty: "Mawei Huqin follows the Chinese car". In Genghis Khan's era (1 162- 1227), the huqin was very popular in the court and among the people. The historical records of the Yuan Dynasty are very detailed. In the Book of Rites and Music of the Yuan Dynasty (Volume 71), its shape is described as follows: "The huqin is like a fire, with a neck roll, a dragon head and two strings, which are pressed by a bow, and the bow string is a ponytail." In the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Qin was not only used for solo or ensemble in banquets, but also widely used in military performances. Zhang Yi The Travels of Marco Polo wrote: "The Tatars have other customs. When their teams lined up and waited for the war, they sang and played their two-stringed piano, which was beautiful. " In the Qing Dynasty, the Imperial Ritual Schema (Volume 9) contained: "Huqin, a Mongolian musical instrument." This is a musical instrument, which sounds like a spoon, angular shoulders, single face, two strings like thunder, and is played with a straight ponytail bow outside the strings (the bow hair is not tense). This kind of huqin was still used in Mongolian bands such as Harqin Palace until the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The Erqin, Erhu, Gao Hu, Zhonghu, Jinghu, Jinghu, Hu Si and Banhu, which people are familiar with today, do not belong to this kind of Huqin, but belong to the string instrument series of Western Qin.

Mongolian musical instruments such as Chaoer and Ma Touqin were developed from this kind of huqin. Strings In 1980s, Mongolian musicians cooperated with musical instrument makers to make an improved huqin according to the image of Wang Fu Harqin Band and referring to other historical documents. The total length is 79 cm, and the * * * sound box is semi-pear-shaped. A whole piece of colored wood produced in Changbai Mountain was dug in the abdominal cavity, which was covered with the original sheepskin. Now it is covered with a thin slice of ichthyosis spruce, with a width of 2 1.7 cm, and the piano seat is equipped with a piano holder. The head of "Materre" (it is said that this is a kind of "dragon horse" similar to the ancient totem worship period) is carved on the top of the piano pole, which represents the mascot of being brave and restraining evil, auspicious and safe at home. The front of the piano is flat, the back is round, and the front is fingerboard, which has no taste. Stretch two wires or nylon wrapped with steel wire. The wooden piano horse is placed in the center of the panel, and the height of the horse is 2.5 cm. The bow of the piano bow is made of wood, and the ends are tied with ponytails as bow hair, which has tension. When playing, take a sitting posture, hold the piano holder at the bottom of the piano box with your legs, hold the piano with your left hand, press the strings with the fingertips of your index finger, middle finger, ring finger and little finger, and grasp the bow handle with the palm of your right hand downward to play outside the strings above the bridge. According to the five-degree relationship, the tune of the Hu Qin is: d 1, a 1, and the range is D 1-D3, two octaves. Soft and bright tone, loud volume, belonging to alto instruments. The left hand skills include vibrato, beat and slider, and the right hand skills include long bow, short bow, slingshot and jump bow. It is often used in Mongolian instrumental ensemble or to accompany national songs and dances. Known as "the king of folk music", "the king of plucking" and "the first plucking instrument". Pluck a stringed instrument. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was introduced into the mainland from India through Qiuci. Wooden. The speaker is semi-pear-shaped, with four strings, neck and panel equipped with "phase" and "product" to determine the phoneme. Hold it vertically when playing, press the string with your left hand and play with your right finger. It is an important national musical instrument for solo, accompaniment and ensemble.

The so-called pipa in history not only refers to musical instruments with pear-shaped sounding boxes, but also refers to various plucked instruments with similar shapes and different sizes, such as, yueqin and Ruan. Their names "Pi" and "Pa" are based on the right-handed skills of playing these instruments. Pipa and arpeggio are the names of two playing techniques. Pipa right hand plays forward, arpeggio right hand plays backward. Pipa is the main plucked instrument with a long history in China. After the improvement of the performer, the shape tends to be unified, and it has become a four-string pipa with six phases and twenty-four products. Pipa has a wide range of musical instruments, its playing skills are the first of national instrumental music, and its expressive force is the richest instrument in folk music. When playing, each finger of the left hand presses the strings of the corresponding grade, and the right hand wears celluloid (or tortoise shell) to pluck the strings. Guzheng is a very ancient stringed instrument in China, belonging to plucked instruments. Among Chinese traditional musical instruments, guzheng has beautiful timbre, wide range, rich playing skills and considerable expressive force, and is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.

The structure is composed of panel, wild goose column (also called Zheng code in some areas), strings, front Yueshan, string nails, tuning box, piano feet, back Yueshan, side plates, sound holes, bottom plate and string holes. The appearance of the guzheng is a rectangular wooden sound box, and the string frame "Zheng column" (that is, wild goose column) can move freely, and five sounds are arranged in one string. At the earliest, there were 25-string guzheng (divided into guzheng), with 13 strings in Tang and Song Dynasties, and then increased to 16, 18, 2 1 string, etc. At present, the most commonly used specification is 2 1 string; Generally, the models of guzheng are preceded by S 163-2 1, where S stands for the S-shaped Moon Mountain, which is Wang Xunzhi and Miao Jinlin * * *, 163 stands for the length of guzheng, and 2 1 stands for the number of strings of guzheng.