What are the criteria for classifying cultural relics into one, two or three levels?

Cultural relics are important historical and cultural heritage, is a witness to history. China is an ancient civilization, a long history, cultural splendor, rich in cultural relics

East Zhou in the first four centuries, tomb guards God

colorful. Since ancient times, China has attached great importance to the study of cultural relics, with different kinds of cultural relics as the object of study, and gradually formed a goldsmith, ancient artifacts, oracle bone science, Dunhuang science. In this sense, the study of cultural relics in China is an ancient discipline. In this sense, the study of cultural relics in China is an ancient discipline. However, in the modern sense, the study of cultural relics in China is a young discipline, its research started late. in the late 1970s, I and some experts on the establishment of the science of cultural relics. In the long-term heritage and archaeological professional work, as well as heritage protection, management, I have access to all kinds of cultural relics, and in the process of the kind of proactive to experts and scholars and the majority of heritage and archaeological workers to learn, and thus more urgently feel that we should establish the science of cultural relics in order to guide the study of cultural relics, cultural relics and cultural relics development, give full play to the role of cultural relics.

Li Xiaodong, born in 1936, Ruicheng, Shanxi Province, graduated from the Department of History of Peking University in 1961, majoring in archaeology. Long engaged in cultural relics and archaeological research and cultural relics protection, management. Researcher. He has served as director of the Hebei Provincial Administration of cultural relics, the State Administration of cultural relics inspector and the head of the Department of comprehensive finance, etc., and is now vice president of the Chinese Society of cultural relics. Main works "cultural relics".

Classification Criteria for First-Class Cultural Relics

(1) particularly important and representative cultural relics reflecting the production relations of various historical periods in China and its economic and political systems, as well as the development of relevant social history;

(2) particularly important and representative cultural relics reflecting the development of productive forces, the advancement of production technology and scientific inventions in successive generations;

(3)

(c) representative cultural relics of special importance reflecting the social and historical development of various nationalities and promoting national unity and safeguarding the unity of the motherland;

(d) representative cultural relics of special importance reflecting the revolt of working people against exploitation and oppression and the famous leaders of uprisings in all ages;

(e) representative cultural relics of special importance reflecting the relations between China and foreign countries and mutual exchanges in the fields of politics, economy, military, science and technology, education, culture, art, religion, health and sports etc. in all ages, Sports and other aspects of mutual exchanges of particular importance representative of cultural relics;

(f) reflecting the Chinese nation to resist foreign invasion, resistance to invasion of historical events and important historical figures of particular importance representative of cultural relics;

(g) reflecting the successive generations of famous thinkers, politicians, militarists, scientists, inventors, educators, literati, artists, etc. of particular importance representative of cultural relics. (viii) representative cultural relics of special importance reflecting the living customs, culture and art, crafts and arts, and religious beliefs of various ethnic groups;

Stick Vase with Stalked Lotus Pattern in Gold on Splashed Blue Glaze Ground (5)

(ix) representative good old books of special importance in Chinese antique and old books;

(j) representative cultural relics of special importance reflecting the major events and the revolutionary practical activities of outstanding leaders and figures related to the international ****productivist movement, as well as the internationalist fighters who have made great contributions to the Chinese Revolution;

(k) representative cultural relics of special importance related to the major events, important figures, famous martyrs, famous heroes and models of the Chinese modern (1840-1949) history;

(l) representative cultural relics of special importance related to the major events, important figures, famous martyrs, famous model heroes;

(xii) particularly important representative cultural relics related to major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders and figures, famous martyrs, famous model heroes since the founding of the People's Republic of China;

(xiii) major events, important figures, patriotic compatriots and other social celebrities in the modern China***s Communist Party, and other political parties, organizations (xiii) representative cultural relics of special importance related to major events, important figures of the Chinese Communist Party and other parties and organizations in recent times, patriotic compatriots and other social celebrities;

(xiv) other representative cultural relics of special importance of historical, artistic and scientific value.

