Ten Years of Landscape: Seeking Mind and Practice?

1, macro background of ten years' landscape

Relevant public statistics tell us that in the past 10 years, China's GDP has increased by about 12 trillion, and its urbanized population has increased by nearly 10%, equivalent to 10 population of Oceania, and the urban construction land has increased by 2.8 million hectares, equivalent to five Shanghai. At the same time, cultivated land decreased by 2.5 million hectares, equivalent to 1.4 cultivated land in Zhejiang province; 10 years, we saw the spread of expressway in China. By the end of 2007, the total mileage of expressway reached 4 1000 km, ranking second in the world. While drivers in China enjoy the convenience extending in all directions, we have seen the vast land being broken, local communities being divided and natural processes and raw materials being cut. On May 20, 2006, the concrete pouring of the last warehouse of the Three Gorges Dam was completed, which marked the completion of the main project of the world's largest water control project. In addition to the largest dam in the world, there are more than 25,000 dams in China (8,700 in the United States). The surface water system in China has undergone devastating changes and a large number of rivers have died. 1998, China experienced the biggest flood in the 20th century (the Yangtze River has the highest flood level, although the total flood volume is not the largest), and "strictly guard against death" has become a well-known slogan for women and children. Therefore, in the following 10 years, we saw the once-in-a-century flood control levees that firmly locked the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Pearl River and the long coastline. Then, we saw that the baiji in the Yangtze River disappeared, the cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake flooded and the fish in Dongting Lake died. 10, the shadow of global warming enveloped the whole world and became more and more creepy. If sea level rise and desertification are far away from us and make us indifferent, then when we see the increasingly dry rivers, large-scale disappearing wetlands and declining groundwater, our sense of crisis is no longer alarmist. In response to drought and water shortage, we see that the South-to-North Water Transfer Project is being extended, and it will soon become another "beautiful scenery" across the north and south of China. From the 1999 Kunming World Expo to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the upcoming 20 10 Shanghai World Expo, the beautification movement of China cities can be described as one after another. We can see that the super-scale public buildings and municipal construction, main roads and large squares have created the urban landscape of China in this era; At the beginning of 2006, "Several Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Promoting the Construction of a New Socialist Countryside" was published as the No.1 Document of the Central Committee. As a result, the torrent of landscape changes spread from water and road networks and cities to vast villages and the earth; At this time, the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan disfigured mountains and rivers, destroyed the city and cut off roads, and the terrible landscape buried 80 thousand lives. All this happened in the past 10 years, and the territory of China has undergone earth-shaking changes in the past five thousand years.

Landscape is the reflection of social form and the brand of social values, aesthetics and overall ideology on the earth. From the great changes in these landscape patterns and processes, we can also see that we have been learning, awakening, understanding the meaning of harmony between man and nature, and understanding the true meaning of existence. 1998 After the flood, 1998120 October, the Central Committee and the State Council issued Several Opinions on Post-disaster Reconstruction, River and Lake Renovation and Water Conservancy Construction. Subsequently, starting from 1999, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council made an implementation plan to improve the ecological environment. On February 16, 2004, the Ministry of Construction, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Land and Resources and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued a notice, explicitly proposing to suspend the construction of wide roads and large squares in cities. Although the urban makeup movement has not stopped, the urban landscape has become a topic of high-level concern in the country. In 2003, the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee put forward Scientific Outlook on Development Thought for the first time, and in 2007, the 17th CPC National Congress was written into New party constitution. In the same year, General Secretary Hu Jintao put forward the idea of "building ecological civilization" in the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. This is the first time that the ruling party has put this idea into the party's action program, and China will surely turn a new page.

The construction and development of landscape design disciplines and specialties in China are carried out under the vivid background of the above-mentioned socio-economic changes and their projection on the earth. In the limited space, it is obviously difficult to fully show this epic grand scene. I can only review from my personal experience how I stepped on the rhythm of the times and played my role well, similar to the extras in the drama.

