What does calligraphy mean?

Calligraphy: an artistic form of writing and expression.

Calligraphy is an artistic expression of the unique beauty of words in China and neighboring countries and regions deeply influenced by China culture. Including China calligraphy, Mongolian calligraphy, Arabic calligraphy and English calligraphy. His China Calligraphy is a unique traditional Chinese character art in China.

Calligraphy in a broad sense refers to the writing rules of characters and symbols. In other words, calligraphy refers to writing with its brushwork, structure and composition according to the characteristics and significance of words, making it a beautiful work of art. China's calligraphy is an original performance art of the Han nationality, which is known as: poetry without words, wireless dance;

Paintings without pictures, silent music, etc.

On the surface, calligraphy refers to the statutes of writing. In life, the word calligraphy has the following meanings. One is the pronoun of a written work or the collective name of all written works; Second, an art category generally refers to the art of writing Chinese characters. Kang Youwei said in Guang Yi and Zhou Shuang: "Tang Yan's composition is the music of the Song and Shang Dynasties", from which we can see that the calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty pursued the highest and most rigorous statutes, and its calligraphy achievements were also the highest in the history of calligraphy.

Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters in China were created by working people and began to be recorded by pictures. After thousands of years of development, it has evolved into today's writing. Because our ancestors invented the brush, calligraphy came into being. Throughout the ages, Chinese characters were mainly written with a brush. As for other writing forms, such as hard pen and finger calligraphy, their writing rules are basically the same, but they are not completely different from China's calligraphy.

Calligraphy in a narrow sense refers to the methods and laws of writing Chinese characters with a brush. Including writing, calligraphy, stippling, structure, layout (distribution, lines, composition) and so on. For example, the pen refers to the palm and the five fingers are Qi Li; The pen carrying center is unfolded; Stippling is the same as a pen; The structure is shaped by words and echoes each other; The distribution is intricate, the density is appropriate, and the virtual and the real are born together, and the whole chapter is full of gas fields; Every word is ancient for literacy, and every word is big and small, and high is not as good as low.

The connotation of calligraphy mainly includes the following aspects:

1. Calligraphy refers to the art of expressing emotions with Four Treasures of the Study as a tool. The particularity of tools is an important aspect of the particularity of calligraphy art, and it is an important part of calligraphy techniques to fully embody the performance of tools with the help of Four Treasures of the Study. Without Four Treasures of the Study, there would be no calligraphy art.

2. Calligraphy art takes Chinese characters as the carrier. The particularity of Chinese characters is another important aspect of calligraphy particularity. China's calligraphy can not be separated from Chinese characters, and the form of Chinese character stippling and the collocation of radicals are the contents that writers pay more attention to. Different from other pinyin characters, Chinese characters are a combination of form, sound and meaning, which has strong formal significance. The so-called "six books" of the ancients refer to six methods of pictographic, fingering, comprehending, pictophonetic, transliteration and borrowing of Chinese characters, which is of great guiding significance to the analysis of Chinese character structure.

3. The background of calligraphy art is China traditional culture. Calligraphy is rooted in China traditional culture, which is the background of its existence and development. The calligraphy theory we see today since the Han Dynasty has its own systematicness, integrity and orderliness. Calligraphy theory, like other literary theories, includes not only the technique theory of calligraphy itself, but also the aesthetic theory of calligraphy, all of which shine with the wisdom of ancient China literati. For example, the theory of how to express the categories of "spirit, qi, bone, flesh and blood" in calligraphy, the theory of techniques such as brushwork, calligraphy and composition, and the theory of creation and evaluation all have their own systems.

4. Calligraphy art noumenon includes brushwork, word method, structure method, composition method, ink method, pen gesture and so on. Calligraphy brushwork is the core content of its techniques. The brushwork, also known as "using a pen", refers to the pen-lifting method with a front. Morphology, also known as "knot" and "structure", refers to the relationship of collocation, insertion, echo and avoidance. Composition, also known as "white cloth", refers to the overall layout of a word, including the handling of the relationship between words and lines. Ink method is the method of using ink, which refers to the treatment of thick and thin dry and wet ink.

