History of Internet

Category: Society and People's Livelihood

Ans:

History of Internet Development

1. What is Inter?

Inter is short for Computer Interactive Network, also known as inter-network. It is the use of communications equipment and lines to the world's different geographic locations in the function of relatively independent of tens of millions of computer systems interconnected to the function of the network software (network communications protocols, network operating systems, etc.) to realize the network resources * * * * enjoyment and information exchange data communications network.

2, the origin and development of Inter

Inter's earliest origins in the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) predecessor ARPA, the network was put into use in 1969. Thus, ARPA became the symbol of the birth of the modern computer network.

From the sixties onwards, ARPA was funded by ARPA, and developed by joint computer companies and universities*** with the development of the ARPA network. Initially, ARPA is mainly used for military research purposes, it is mainly based on the guiding ideology: the network must withstand the test of failure to maintain normal work, once the war, when a part of the network due to attack and lose the ability to work, the rest of the network should be able to maintain normal communications work. development and utilization. As the early backbone of the Inter, ARPA experimented and laid the foundation for the existence and development of the Inter, better solving a series of theoretical and technical problems of interconnecting heterogeneous machine networks.

In 1983, ARPA split into two parts, ARPA and purely military MILNET. at the same time, the emergence of local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) and the development of the Inter played an important role in the further development. The most notable of these was the NSF established by the National Science Foundation (NSF), which set up computer wide area networks (WANs) by region throughout the U.S. and interconnected these regional networks with supercomputer centers.

The NFS completely replaced ARPA in June 1990 as the Inter backbone.

The NSF's greatest contribution to the Inter was to open it up to the community as a whole, rather than just to computer researchers and *** institutions as was previously the case. in September 1990, Merit, IBM, and MCI joined together to create the non-profit organization Advanced Neork & Science Inc. Advanced Neork & Science Inc.).The purpose of ANS was to build a nationwide T3 backbone network that could transmit data at 45 Mbps. By the end of 1991, all of NSF's backbone was connected to the Class T3 backbone provided by ANS.

Inter's second leap forward is attributed to the commercialization of Inter. As soon as commercial organizations stepped into the unfamiliar world of Inter, they quickly discovered its enormous potential for communications, data retrieval, customer service, and more. So countless companies around the world flocked to Inter, bringing a new leap forward in the history of Inter's development.

3, Inter's development process in China and the current situation

About China's public data communication network China has established four major public data communication network, creating conditions for the development of China's Inter.

(1) China's public packet-switched data communication network (ChinaPAC). The network was opened in September 1993, and by the end of 1996, it had covered cities above the county level and townships in some developed areas, and interconnected with 44 data networks in 23 countries and regions in the world.

(2) China's public digital data network (ChinaDDN). The network was opened in 1994, and by the end of 1996, it covered 3,000 cities and towns above the county level. Most of the backbones of China's four major Internet networks use ChinaDDN.

(3) China Public Frame Relay Network (ChinaFRN). This network has set up nodes in the capital cities of 8 regions in China to provide high-speed data and multimedia communications to the society.

(4) China's public computer Internet (ChinaNet). The network was interconnected with Inter in 1995, and the physical nodes cover more than 200 cities in 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), and the business scope covers all the areas accessible by telephone.

(4) China Public Computer Internet (ChinaNet): The network was interconnected with Inter in 1995, and the physical nodes cover more than 200 cities in 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), and the business scope covers all the areas accessible by telephone. In July 1998, the second phase of ChinaNet backbone project was launched, expanding the backbone bandwidth between eight regions to 155M, and replacing all the node routers of the eight regions with gigabit routers.

In the second half of 2000, China Telecom utilized n*10Gbps DWDM and Gigabit router technology to carry out a large-scale expansion of ChinaNet. At present, the routing relay between ChinaNet's network nodes has been upgraded from 155M to 2.5Gbps, with a speed increase of 16 times. By the end of 2000, ChinaNet's total domestic bandwidth had reached 800Gbps, and its total international export bandwidth had exceeded 3Gbps by March 2001.

On the Development Stages of the Chinese Inter

The development stages of the Internet in

The development of the Internet in China can be roughly divided into three stages:

The first stage is 1986.6-1993.3 is the research and experimentation stage (E-mail Only)

During this period, some Chinese scientific research departments and institutions of higher learning began to study the Inter networking technology and carried out scientific research projects and scientific and technological cooperation work. This stage of the network application is limited to a small range of e-mail services, and only a few institutions of higher learning, research institutions to provide e-mail services. The development experience is as follows:

1986 : Dial up (Terminal)

1990 : X.25 (1989.11: CNPAC, 1993.9: CHINAPAC)

1993.3 : Leased Line (DEC) (Email Only)

The second stage is from 1994.4 to 1996. The second phase, from 1994.4 to 1996, was the start-up phase (Full Function Connection)

In April 1994, the Zhongguancun Regional Education and Research Demonstration Network Project accessed the Internet, realizing the TCP/IP connection with Inter, thus opening the Inter Full Function Service. From then on, China was officially recognized internationally as a country with Internet. After that, ChinaNet, CER, CST, ChinaGB and many other Internet projects were launched nationwide, and the Internet began to enter the public life and developed rapidly in China. by the end of 1996, the number of Internet users in China had reached 200,000, and the business and applications using the Internet gradually increased.