2. Ten years of personal experience.

The ecological security of land and the harmony between man and land are the top priority in China. Inadvertent land use and urban expansion have seriously damaged the structure and function of the earth's life, making the service function of the earth's ecosystem decline in an all-round way, including frequent floods and droughts, the decline of the self-purification ability of the earth's life system, the disappearance of species, and the destruction of urban characteristics. 10 For many years, my team and I have been making constant theoretical and practical explorations in view of the severe human-land relationship, national ecological security and urbanization in China. I try to build a bridge between ecological science and landscape, urban and regional planning practice, so that the scientific understanding of life land can be reflected in the structural language of material space on the landscape interface, and finally make the planning of land use and urban development more scientific and intelligent.

Firstly, the theory and method of landscape security pattern are systematically put forward in the world, and then the "anti-planning" theory and planning methodology based on ecological infrastructure are put forward, which are comprehensively applied to national land planning, urban and rural planning and new rural construction planning, playing an active role in the planning and construction decisions of many ministries and cities, and completing a number of internationally influential demonstration projects.

2.1landscapes security pattern In the research, I realized that the solution to the tension and contradiction between man and land in China is not only the quantitative relationship, but also the spatial pattern. Therefore, as early as when I was a doctor at Harvard University, I put forward the concept of landscape security pattern in my doctoral thesis, trying to maintain the ecological security of the country by establishing key landscape patterns. Inspired by China's space strategy of Go, I put forward the idea of efficiently ensuring the health and safety of some natural and human processes by controlling the key modes in space, namely SecurityPatterns, and published it in domestic and foreign journals. The characteristic of landscape security pattern research is that the horizontal landscape process is regarded as a series of control processes. These horizontal processes need to overcome spatial resistance to achieve landscape coverage and control. To achieve the most effective landscape coverage and control opportunities, we must occupy the elements, parts, spatial positions and connections with special strategic significance. Under the background of extremely limited land in China, the landscape security pattern has practical application value in how to make efficient use of land, especially in coordinating the contradiction between protection and land development. 1998, he successively presided over two natural science funds, continued to study the landscape security pattern, and put a lot of planning practice into it. This basic methodological exploration has laid a foundation for the future ecological planning of land, region and urban landscape and the establishment of ecological infrastructure network. Of course, many technical problems have yet to be overcome.

2.2 Ecological Infrastructure In the study, we realized that the main source of land ecological security problems in China lies in compartmentalized management between departments and "small decision-making" aiming at a single function, which is manifested in the fragmentation and fragmentation of various ecological processes and landscape patterns on the land. Therefore, in the process of combining the theoretical study of landscape security pattern with the planning practice of a large number of urban and regional landscapes, the landscape design research team of Peking University and I systematically put forward and improved the concept of EcologicalInfrastructure (EI), which is used to integrate various services of the ecosystem, integrate the landscape security pattern of each single process into a complete landscape security network on the earth, and put forward the spatial strategy of establishing EI of cities, regions and countries.

EI is the basis for a city and its residents to continuously obtain ecosystem services. These ecosystem services include providing fresh air, food, sports, entertainment, safe shelter, aesthetics and education. It includes not only the customary concept of urban green space system, but also all urban green space systems, forestry and agriculture systems and nature reserve systems that can provide the above-mentioned natural services, and can be further extended to the cultural heritage network with nature as the background. Just as the sustainability of urban development depends on forward-looking municipal infrastructure (road system, water supply and drainage system, etc. ), the sustainability of urban ecology depends on forward-looking EI. The word ecological infrastructure itself is not the first time I put forward it. The term EI has been used internationally, but it only appears as a descriptive word in the field of biological protection. My contribution lies in systematically and clearly defining EI as a landscape pattern that integrates various ecosystem services and heritage protection functions, and then developing into an infrastructure that guides and defines urban spatial development, which is reflected in:

(1) Combine EI with comprehensive ecosystem service functions, and emphasize the comprehensive service functions of basic landscape structure, including rain and flood management, biological protection, heritage protection and leisure. Make EI have scientific function measurement index, and improve the scientificity of land planning, urban and regional planning, especially land ecological security planning.