Five styles of writing

Seal character

Seal script is a general term for big seal script and small seal script. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 3000 years ago, is the earliest recognizable writing handed down, mainly used for divination. The brushwork is thin and powerful, with many straight lines. There are Fang Bi, round pen and sharp pen, and there are many "hanging needles" for writing. Big seal script refers to inscriptions on bronze inscriptions, bronzes and six-country scripts, which retain the obvious characteristics of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", is a commonly used character in Qin State and a simplified font of Da Zhuan, which is characterized by uniform and neat glyphs and is easier to write than Wen Shu.

official script

Official script, also called Han Li [1], is a common solemn font in Chinese characters. Its writing effect is slightly flat, horizontal drawing is long, straight drawing is short, and it is rectangular, paying attention to "silkworm head and goose tail" and "twists and turns". Lishu originated in the Qin Dynasty and was compiled by Cheng Miao. It reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which had a great influence on later calligraphy. Calligraphy is called "Tang Kai of Han Li". For example, the memorial tablet of Confucius Temple made by Xiang and Han Xu is also called the tablet of Confucius Temple in Hanming House, the tablet of Xu Shifa and the tablet of Han Xu. In the second year of Han Yongshou (156), it was written in official script. Length 227.2 cm, width 102.4 cm. Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. There is no amount. Carved on all sides, all official script. There are sixteen lines of stele Yang, with 36 characters. At the end of the text, there are nine titles such as Han Xu. There are inscriptions on the body and sides of the tablet.

regular script

Regular script is also called regular script, real script and official script. Li Shu, founded by Cheng Miao, has gradually evolved and become more simplified and level. Regular script has the meaning of model, which was first mentioned in Zhang Huaiguan's Shu Duan. People in the Six Dynasties still used it habitually, such as Yang Xin's Cai, and On the Biography of Wei Shou, saying, "Shou is a general, and Jingzhao people are good at regular script." That's the abbreviation of "eight-block method", which didn't replace the name of the official book until the Northern Song Dynasty, and its content was obviously different from the ancient name. There is probably an example of the above.

Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)

Running script is developed and originated on the basis of official script, which produces a font between regular script and cursive script to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the fuzziness of cursive script. "Go" means "go", so it is not as scribbled as cursive script, nor as straight as regular script. Whether it is cursive or cursive in essence. Those with more patterns than grass patterns are called "running patterns", and those with more grass patterns are called "running grass".

cursive script

Cursive script is a font of Chinese characters, which is characterized by simple structure and continuous strokes. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Cao Zhang, modern grass and weeds, and it feels beautiful in madness. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: "There are cursive scripts in Han Xing". The cursive script began in the early Han dynasty, and its characteristics are: keeping the outline of characters, damaging the official rules, rushing away and rushing away quickly. Because of the meaning of grass, it is called cursive script.

Cangshuo, commonly known as Lu, Lao, Taoist, Lao Cang, Bitter Iron, Deaf, Shi Zun, Sister, Broken Lotus Pavilion, Five Lakes Seal, Cut Lu, Radish Pavilion, etc. , is from Anji, Zhejiang. In his later years, he was elected as the first president of Xiling Printing Society, and he was an outstanding artist in the late Qing Dynasty. His poems, books, paintings and seals are all self-contained and have far-reaching influence. He is the author of Lu Luji. He is not only the commander-in-chief of calligraphy in Qing Dynasty, but also the pioneer of modern calligraphy. He devoted himself to seal script and official script, especially Shi Guwen. He was immersed in his life, changed his pen and ink in his later years, and introduced cursive script to make his pen and ink interesting and flow between lines, and the revival of seal script reached a new height. Taking Wang Duo as the prototype, the running script is integrated into Europe and America, and the vitality and simplicity of the flat method are introduced, which makes the running script reappear brilliantly. At the beginning of India's rule, I studied Zhejiang and Anhui, and later I went to Qin and Han Dynasties. I learned from clay-sealed pottery and blended in the interest of freehand brushwork painting, forming a mottled, lofty and dignified new face, that is, making a small seal and looking for a husband. Yin Zhi also created a unique method to trim the printed surface and sidebar. Pay equal attention to carving and cutting, return to simplicity and simplicity, and connect ancient and modern times. Wu Changshuo's achievement is the fruit of the deep integration of the two traditions since the middle of Qing Dynasty, which marks the complete success of the Qing Dynasty's work of restoring classics and lays a very solid foundation for the development of modern calligraphy.

