Biography of Liu Zhiyuan, Emperor of the Later Han Dynasty (5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms)

Biography Following Jing瑭

Liu Zhiyuan, born in 895 AD (the second year of Emperor Zhaozong Qianning of the Tang Dynasty), grew up to be calm and dignified, not good at playing. When he was a teenager, Liu Zhiyuan worked as a soldier under Li Keyun's adopted son, Li Siyuan (later Emperor Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty), when Li Keyun and Li Cunxing were ruling Taiyuan. At that time, Shi Jingtang was a general of Li Siyuan's army. During the battle, Liu Zhiyuan saved Shi Jingtang from danger twice, regardless of his own life and death. Shi Jing瑭感而愛之，以其护援有功功，奏请将刘知远留在自己帐下，做了一名牙门都校。

In 936 A.D. (three years after the Tang Dynasty), Liu Zhiyuan moved to the town of Wenyang, and was promoted to be the commander of the Horse Foot Army. In the same year, Shi Jingtang was helped by Liu Zhiyuan and other people's plan to use the power of the Khitan army to destroy the Later Tang Dynasty, and became the emperor of Taiyuan, establishing the Later Jin Dynasty, which was called Jin Gaozu. In order to repay the help of the Khitan, Shi Jingtang will not hesitate to cede the 16 states of Yanyun to the Khitan, and called Yelu Deguang, who was 11 years younger than him, as his father. Liu Zhiyuan was not satisfied with Shi Jingtang's practice, and thought: "It is enough to claim the title of subject to the Khitan, and it is too much to be a son, and it is not necessary to send some gold and silk to make the Liao soldiers to assist them without ceding their land, and it is a great trouble in the future to cut off the land! " Sure enough, Shi Jing瑭 ceded the sixteen states of Youyun to the Khitan, and from then on, the door to the Central Plains was wide open, and there was no danger to defend.

After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, Liu Zhiyuan, with his military and political talents and Zuoyan Gong, successive inspectors of the Sikong, the guards of the horse and foot Commanding Officer, inspecting the guards of the six armies with the driver, Xuzhou, Zhuzhou, inspecting the school of the governor, the governor, Beijing (present-day Taiyuan), the governor, and the Hedong governor, etc., and becoming more and more distinguished.

The will to take over the world

Shi Jing瑭was a child emperor for seven years, and died in 942 AD (the seventh year of Tianfu of the Later Jin Dynasty). His adopted son, Shi Chonggui, took the throne as the Emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty, and Liu Zhiyuan moved to the position of the Imperial Commissioner, and then to the position of the Chinese Minister of Education.

In 944 A.D., the Khitan lord Yelu Deguang led his army southward to Stillwater, and sent his general Wei Wang to lead his troops into Yanmen Pass. Liu Zhiyuan, as the envoy of Youzhou Road, defeated King Wei in Xinkou, and was promoted to be the king of Taiyuan, the king of the northern camp, the king of Beiping County, and the lieutenant of the government. After that, Liu Zhiyuan killed the five tribes of Tugukhun, such as Bai Chenghu, etc., and then he led the rest of the five tribes with Wang Yizong, who was a member of the other tribe, and then he defeated the Khitans in Yangwuguan of Shuozhou. Liu Zhiyuan's main intention in this period was to dominate Hedong and achieve the king's career, so he half-pushed the imperial edicts, on the one hand, did not obey the transfer, and stayed in the battle without entering, and on the other hand, he also took the initiative to strike a little.

947 AD (after the Jin Kaiyun four years) on the first day of the first month, the Khitan attacked the capital, captured the young emperor of the latter Jin Shi Chonggui north, after the Jin dynasty perished. On February 1, Yelu Deguang made use of Han ceremonial clothes, ascended to the Chongyuan Hall to receive worship, and ordered to change the state of Jin into the state of Liao, amnesty for the whole world, and called the year Huitong ten years. Liu Zhiyuan sent his general Wang Jun to surrender to the Khitan, Yelu Deguang imperial decree praise and commendation, called Liu Zhiyuan as a son, and gave a wooden crutch. According to Khitan etiquette, only noble ministers could receive such a reward, just like giving a fake festival according to Han etiquette. When Wang Jun took the wooden crutch, the Khitan people went to the side of the road to avoid him. When Wang Jun came back, he told Liu Zhiyuan that the Khitan was in political chaos and must not take over the Central Plains, so he negotiated for the establishment of a state.

At this time, He Jian, the governor of Qinzhou, surrendered to Hou Shu.

The Emperor and the State

In the same year, Liu Zhiyuan saw the opportunity to establish the Later Han Dynasty by claiming the title of Emperor in Taiyuan on the 15th day of the 15th lunar month. He did not change the name of the state right away, but abandoned the name of Kaiyun and adopted the name of Shi Jingtian, calling it the 12th year of Tianfu (天福十二年). Then, Liu Zhiyuan issued an edict forbidding the taking of money and silk for the Khitan; comforting the people who defended their localities and armed themselves against the Liao; and executing all Khitans in the various provinces, and so on. So the old ministers of the Jin Dynasty surrendered one after another.