(2) Taking landscape security pattern as the basic technical means to judge and establish ecological infrastructure, and combining it with geographic information system and spatial analysis technology.

(3) EI, as the infrastructure of national ecological security, urban and regional development, is connected with the current land and construction planning at the macro, meso and micro levels, and becomes the spatial infrastructure of ecological civilization construction.

Recently, the "Research on Land Ecological Security Pattern" commissioned by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the "Research on Beijing Ecological Security Pattern" commissioned by Peking University Landscape Design Institute by Beijing Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources enabled us to test the systematic method of establishing ecological infrastructure networks from land to regional and local scales. It is expected to be extended to land and urban planning all over the country in the near future.

2.3 "Anti-planning"

In the research, we realize that one of the main causes of the systematic urban ecological environment crisis in China is the current planning methodology and system, so we must comprehensively reflect on the "population-scale-nature"-oriented material space planning methodology formed under the planned economy system. The existing urban and regional development planning method (that is, the "population-nature-layout" model) can not make the ecological infrastructure with comprehensive service function be implemented, and the ideal of ecological harmony is difficult to realize under the old development planning model. To this end, we put forward the method of "anti-planning", starting with the "reverse" planning method and "negative" planning results, and guiding and defining rapid urbanization by establishing ecological infrastructure. This method emphasizes:

(1) A "reverse" planning procedure-firstly, in the name of the health and safety of living land, in the name of lasting public interests, instead of starting from the immediate interests of developers and the needs of development, urban and regional land planning is carried out.

(2) The "negative" planning result-the relationship between urban construction and non-construction areas is reversed, which reflects a compulsory undeveloped area and its type and control intensity, forming a restrictive and guiding pattern of the city, and leaving the developed area as a changeable "map" for the market to improve. This restrictive pattern also defines the space of construction land and is the framework to support the urban spatial form. It is not a simple "blank space" or just no building area, but a complete and key living land structure.

(3) Comprehensive solution: The "anti-planning" approach tries to comprehensively solve the problems of national ecological security, urban ecology, characteristics and forms by establishing ecological infrastructure, which ensures the safety and health of natural and human processes.

After years of research, we have formed a set of operation methods and a large number of cases. "Anti-planning" is China's version of landscape urbanism, and it is also an operable way of ecological planning in China. "anti-planning"

Once published, it has aroused strong repercussions in the fields of urban and territorial planning, cultural relics protection and environmental protection. Two completely different comments have aroused strong resistance and blockade from some "authorities" in the planning field. On the other hand, we see that "anti-planning" has been widely welcomed by many localities and departments. We can see that Beijing's master plan started with "anti-planning", Shenzhen carried out "anti-planning" with great fanfare, and the leaders of Taizhou, Dongying and Heze all found a way out of the dead end of traditional planning through "anti-planning". In the planning of China's main functional areas hosted by the National Development and Reform Commission, we also saw the role of "anti-planning". In recent years, the Ministry of Construction has been more or less influenced by the idea of "anti-planning" from the revision of urban planning measures to the revision of urban planning law. Recently, the land planning of the land department is also seriously absorbing some "anti-planning" ideas and methods. "Anti-planning" claims that it is landscape, not architecture, that will determine the form and characteristics of urban development; It is the ecological process and pattern that should and will ultimately determine the development and layout of urban space, rather than the predictions and assumptions of population and social economy.