Second-class cultural relics grading standards

(1) cultural relics of great value reflecting the productive forces and relations of production and their economic and political systems in China's various historical periods, as well as the development of the relevant social history;

(2) cultural relics of great value reflecting a region, an ethnic group, or a certain era;

(3) cultural relics reflecting a certain (c) cultural relics reflecting a historical figure, a historical event or of great value to the study of a historical issue;

(d) cultural relics reflecting a certain archaeological cultural type and cultural characteristics, which can illustrate a certain historical issue in a group;

(e) cultural relics of general historical, artistic and scientific value, but the material of the valuable cultural relics;

(f) cultural relics of folklore reflecting the importance of the various regions and nationalities;

(g) cultural relics reflecting the importance of the cultural relics of a region or nation;

Bronzes

(vii) important works of famous artists or famous craftsmen of all times;

(viii) good books of important value among ancient books;

(ix) cultural relics reflecting major events, important figures, famous martyrs, famous heroes and models of modern Chinese (1840-1949) history with Important value of cultural relics;

(j) reflecting the Chinese people's *** and since the founding of the country's major historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders and figures, famous martyrs, famous heroes and exemplary cultural relics of great value;

(k) reflecting the Chinese *** production party and the other parties and groups of the modern era of the major events, important figures, patriotic overseas Chinese and other social Famous people with important value of cultural relics;

(xii) other important historical, artistic and scientific value of cultural relics.

Third-class cultural relics grading standards

(1) the more important cultural relics reflecting the productive forces and relations of production in each period of China's history as well as its economic system, political system and the development of social history;

(2) cultural relics of comparative importance reflecting a region, an ethnic group or a certain era;

(3) cultural relics reflecting a historical (c) cultural relics reflecting a certain historical event or person, and of comparative importance to the study of a certain historical issue;

(d) cultural relics of comparative importance reflecting a certain archaeological cultural type and cultural characteristics;

(e) ethnic and folk cultural relics of comparative importance;

(f) works of a certain historical period of a high level of art and craftsmanship, but with the damage;

(vii) good books of relatively important value in old and ancient books;

(viii) cultural relics of relatively important value reflecting major events, important figures, famous martyrs, famous heroes and models in the history of modern China (1840-1949);

(ix) reflecting the major historical events, major construction achievements, and famous heroes and models of the People's Republic of China since its establishment;

(x) cultural relics reflecting the major historical events, major construction achievements, and famous heroes and models of the People's Republic of China since its establishment. Historical events, major construction achievements, important leaders, famous martyrs, famous heroes and models of cultural relics of comparative importance;

(j) reflecting the major events of the Chinese **** production party and other parties and groups in modern times, important figures, patriotic compatriots and other prominent members of the community of cultural relics of comparative importance;

(k) other important cultural relics with more important Historical, artistic and scientific value of cultural relics.

General Criteria for Classification of Cultural Relics

(1) Cultural relics of certain value reflecting the productive forces and relations of production and their economic and political systems in various historical periods of China, as well as the development of social history;

(2) Ethnic and folk cultural relics of certain value;

(3) Cultural relics reflecting a certain historical event or person of certain

(d) old books and materials of certain value;

(e) production and living utensils of certain value;

(f) works of art and crafts of certain value;

(g) other cultural relics of certain historical, artistic and scientific value.

V. Museums, cultural relics units and other relevant cultural relics collection, can be used in this standard for its collection of cultural relics selection and grading. Other scattered cultural relics in society, the need for grading, can be implemented accordingly.

Six, this standard by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage is responsible for the interpretation.

Attachment: examples of grading standards for first-class cultural relics

I, jade, stone age exact, excellent texture, in the art and craftsmanship characteristics and has a particularly important value; there is an exact place of excavation, there are engraved, inscribed, paragraph, or other important features, can be used as a criterion for the generation of the standard; there are distinctive local characteristics, on behalf of the archaeology of a type of culture, a region or workshop outstanding achievements ; masterpieces relating to ethnic and Sino-foreign relations that reflect the style and artistic level of a certain era.

Bronzes such as tripods from the Shang Dynasty of the 15th to 14th centuries

2. Pottery representing a cultural type in archaeology, whose shape and decoration are of special importance; those with exact excavation sites that can be used as the criterion for determining the age of the artifacts; those of the three-color works with beautiful shapes and bright colors that are of special importance; and those of the zisha wares with perfect shapes, which are representative works of the famous artists of the ancient times and the recent times. The works of the famous masters of ancient and recent times.

Three, the exact age of the porcelain, in art or craft has a particularly important value; in the chronology or the exact location of the excavation can be used as a criterion to determine the generation; shape, decoration, glaze, etc. can reflect the style of the times and rich national colors; documented famous porcelain, the successive generations of the official kilns and kilns of the people's masterpieces.

Four, bronze exquisite modeling, decoration, can represent a certain period of craft casting technology level; there is an exact excavation site can be used as a standard for the generation; inscriptions reflecting major historical events, important historical figures, or high level of calligraphy; in the history of the development of crafts has a particularly important value.