Qidan in the Central Plains people's resistance to exit, Liu Zhiyuan entered Kaifeng in June of the same year and built the capital, renamed Bao to change the country's name for the Han, changed the Tianfu thirteen years (948 AD) for the first year of the Qianv, remission of taxes, amnesty, and proclaimed the emperor. Liu Zhiyuan decisively adopted the Empress Li's proposal, a change in the past rely on the practice of the people's wealth to treat the army, but out of all the palace property to reward the soldiers, and really won the hearts of the people. After the Khitan army entered the Central Plains, everywhere in the name of "hitting the grass valley" looting of property, killing innocent people, the Central Plains people's resistance, Yelu Deguang was forced to retreat north, leaving Xiao Gan guard Bianjing, Liu Zhiyuan see the right time, adopted Guo Wei "by the Fen Shui south to take Henan, and then figure the world! Liu Zhiyuan saw the right time and adopted Guo Wei's correct suggestion of "taking Henan from Fen Shui, and then trying to figure out the world", and ordered Shi Hongzhao to be the vanguard, and raised his troops to the south, which was invincible, and soon took Luoyang and Bianjing.

Liu Zhiyuan stabilized the situation in the Central Plains, Wei State Du Chongwei moved to the town of Guide (now Henan Shangqiu South), and the original Guide Festival Minister Gao Xingzhou counterparts, Du Chongwei disobeyed, Liu Zhiyuan made Gao Xingzhou and Murong Yanchao rate of the military crusade Du Chongwei, Du Chongwei vowed to die defending the city, the Han army for a long time with no success, Liu Zhiyuan fear of his change, personally attacked, the deaths and injuries are very great, Liu Zhiyuan see the strong attack was not successful, and many times to send a person to beckon Du Chongwei, promising not to die. Liu Zhiyuan saw the strong attack was not overcome, repeatedly sent to beckon Du Chongwei, promised not to die, at this time, Wei State grain and grass exhausted, the city of the generals more than the city fled, November 27, Du Chongwei surrendered out of the city, Liu Zhiyuan words are true, did not kill Du Chongwei, sealed it for the inspection of the school of masters, guarding too much, and also the Central Minister, the Duke of Chu. This is the first time I have ever seen this.

Orphaned after

Qianyouyuan year (948 years) in the first month, Liu Zhiyuan hurt the death of his eldest son, Liu Chengxun and seriously ill, called Shi Hongzhao, Wang Zhang, Su Fengji, Guo Wei, etc. Orphaned, before his death, Liu Zhiyuan that Du Chongwei capricious, and so authorized the ministers of the Orphaned to get rid of him. Then died at the age of 54, posthumous name Rui Wen Shengwu Zhao Su Xiao Emperor, temple name Gaozu, buried in Rui Ling. His son Liu Chengyou succeeded to the throne, is the hidden emperor of the later Han Dynasty.

"New Five Dynasties History - Volume 10 - Han Benji 10" "Old Five Dynasties History - Volume 99 (Han Shu) - Gaozu Ji" "Old Five Dynasties History - Volume 100 (Han Shu) - Gaozu Ji" has recorded.

Historical Evaluation

The Old History of the Five Dynasties: "In the past, when the emperor was in trouble, there was no ruler in Xia. Han Gaozu started and Fen, Bianluo Bian, take advantage of the virtual and take the weapon, because of the chaos and the emperor, although said that the human plan, thanks to the heavenly revelation. However, the emperor in the past to the Rongfan, so loss of material hope, Michael Teng Chenji, not tired of the human heart, in vain to save the drowning of the work, not to find out the hope of the coming Su. Good to be anxious to stop killing, no time to Chongren. Yan Ji descending division, both camp and killed; Yedai rebel marshal, because of the closed base to steal life. Covering the Royal misbehavior, so that the conquest of the unending. And back to the chariot, looking for the fall of the number, so although the name of the luck, but did not see the virtue of the king."

Yelu Deguang support Shi Jing瑭 repel the attack of the latter Tang, Shi Jing瑭 recommended Liu Zhiyuan: "This general is very brave, do not arbitrarily abandon."

Anecdotal Tales Saving a Horse for a Horse

When Liu Zhiyuan was a boy, he was very introverted, and he was usually a man of few words, and because of his weak constitution, he often got sick. There is also his eyes white

more black less, coupled with the purple and black face, giving people a very majestic feeling. Because of the difficulties of life, he had no choice but to go to a large family surnamed Li as a door-to-door son-in-law, in the feudal society, this kind of son-in-law is called a son-in-law, the social status of the social status of almost to the lowest level, and is highly discriminated against. In a horse herding, because the horse trampled on the temple's crops, was tied up by the monks, beaten.