2.4 The Art of Survival and Criticism of Traditional Gardens In the study, we realized that for thousands of years, our ancestors constantly competed and reconciled with nature in order to gain the right to survive, which is the core of landscape design and also an art of survival. However, this "survival art" of China and even the world has long been covered and castrated by the so-called gardening in the upper culture. Although the art of gardening also reflects the relationship between man and land to a certain extent, it is one-sided or even false. Therefore, in order to establish landscape design as an art of survival, it is necessary to get a clear view of the clouds and start with criticizing and exposing the traditional gardens of feudal literati. So since 1997 returned to China, I have written a series of critical articles about the so-called "national quintessence" of gardens, and at the same time exposed China's misunderstanding of urban landscaping for decades. This exposure is reflected in the criticism of the anti-seepage project of Yuanmingyuan. The aesthetics and values of traditional gardens are the important source of various misunderstandings such as urban environment construction and urban makeup movement in contemporary China, and they are the feudal remnants that must be swept away but cannot be swept away by the new cultural thought movement. These criticisms are intolerable to some young people who regard China's classical gardens as the quintessence of Chinese culture. They even issued red-headed documents in the name of the Landscape Architecture Society, throwing dirty water on my keynote speeches at the 2006 International IFLA Conference and the ASLA Annual Meeting. In fact, they misread and distorted my position and viewpoint to a great extent. My position is: Traditional gardens are precious heritage, and we should not entrust the heritage with the important mission of solving the environmental problems that contemporary China must face in the name of inheriting and carrying forward the fine traditions of the motherland. China needs a new garden and even a new subject, that is, landscape design. It comes from another tradition in China, that is, the science and art about the relationship between man and land, rather than the pastime art of emperors and scholars. This tradition of survival art is the real foundation of China's poetic land and a fertile, safe, beautiful and healthy "Peach Blossom Garden".

In contemporary China, the balance between man and nature is once again broken, the "Peach Blossom Garden" in the agricultural era will disappear, and the survival of the Chinese nation will once again face crises, including environmental and ecological crises, the loss of cultural identity and the loss of spiritual home. This is an unprecedented opportunity for landscape design. Landscape design should restore its original appearance as an "art of survival" and shoulder important responsibilities in the process of creating a new "Peach Blossom Garden". In order to be competent for this role, landscape design must completely abandon the hypocrisy and emptiness of gardening art and return to the real "survival art" of coordinating the relationship between man and land; It must locate and develop itself in the real relationship between man and land and in ordinary daily life, and can't get lost in the illusory "garden"; In space, it must build ecological infrastructure through "anti-planning", guide urban development, protect ecological and cultural heritage, and rebuild the harmony between heaven and earth, man and god. Just as the ancient "Feng Shui" model maintained the health and safety of natural processes on the earth, the survival of the contemporary Chinese nation depends on and is built on an ecological infrastructure that can maintain the safety and health of ecological processes, so this will be the core content of contemporary landscape design.

2.5 Criticize the urban makeup movement and advocate the beauty of the first step culture and weeds. In the research, we realize that the reason why China City is so greedy for foreign countries and its landscape is so vulgar is the accumulation of the consciousness of small farmers, nouveau riche and feudal totalitarianism. If this scale is not removed, a high-grade urban landscape will not be formed, an economical eco-city will miss China, the local cultural landscape and local natural landscape in the vast rural areas will not be protected, and the crisis of the relationship between people and land in China will not be solved. Our cities, buildings and landscapes, just like the classical Chinese criticized by Hu Shi, are full of "abnormal landscapes" or so-called landscapes in classical Chinese. They say nothing and groan without illness; Away from the basic functional needs of life, people and cities; They not only imitate the ancients, but also better imitate the ancient foreigners and modern imperial foreigners. Look at those fake and antique gardens far away from land and life, the so-called "poetic", mating with the decadent genes of western Baroque, adding the dead in the ruins of ancient Rome and Yuanmingyuan, and applying all kinds of gaudy makeup abilities, to regenerate the freak of contemporary urban landscape in China. In order to sweep away the feudal dirt and create the landscape and cities of contemporary China, we must carry out the new cultural thought movement to the end, thoroughly criticize the feudal thought in the past two thousand years, professionally criticize the traditional gardening thought of emperors and feudal literati, advocate the beauty and weeds in the first step of culture, return to the land, return to the normal state, return to the truth of the relationship between man and land, and create a new countryside in new China. This new countryside originated from China, which meets the needs of contemporary China people. It can effectively solve the ecological and environmental problems, energy and resources problems faced by contemporary China with contemporary technology and materials, and it is also a new landscape for China people to survive and live sustainably.