V. Iron In the history of China's metallurgical casting, forging, occupies a particularly important position in the iron and steel products; have a clear excavation site and particularly important value of the iron cultural relics; inscription or wrong gold and silver, inlaid and other exquisite craft of the ancient utensils; celebrities throughout the ages, or iron historical relics directly linked to major historical events.

Sixth, gold and silver craftsmanship level, modeling or ornamentation is very exquisite, has a particularly important value; the age, the location of the exact or the name of the paragraph, can be used as a standard for the break of the gold and silver products.

Seven, lacquer ware represents a historical period of typical craft varieties and features; modeling, decoration, carving craftsmanship at a high level; masterpieces of famous craftsmen.

Cultural relics

VIII, sculpture beautiful shape, the exact period, or have the inscription of the mark, with a distinctive period and artistic style of metal, jade, stone, wood, clay and ceramics, lacquer, teeth and bones and other textures, sculpture works of particular importance.

9, stone carvings and bricks and tiles The earlier times, representative of the stone carvings; engraved with the year or the owner of the inscription can be used as a standard for breaking the statue monument; can directly reflect the social production, life, vivid, beautifully modeled stone carvings; sophisticated techniques, rich in content of the portrait of the stone; monuments and tombstones with significant historical value or artistic value; text or beautifully ornamented, historical, artistic value of the brick and tile of particular importance.

Ten, calligraphy and painting before the Yuan dynasty is more complete painting and calligraphy; Tang before the first and last complete with the year of writing; before the Song dynasty scrolls in the author or chronicle and high level of calligraphy; Song, Yuan dynasty has a famous paragraph or although no paragraph and high level of art; has a particularly important value of the celebrities of the handwritings of successive dynasties; Ming and Qing dynasty since the particularly important art school or famous painter and calligrapher's fine works.

Xi, the ancient inkstone era is accurate, good texture, rare; shape and decoration with distinctive characteristics of the era, high level of craftsmanship, such as Duan, She and the four famous inkstone; there is an accurate excavation site, or circulated with a clue, beautifully crafted, well-preserved, can be used as a standard to determine the generation; important historical figures in the past generations have used or inscribed with a very high value; the masterpieces of the famous craftsmen of the past generations.

Twelve, oracle bone The content of the record has a particularly important historical value, tortoise shell, animal bone is relatively intact; engraved text is exquisite or has the characteristics, can play a role in determining the generation.

Thirteen, seals and runes Official and private seals, seals, seals and runes of special importance; Ming and Qing dynasty seal carving in the main school or the main representative of the masterpieces.

Fourteenth, coins Coins, money models and banknote plates of successive dynasties that occupy a particularly important position in the history of the development of Chinese coins and have a particularly important value.

Fifteen, ivory and bone and horn ware Those that are precise in time and of special importance in the history of carving art; those that reflect the characteristics of national crafts and the history of craft development; the masterpieces of famous craftsmen or artists of various periods, as well as ivory products with a long history.

Sixteen, bamboo and wood carvings: those which are precise in time, of special importance, and have a unique style in the history of bamboo and wood carvings, which can be used as a criterion for breaking the generation; those which are exquisite in production and have a very high level of craftsmanship; and the masterpieces of famous craftsmen or artists.

Seventeen, furniture before the Yuan Dynasty (including the Yuan Dynasty) of wooden furniture and exquisite medieval ware; Ming and Qing Dynasty furniture made of Huanghuali, rosewood, chicken fin wood, iron pear, ebony and other precious wood, beautifully shaped, well-preserved, well-crafted; Ming and Qing Dynasty well-made lacquered furniture; Ming and Qing Dynasty and modern celebrities use or have significant historical value of the furniture.

Eighteen, enamel The exact period, with distinctive features, modeling, ornamentation, glaze, high level of craftsmanship enamel products.

Nineteen, embroidery Accurate time and place of origin; typical objects of different embroidery varieties that represent the craftsmanship level of a historical period of particular value; colorful, beautifully decorated, with typical characteristics of the era; masterpieces of famous embroidery craftsmen.

Twentieth, ancient books before the Yuan tablet, written, printed; Ming and Qing dynasties, famous scholars, bibliophiles written or collated and proofreading, in a subject area of important value of the manuscripts, transcripts; in the content of the book, the level of engraving, paper, printing, framing, etc. have characteristics of the Ming and Qing dynasty printed (including engraved, movable-type book, with fine prints of the printed book, color overprints), transcripts; Ming and Qing dynasty famous scholars, book collectors and critics, the typical objects of different varieties of embroidery; colorful and exquisite patterns, typical characteristics of the era; representative of the famous craftsmen of embroidery. The printed books and codexes of the Ming and Qing dynasties (including engraved books, movable type books, printed books with fine engravings and color overprinted books); and the printed books and codexes that have been approved by famous scholars and collectors in the Ming and Qing dynasties and the contents of which are of great value as scholarly information.