The third stage from 1997 to the present is the rapid growth stage.

The number of Internet users in China has basically doubled every six months since 1997. Growth to today, Internet users have more than 20 million. According to the statistical report published by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), as of June 30, 2001, China **** has about 10.02 million Internet computers, of which leased-line Internet computers: 1.63 million, dial-up Internet computers: 8.39 million, and Internet users are about 26.5 million people, of which the number of users with leased-line Internet access is 4.54 million, and the number of dial-up users is 17.93 million. 17.93 million, and 4.03 million users using both leased lines and dial-up. The number of users using other devices (mobile terminals, information appliances) in addition to computers to access the Internet is 1.07 million. 128,362 domain names are registered under CN, 242,739 WWW sites, and the international export bandwidth is 3,257 Mbps.

For more details, please refer to "Chronology of China's Interdevelopment" by China Internet Information Center (CNNIC). China now has ten commercial Internet backbone units with independent international entrance and exit lines, as well as non-profit Internet backbone units for education, science and technology, economy and trade. There are now more than 600 Internet access service providers (ISPs), of which about 200 operate across provinces.

In terms of network infrastructure, in recent years, China has commissioned several international fiber optic cable systems. The ones that have been completed and put into use are; China-Japan, China-Korea, Global Submarine Cable System, Asia-Europe Land Cable System; the ones under construction are: Asia-Pacific 2 Submarine Cable, China-US Submarine Cable, Asia-Europe Submarine Cable. 1999*** There are 13 domestic trunk cables that are put into use or trial operation. The total length of fiber optic cable is 1 million kilometers. The domestic Internet backbone network is fully expanded for the original channel, and the relay circuit is mainly 155M. With dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology is widely used in the construction of optical communications, the Internet backbone network bandwidth up to 2.5G-40G.

According to China Telecom Group Corporation, deputy general manager Leng Rongquan introduced, China's Internet backbone network from 1996 to the present has gone through three phases: before 1996, most of the use of 64K to 2M transmission channel; 1997 to 1999, mostly 2M to 115M. In 1997, most of the channels were 2M to 115M; from 2000 to 2001, it jumped from 115M to 2.5G; from 2002, it will gradually enter the 10G era.

On January 11, 2002, China Telecom Shanghai-Hangzhou 10G IP over DWDM was completed and opened, and the long-distance wavelength-division multiplexing transmission system constructed for this channel used Cisco's long-distance wavelength-division multiplexing system and a series of high-speed Internet routers. This system has been used by large telecom operators around the world to build large-scale, fast and stable "IP+Optical" networks, and has been proved to have good stability, reliability and advancement. The opening of the nation's widest data communication channel marks the entry of China's Internet backbone transmission network from 2.5G into the 10G era, and signifies that the data transmission capacity of China Telecom has reached the international advanced level, and that China Telecom's data network has become a real high-speed data network and massive bandwidth network.

A brief overview of China's top 10 Internet

At present, there are 10 network operators (i.e., the top 10 Internet units) in China, and there are about 200 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) with cross-provincial operating qualifications. The ten major Internet units are:

(1) China's public computer Internet (CHINANET) (2) China Science and Technology Network (CSTNET)

(3) China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network (CERNET) (4) China Jinqiao Information Network (CHINAGBN) (merged into Netcom)

(5) China Unicom Internet (UNINET) (6) China Netcom Public Internet (CNCNET)

(7) China Mobile Internet (CMNET) (8) China International Economic and Trade Internet (CIETNET)

(9) China Great Wall Internet (CGWNET) (10) China Satellite Group Internet (CSNET)

There are four of these non-profit units: the China Science and Technology Network (CSTN), the China Education and Research Computer Network (CERCN), the China International Economic and Trade Internet (CIET) and the China Great Wall Internet (CGWI). These ten major Internet units all have independent international outlets. The survey shows that as of September 30, 2001, the total international export bandwidth of China has reached 5724M (see the following chart, excluding the international export bandwidth data of China Great Wall Internet), compared with 2799M announced by CNNIC in its Internet statistical survey report in January 2001, the international export bandwidth of mainland China has increased by 2925M in just 9 months, an The increase was 105%. Among them, 4,023M (70.3%) were connected with the United States, 314M with Japan, 251M with South Korea, 749M with Hong Kong, China, and 14M with Macao, China, as well as with Australia, the United Kingdom and other countries. In addition, the connection bandwidth between these ten major Internet units and the National Internet Exchange Center (NAP) has also reached 3,558 M. For the number of interconnection bandwidths between China's ten major Internet units, as well as the number of connection bandwidths between some of China's ISPs and the ten major Internet units, and the situation of international export bandwidths, please refer to China's Internet Connection Bandwidth Flash Chart.