2.6 Local cultural landscape and industrial heritage are also based on the understanding of local landscape and local landscape. We studied the local cultural landscape and learned from it. Through the study of "Feng Shui" 20 years ago, I began to discover the charm of the local landscape. "Feng Shui" is a local landscape to a great extent, which is different from the architecture and landscape of literati and royalty, and its deep meaning is its art of survival. Therefore, I revealed the deep meaning of "Feng Shui" mode from two aspects: the survival experience in the development of human system and the cultural and ecological experience of national development, and put forward that the ideal "Feng Shui" mode is a schema of China people's biological and cultural genes. After 1998, the study of rural landscape expanded to a wider range of villages and settlements, and was more combined with planning and design practice. From the research of Yunnan Honghe local cultural landscape, to the research and design practice of western Sichuan plain local cultural landscape, to the research and design practice of Tibetan cultural landscape, to the possible destruction of local landscape caused by the recent construction of new countryside, and to the planning case study of Magang Village in Shunde, Guangdong, I am obsessed with local landscape. The core part of this cultural landscape is pastoral, which is an art of survival, a harmonious unity of truth, goodness and beauty, and a crystallization of wisdom that human beings have adapted to natural processes and patterns for thousands of years. It carries the history of people's survival and life in a specific region, and it also brings new hope for contemporary people to cope with the ecological environment and energy crisis.

Facing the climax of new rural construction, I had a premonition that the large-scale destruction of rural landscape was coming, so when the No.1 Document of the Central Committee was issued in 2006, I put forward two suggestions to the leaders of the State Council on protecting the foundation of a harmonious society, namely, the suggestion of building a landscape network of land ecological security pattern and rural heritage as soon as possible and the suggestion of building a national heritage and ecological corridor of the Grand Canal. It was highly valued by the leaders of the State Council and adopted by relevant state departments, which actively promoted the third cultural relics survey in National Cultural Heritage Administration and paid attention to local cultural heritage. It has also actively promoted the study of the Grand Canal National Heritage Corridor and the application for the Grand Canal, and promoted the Ministry of Environmental Protection to carry out research on the national ecological security pattern.

Based on the understanding of local landscape and local landscape, we have carried out the research and transformation of China's industrial heritage. China's industrial heritage has not been included in the national cultural relics protection system for a long time, and a large number of seemingly ordinary, rusty and "ugly" industrial heritage has been completely destroyed in the process of rapid urbanization. Just as we used to treat ancient cities and uncivilized streets, we are rapidly destroying the legacy left on the land of China in the industrial age. Therefore, from 1999, the graduate school of landscape architecture and local design began the research and protection practice of industrial heritage, including the renovation and utilization of Guangdong Zhongshan Heavy Shipyard (Qijiang Park), and then presided over the preliminary research on the design of the former site of Shenyang Smelter, the renovation design of Suzhou Taihe Flour Factory, the former site design of Beijing Yanshan gas appliance Factory and the green space design of Shanghai 20 10 World Expo Center. We have accumulated experience from countless successes and failures, and at the same time, we have also learned from the research results and practical cases of international industrial heritage, especially the International Charter for the Protection of Industrial Heritage. On this basis, in April 2006, I submitted "Suggestions on the Protection of China's Industrial Heritage" to National Cultural Heritage Administration, mainly drafting the "Wuxi Suggestions" aimed at protecting industrial heritage. On April 18, 2006, National Cultural Heritage Administration presided over the adoption of the Wuxi Proposal at the first China Industrial Heritage Conference held in Wuxi, which marked that the protection of China's industrial heritage was officially put on the agenda. With the in-depth study of local cultural landscape, the study of China's rich linear cultural heritage and heritage corridors, including the Grand Canal, has increasingly entered our research field of vision. In fact, many of my postgraduate and doctoral research topics are related to this aspect. The recently completed nationwide linear heritage network research has identified 17 cultural heritage routes with important historical and cultural values and strategic significance for the national cultural heritage protection, and expanded our horizons to the whole country.