Liu Zhiyuan was not willing to be like this for the rest of his life, so he searched for the right time to go out and do something.

Soon after, Liu Zhiyuan became a soldier under Li Siyuan, and because of his bravery in battle, he was promoted to the rank of general, and worked with Shi Jingtang in the **** business. When Li Siyuan and the Later Liang army were fighting on the bank of the Yellow River in Deshengjun (now Puyang, Henan Province), Shi Jingtang's horse armor suddenly broke, and was about to be caught up by the Liang army, at this time, Liu Zhiyuan exchanged his own horse for Shi Jingtang, and rode on Shi Jingtang's horse himself to cover Shi Jingtang's retreat. Afterwards, he was very grateful to him for saving his life, so after Li Siyuan succeeded the emperor and appointed him as the Hedong provincial governor, he asked Liu Zhiyuan to serve under him as the guardian of the court, and made him his close friend.

Taishan Shi Dangdang

When Li Congke was fighting for the throne with Emperor Min of the Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang led his troops to the capital, and on the way, he came across Li Conghou, who was fleeing. The first time I saw him was when he was in the back of his head. Finally, Li Conghou's entourage smacked Shi Jingtian did not faithfully protect Li Conghou's meaning, it drew a sword to Shi Jingtian stabbed, Shi Deng cover Shi Jingtian to hide into a house next to the door with a huge wood to block the door, and so Liu Zhiyuan heard the news and led the people to break into it, Shi Deng has been killed in battle, Liu Zhiyuan will be Li Conghou's entourage of all the deaths, Shi Jingtian did not let the killing of Li Conghou, sent him to the first prisoner, and then Li Conghou was Li Congke sent people to kill. Ke sent people to kill. In the folk wall often see "Tarzan Shi Dare Dang" words, is to avoid the use of evil.

White Rabbit

White Rabbit, also known as Liu Zhiyuan White Rabbit, is a Yuan dynasty southern opera work, Yongjia Shuhui talent, written about the story of Liu Zhiyuan, the emperor of the Later Han Dynasty, and Li Sanniang's sadness and happiness.

Family Members Precedence

High Grandfather: Liu Tuan (Emperor Ming Yuan of Wenzu), whose tomb is called Yi Ling.

Senior grandmother: Longxi Li, posthumously named Empress Mingzhen

Great-grandfather: Liu Ang (Emperor Dezu Gongxi), tomb known as Pei Tomb

Great-grandmother: Guo Guo dowager lady Yang, posthumously named Empress Gonghui

Grandfather: Liu Q (Emperor Yizu Zhaoxian), tomb known as Wei Tomb

Grandmother: Lu Guo dowager lady Li, posthumously named Empress Zhaomu

Father: Liu _(Emperor Xianzu Zhangsheng), tomb called Suling (肃陵)

Mother: Mrs. An of Wu, posthumously named Empress Zhangyi (章懿皇后)

Wife

Empress Li (李皇后)

Brothers

Liu Chong (劉崇) of the He Dong (河东)节度使, later Emperor Shizu of the Northern Han Dynasty (Han Dynasty) (北汉世祖)

Liu Xin (劉 信)（? -951), who committed suicide after Guo Wei seized power and Liu S was relegated to the throne in the latter Zhou Dynasty, was posthumously named King of Cai

Children

Sons

Kaifeng Yin: Liu Chengxun (922-948), who died prematurely, and was posthumously named King of Wei by Liu Zhiyuan

Later Han Dynasty's Hidden Emperor: Liu Chenggong v

Kaifeng Yin: Liu Chengxun (? -951), long bedridden due to serious illness, was posthumously appointed King of Chen

Duke of Xiangyin: Liu S (adopted son, originally the son of Liu Chong)

Daughter

Princess Yongning (mother of Empress Song of Song Tai Zu Zhao Kuangyin)

Mausoleums and Burials

The mausoleum complex of the empresses of the Later Han Dynasty is located in the mountainous area of northwestern Yuchou City, Henan Province, and there are the Rui Mausoleum of the Gaozu of Later Han Dynasty Liu Zhiyuan Rui Mausoleum, the Hidden Emperor Liu Chengv Ying Mausoleum of the Later Han Dynasty, and the Mausoleum of Empress Li Gao of the Later Han Dynasty.

Liu Zhiyuan Rui Mausoleum in front of the original four Que stone beasts, mausoleum in front of the Divine Path from north to south arrangement of clerks, warriors, stone figurines and various types of figurines of beasts, in 1958 was announced as a county-level cultural relics protection units, in 1963 was announced as the first batch of provincial cultural relics protection units in Henan Province.

Ruiling mound of sealed soil for the basin-shaped, about 8 meters high, the ground four Que beasts still exist, Shinto stone statues were buried underground, covering an area of 1,243.5 square meters.