Twenty-one tablets and post topography before the Yuan Dynasty; Ming Dynasty, the whole sheet of topography and rare topography; the first topography of the book; the original is important and has been lost, the topography of the Qing Dynasty or recent topography of the circulation of the few; Ming and Qing Dynasty, the fine topography sets of posters; the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty and the topography before the important inscriptions of famous writers in the past.

22, weapons in the history of weapons development, can represent a historical stage of the level of ordnance; in the important battles or important events in the use of; generations of famous people use, has a particularly important value of the weapons.

Xxiii Postal products Reflecting the postal history of the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China, and the liberated areas, with scarce stocks; stamps and postal products of particularly important value since the founding of the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of China.

Twenty-four, documents, publicity materials Reflecting the major historical events, the content of the important, of particular significance of the official documents or original documents; leaflets, slogans, posters, extras, shortcuts; certificates, medals, commemorative medals and so on.

Twenty-five, archival documents from a side reflecting the social relations of production, economic system, political system and land, population, territorial changes, as well as major historical events, the deeds of important historical figures of successive dynasties of imperial edicts, notices, title books, folders, enjoined, public opinion maps, the yellow book of the people, the acres of land, money and grain books, red and white contract, documents, letters, etc., official archives and civil documents, with special importance of value.

Twenty-two

26, relics of celebrities Manuscripts, letters, inscriptions, inscriptions, etc. of the late famous leaders of the Chinese **** Producers' Party, famous leaders of the democratic parties, famous patriotic leaders of overseas Chinese, and famous social activists of special importance, as well as articles of special significance.

Note: two, three cultural relics grading standard examples can be based on the first level of cultural relics grading standard examples

Cultural relics and antiques of the difference

Part of the collection of enthusiasts, how to correctly understand the dialectical relationship between cultural relics and antiques, antiques, works of art still exist

Band hooks (Western Han Dynasty), gold-plated bronzes

In the fuzzy understanding. "Cultural relics" refers to the historical legacy of the study of socio-political, economic and cultural value of things, is a valuable historical and cultural heritage of mankind, such as architecture, monuments and various works of art. According to the provisions of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, cultural relics are non-renewable cultural resources, and all cultural relics remaining under the ground, in the waters and in the territorial sea within the territory of the People's Republic of China*** and the State belong to the State. At the same time, the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics also clearly stipulates that the ownership of cultural relics owned by collectives or individuals, as well as other cultural relics acquired in accordance with the law, is protected by law.

The word "cultural relics" first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, is the rites and music, canonical system of the general term. To the Tang Dynasty, its meaning is closer to today's meaning. Cultural relics from time to time, there are ancient, modern, and contemporary. It covers all periods of history. However, cultural relics have a certain level. Cultural relics are divided into precious relics and general relics, and precious relics can be further divided into first-class relics, second-class relics and third-class relics. The Law on Cultural Relics defines and stipulates the criteria for first, second and third class cultural relics. What we usually call antiques, curiosities and works of art should refer specifically to the part of cultural relics collected by the private sector and not prohibited for sale by the State. Citizens legally owned cultural relics, the law allows them to exchange or transfer and circulation in accordance with the law.

Prior to the Qing Dynasty, the people of precious antiquities known as "bone antique", the so-called "bone", take the meat decay and bone

pottery artifacts

means, meaning the essence of the past is preserved. Later, the gradual change for antiques, antiques. In fact, "antique", "antique" and "curio" is a meaning, only due to the change of the times, people call it differently. From the comparison of cultural relics and antiques or curiosities, cultural relics in the time covered by the greater than antiques or curiosities, because cultural relics can be ancient, modern or contemporary, as long as it is an excellent product of culture can be included in the category of cultural relics. This is not the case with antiques and curiosities, as modern and contemporary things cannot be called antiques and curiosities. Because many cultural relics have high artistic appreciation value, collection enthusiasts also refer to them generically as collectible works of art. An ancient work of art, for the cultural relics department is cultural relics, because it has cultural protection value; for investors is antiques, because it has value-added value; for collectors is antique art, because it has artistic appreciation value. The state for the protection of cultural relics considerations, for non-national treasures of cultural relics, to encourage the "treasure in the people", and allows the private circulation according to law, which paves the way for the development of private collection and the rise of the antique art market.