2.7 New Rural Landscape Demonstration Recognizing the significance of demonstration projects, I presided over the implementation of a number of domestic urban and rural ecological environment construction and urban development demonstration projects, which were widely introduced, quoted and commented in major international authoritative professional magazines, and I was fortunate enough to win many international awards. These projects are demonstration projects aimed at the major environmental, energy and resource problems facing China at present, and they are the "new rural landscape" that the author has always advocated. Among them, Guangdong Zhongshan Qijiang Park embodies the beauty of the first step of culture and weeds, advocates new ethics and aesthetics that respect local culture and local environment, turns decay into magic, makes an ordinary shipyard site a new urban landscape and recreation place widely loved by citizens and tourists, and arouses Chinese people's attention to industrial heritage; Shenyang jianzhu university Paddy Field Campus advocates the concept of land saving and local landscape, reproduces China's agricultural production process completely and vividly in the campus of contemporary cities, and regards landscape as production process and experience, so that young people in China can feel the meaning of "farming and reading" and rebuild the spiritual connection between man and land; Yongning Park, Zhejiang Province, through the establishment of urban ecological flood control system, the integration of urban ecological infrastructure, advocates the survival art of being friends with floods, rather than simple engineering or makeup art; The Red Ribbon Tanghe Park in the shade of trees advocates how to organically combine contemporary art and ecology with the least human intervention, so as to effectively "urbanize" natural wasteland, while maintaining the integrity of natural system and its ecological services to the maximum extent, and become a model of conservation-oriented urban green space; The Taizhou case of "anti-planning" systematically uses the theory and method of "anti-planning" to carry out urban spatial development planning, and realizes the organic combination of wisdom protection and wisdom growth.

Practice has proved that these demonstration projects have played a very positive role in promoting the ecological environment construction of cities and regions, especially in promoting the construction of conservation-oriented urban green space, and have also had great repercussions in the world.

2.8 Education In practice, we realize that under the current system in China, the ideas and achievements of ecological planning must be realized by decision makers in urban and regional construction, and educating and influencing them has to become an important responsibility of contemporary scientific researchers. For this reason, Li Dihua and I jointly published the book "The Road to Urban Landscape-Communication with Mayors" (reprinted nearly 65,438 times in four years), giving classes to mayors and ministers above the municipal level. If landscape is the projection of human consciousness and values on the earth, then changing the values and environmental awareness of decision makers is the most effective way to create a good landscape.

Single scientific research and projects are not enough to solve the systematic crisis of the relationship between man and land in China, while traditional disciplines have great limitations in dealing with the severe land ecological security crisis. The task of rebuilding the harmonious relationship between man and land depends on a new discipline system and a large number of professionals, who must have a clear understanding of land ethics, systematic scientific armed forces, sound humanistic cultivation and master modern technology. Such a science and art of systematic analysis, planning, protection, management and restoration of land is landscape design, or more precisely "land design". To this end, I spared no effort to promote discipline construction and personnel training, founded the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture with my colleagues, and offered master's degree in landscape design and master's degree in landscape architecture under the discipline of geography. As a result, it has greatly promoted the discipline construction of relevant national specialties, and directly promoted the establishment of a newly established landscape architect specialty by relevant state departments, and defined it as: the science and art of coordinating the relationship between people and land, and making all activities of cities, buildings and people live in harmony with the earth of life.

After 10 years' efforts, I deeply realize that to solve the severe crisis of land ecological security and the relationship between man and land in China, we must make systematic breakthroughs and innovations, including concepts, theories, methods, education system and talent training mode, and even the concept and mechanism of "scientific research" itself, and devote ourselves to social practice. Only in this way can "Scientific Outlook on Development and Harmonious Society", "Rebuilding Beautiful Mountains and Rivers" and "Creating Ecological Civilization" become empty words. These are what I have been thinking and thinking for 65,438+00 years, and what I have been doing and doing for 65,438+00 years. Yes and no, I think people who are good at talking about it will succeed or fail, and I think others will learn from it.

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