Famous artists of past dynasties

Rees

Li Si, a famous calligrapher, presided over the compilation of Xiao Zhuan. Yishan Stone Carvings, Taishan Stone Carvings, Langya Stone Carvings and Huiji Stone Carvings are all books written by Li Si, which have been highly praised by all dynasties.

Zhongyou

Zhong You (15 1-230), with the correct word. Yingchuan Changshe (now Changgedong, Xuchang, Henan) was born. Cao Wei was a famous calligrapher and politician in the Three Kingdoms period. Zhong You is quite accomplished in calligraphy. He was the founder of regular script (lower case) and was honored as the "originator of regular script" by later generations. Zhong You had a far-reaching influence on the calligraphy of later generations, and Wang Xizhi and other later calligraphers had devoted themselves to studying Zhong You's calligraphy. Also known as "Zhong Wang" with the calligrapher Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Southern Dynasty, Yu Jianwu listed Zhong You's calligraphy as "top grade", and in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaiguan rated his calligraphy as "excellent" in Book End.

Zhangzhi

Zhang Zhi (AD? -192) Boying, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was called "Cao Sheng". Yuan Quan was born in Dunhuang County (now East of Anxi County, Gansu Province). Zhang Zhi's cursive script originated from Du Du and Cui Yuan, and later became an independent family. It was rated as "Kung Fu first, nature second" by Yu Jianwu's Shupin, and tied for "First" with Zhong You and Wang Xizhi.

Mrs. Wei

Wei Shuo, also known as Mrs. Wei, was a famous calligrapher in Jin Dynasty. His name was Mao Yi (AD 272-349), and he was from Anyi, Hedong (now Xiaxian North, Shanxi). Wei Shuo is the wife of Li Moment, the prefect of Ruyin, and is called Mrs. Wei. Wei Jiashi wrote calligraphy, and Wei Shuo was also good at official script. Mrs Wei studied under Zhong You, and her teaching method was wonderful. Wang Xizhi studied books from him when he was young, and Mrs. Wei was the first teacher of the "book sage".

Wang Xizhi

Wang Xizhi (303-36 1 in the Eastern Jin Dynasty) is known as a "book saint". The calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was named Shao Yi and Lian Zhai. He was originally from Linyi (now Shandong) and later moved to Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). His famous calligraphy works include Preface to Lanting. In his later years, he lived in seclusion in Jinting, Shan county, and served as secretary, general Ningyuan and Jiangzhou secretariat. Later, he was the secretariat of Huiji, who led the right general and was called "Wang Youjun" and "Wang Huiji". His son, Wang Xianzhi, is also good at calligraphy, and the world calls him "Two Kings" [1]? . Therefore, Yue Ji always says: "There was a bell in the Han and Wei Dynasties, and Zhang Jue, and there were two kings at the end of Jin Dynasty." These four are called the "four saints" of ancient calligraphers.

Wang Xianzhi

Zi, a native of Linyi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is a calligrapher and poet, and is famous for his cursive writing. Wang Xianzhi studied calligraphy with his father Xi as a child, and also studied Zhang Zhi. Calligraphy is excellent, especially cursive, and they dare to innovate, making outstanding contributions to modern calligraphy and cursive since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Known as the "little sage" in the history of calligraphy, he is also known as the "two kings" with his father Wang Xizhi.