4. Opportunities and Challenges of the Internet

The Internet has brought extraordinary opportunities to the world. Human beings have experienced the agricultural society, industrial society, and are now moving into the information society. Information as a material, energy after another important strategic resources, its effective development and full utilization, has become an important driving force for social and economic development and economic development of the important factors of production, it is changing the way people produce, work, live and learn.

First, the network shortens the distance between space and time, greatly accelerating the transmission of information. It makes all kinds of resources of the society to be **** enjoy.

Secondly, the network creates more opportunities, can effectively improve the productivity of traditional industries, a strong pull on consumer demand, thus promoting economic growth. Promote the progress of productivity.

Third, the network also provides a good platform for cultural exchange at all levels.

The Internet has indeed created a miracle, but behind the miracle, there are increasingly prominent problems, giving people a great challenge. For example, the information gap between the rich and the poor began to expand, the distribution of wealth appeared unequal; the openness of the network and globalization, promoting human knowledge **** enjoyment and economic globalization. However, it has also made network security and information security a very serious problem; competition in the network has become a competition for high technology and talents among countries and enterprises; the network has brought about a global flow of information and intensified cultural penetration, and countries are working hard to defend their own network culture. China has a long history of culture, how to make this heavy culture on the network can be extended, this problem is particularly prominent.

5, Inter's development characteristics and trends

Inter development has gone through three stages: research network, operation network and commercial network. So far, no one in the world can know the exact size of the Inter, the Inter is in the beginning people did not expect the amazing speed of forward development, today's Inter has been from all aspects of people's work and life gradually change the way. People can always get the latest weather information, news and travel information from the Internet, see the day's newspapers and the latest magazines, speculate at home without leaving home, online shopping, sending and receiving e-mails, enjoying telemedicine and tele-education, etc.

Internet is the only way for people to access the Internet.

The significance of Inter does not lie in its scale, but in the fact that it provides a new global information infrastructure. Today's world is moving towards the era of knowledge economy, the information industry has developed into a new pillar industry of the world's developed countries, become a new source of power to promote the rapid development of the world economy, and widely penetrated into various fields, especially in recent years, the development of the Internet and its applications, fundamentally changing people's mindsets and ways of production and life, and promote the development of all walks of life, and become one of the important symbols of the era of knowledge economy. Inter has constituted the prototype of global information highway and the blueprint of future information society. Throughout the history of Inter's development, it can be seen that the development trend of Inter is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1) Industrialization of operations

The rapid rise of enterprises operating Inter as an industry, starting from May 1995, many years of funding for Inter research and development of the U.S. Science Foundation (NSF) withdrew from the Inter, the NFS operation rights to three of the largest U.S. companies to transfer to the NFS, the NFS operation rights to the NFS, the NFS and the NFS. operation to the 3 largest private telecom companies in the US (i.e., Sprint, MCI, and ANS), which was a major turnaround in the history of Inter's development.

2) Commercialization of Applications

With the opening of Inter to commercial applications, it has become an excellent electronic business medium. Numerous companies and enterprises not only use it as an important means of marketing and customer support, but also as a fax, courier and other means of communication as a cheap alternative to the formation of global customers to maintain contact and reduce daily operating costs. For example: e-mail, IP telephony, network fax, VPN and e-commerce and so on the growing importance of people is the best example.

3) Interconnection globalization

Inter although there are thirty years of development history, but the early days are mainly limited to the United States within the scope of scientific research institutions, *** institutions and its allies to use. Now it is not the same, as countries have put forward suitable for their own national conditions of the information superhighway program, has rapidly formed a worldwide information superhighway construction boom, each country are in the fastest possible access to Inter.

4) Interconnection broadband

With the improvement of the network infrastructure, user access to the use of new technologies, access to the diversification of the way and the operator service ability to improve, the slow rate of access to the formation of bottlenecks will be further improved, the Internet will be faster, the bandwidth bottleneck constraints will be eliminated, the interconnection is bound to broadband, thus promoting more applications on the Internet to achieve, and can meet the user's multifaceted network needs.

5) Multi-service integrated platform, intelligent

With the development of information technology, the Internet will become the image, voice and data "triple play" multimedia business integrated platform, and with e-commerce, e-government, e-government, e-medicine, e-learning and other cross-fertilization. Within ten to twenty years, the Internet will exceed the influence of newspapers, radio and television, gradually forming the "fourth media".

In summary, with the telecom, TV, computer "three networks convergence" trend of strengthening the future of the Internet will be a true multi-network, multi-service integrated platform and intelligent platform, the future of the Internet is a mobile + IP + broadcasting multimedia network world, which can integrate all of today's communications business, and can promote the rapid development of new services. And can promote the rapid development of new services, to the entire information technology industry to bring a revolution.