After the establishment of the Chinese people's **** and the State, by the Central People's Government, the State Council and the State Council promulgated a series of laws and regulations relating to the protection of cultural relics, have followed the term "cultural relics". It was not until 1982 that the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics that the term "cultural relics" and the content it encompassed were fixed in legal form. Its scope actually includes all the movable and immovable historical and cultural relics, which are not only limited to the ancient times, but also include the recent and modern times, up to the contemporary times.

The different categories of cultural relics in different countries of the world, each has its own commonly used name, but there is no general name to summarize all categories of cultural relics. In Europe, the word Antique was used in both English and French in the 17th century. One theory is that it is derived from the Latin word ante, which means ancient, former. Another said that the English word is directly from the French, began to be used as a noun, mainly refers to the cultural relics of ancient Greece and Rome, and then gradually developed into a general reference to the works of art of various eras, the meaning of which is close to the so-called Chinese antiquities, antiques. The Japanese term "tangible cultural property" is similar to the cultural relics referred to in China, but its meaning and scope are not quite the same. In the international community, by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, hereinafter referred to as UNESCO) conference adopted a number of international conventions related to the protection of cultural objects, generally referred to as "cultural property (Cultural Property)" or "cultural heritage (Cultural Heritage)". Cultural Heritage", the contents of the two are not equivalent. The former refers to movable cultural objects and the latter to immovable cultural objects, in terms of the specific content enumerated in the Convention. The Arabic word ξζ1 (singular), Εγ1 (plural) used in Egypt is basically the same as the concept of cultural relics in China. 1983 Egypt enacted the Egyptian Law for the Protection of Cultural Relics, which stipulates that all objects of historical significance and value that appeared on Egyptian soil or are related to its history, including movable and immovable objects, before one hundred years old, belong to the cultural relics (ξζ1). It is also stipulated that valuable physical objects within one hundred years may be designated as cultural relics on the recommendation of the competent cultural authorities.

The lower age limit for cultural relics was initially set at 1830 at the international level and originated in the 1930 US Tariff Regulations. The regulation stipulated that all works of art made before 1830 could be exempted from tax. Later in the international arena, many countries set this year as the lower age limit for cultural relics. Later in 1966, the United States adopted a new tariff regulation, and stipulated that "since the date of duty-free import declaration, all the cultural relics made before 100 years" will be imported duty-free. Thus, according to the international general practice, cultural relics are the objects with historical, artistic and scientific value made before one hundred years. But there are countries according to their own specific circumstances and other provisions, such as Greece, 1450 years as the age of cultural relics of the lower limit.

Other related

Cultural relics out of the country audit standards

Instructions

I. In order to strengthen the protection of China's cultural heritage, to prevent the loss of valuable cultural relics, according to the "People's Republic of China *** and the State Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics", "People's Republic of China *** and the State Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics Implementation Ordinance", the formulation of this standard.

Second, the cultural relics in and out of the audit agencies in carrying out the audit of cultural relics out of the country, the implementation of this standard.

Third, this standard to 1949 as the main standard line. Where before 1949 (including 1949) production, production of cultural relics of certain historical, artistic and scientific value, in principle, prohibited from leaving the country. Among them, the cultural relics produced and made before 1911 (including 1911) are all prohibited from leaving the country.

Four, ethnic minority cultural relics to 1966 as the main standard line. Any representative ethnic minority cultural relics produced and made before 1966 (including 1966) are prohibited from leaving the country.

V. Foreign cultural relics and books existing in our country are categorized to implement this standard as our cultural relics and books.

VI. All cultural relics that are detrimental to the interests of the state and the nation or may cause adverse social impact are prohibited from leaving the country regardless of their age.

VII, not included in the scope of the standard cultural relics, such as cultural relics entry and exit audit institutions, there are significant historical, artistic and scientific value, should be prohibited from leaving the country.

VIII, the cultural relics listed in this standard are divided into different audit categories, according to the lower limit of the prohibition of exit.

Nine, this standard by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage is responsible for the interpretation and periodic revisions.

Ten, after the implementation of this standard, previously issued by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and other provisions of this standard is inconsistent with this standard, this standard shall prevail

Cultural relics are human beings in the process of historical development of relics, remains. It is a valuable historical and cultural heritage of mankind. Cultural relics are specific material remains, its basic characteristics are: first, must be created by human beings, or related to human activities; second, must have become the historical past, it is impossible to re-create. At present, the designation of cultural objects is not consistent from one country to another, and the meaning and scope of the designation are not the same, so that there is no unified definition of cultural objects*** with the same recognition