Ouyang Xun

Ou Yangxun (557-64 1) was born in Linxiang, Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan). Ou Yangxun is known as the first regular script in Tang Dynasty for his rigorous brushwork and precipitous brushwork.

Yu Shinan

Yu Shinan, named Bo Shi, is from Yuyao. Politicians, calligraphers and writers in the early Tang Dynasty. Yang Di was an official in the Tang Dynasty. He was the secretary supervisor and bachelor of Hong Wen Pavilion. Emperor Taizong called his virtue, loyalty, erudition, style of writing and writing the five wonders ("Shinan is a talented person, so there are also five wonders." One is loyalty, the other is friendship, the third is blogging, the fourth is rhetoric, and the fifth is writing. " )。

Chu suiliang

Chu Suiliang (596-658), whose real name is Deng Shan, is a politician, calligrapher, Han nationality, born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and Yangzhai (now Yuzhou, Henan). Chu Suiliang is well-read and proficient in literature and history. At the end of Sui Dynasty, he became the general manager with Xue Ju. Later, he served as an admonition officer and secretary in the Tang Dynasty. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), Sun Chang Wuji assisted in the imperial edict of Emperor Taizong. After resolutely opposing Wu Zetian, he was demoted to the governor of Tanzhou (Changsha). After Wu Hou ascended the throne, he was transferred to the governor of Guizhou (Guilin) and later demoted to the secretariat of Aizhou (now the northern border of Vietnam), marking his death in 658. Chu Suiliang is a good calligrapher. He studied Yu Shinan at first, then took Wang Xizhi from France, and together with Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan and Xue Qi, he was called "the four masters in the early Tang Dynasty". There are "Monument to Mencius" and "Preface to Wild Goose Pagoda" handed down from ancient times.

Yukime

Xue Ji (649 ~ 7 13) was a painter and calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty in China. The assistant minister of literature and history in Sui Dynasty was the great grandson, and Xue, a scribe in Tang Dynasty, was the great grandson. Han nationality, Zhou Pu Fenyin (now Shaanxi Wanrong) people. He used to be assistant minister of Huangmen, assistant worker, prince of Shaobao, and minister of rites, and was later given death in prison. Calligraphy master from Chu Suiliang, together with Yu Shinan, Ou Yangxun and Chu Suiliang, are called the four great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty.

Yan Zhenqing

Yan Zhenqing (709-784, Yi Shuo 709-785) was an outstanding calligrapher in the middle Tang Dynasty. Born in Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), his ancestral home is Linyi (now Feixian County, Linyi, Shandong Province). He founded "Yan Ti" regular script, and was called "four masters of regular script" with Zhao Mengfu, Liu Gongquan and Ou Yangxun.

Liu Gongquan

Liu Gongquan (778 -865) was born in Jingyuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). He is the prince's surname, known as "Liu" by the world and the last famous calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. He is good at regular script, and his representative works include Shence Army Monument and Mysterious Tower Monument.

Xu Zhang

Zhang Xu (675-750? ), word, word, Han nationality, Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) in the Tang Dynasty. Changshu county magistrate Zeng Guan and the long history of Jin Wu. Good cursive script, good wine, known as the world Zhang Dian, is also one of the "eight immortals drinking." At that time, his cursive script, together with Li Bai's poems and Pei Min's sword dance, was also called "three wonders", and his poems were also unique and good at seven wonders. The Eight Immortals with Li Bai, He and others. Tang Wenzong once wrote a letter, regarding Li Bai's poems, Pei Min's sword dance and Zhang Xu's cursive script as "three unique skills". He also wrote poems, and was called "Four Gentlemen of Wuzhong" with He, Zhang and Bao Rong.

Huai Su

Huai Su (725-785) was born in the Tang Dynasty. His name is Zangzhen, and his monk's name is Huai Su. His common surname is Qian, Han nationality, and he was born in Lingling, Yongzhou (Hunan). A good Buddha at an early age made a monk. He is the leader of a generation of coquettish cursive scripts in the history of calligraphy. His cursive script is called "crazy cursive script", and his pen is round and powerful, making it go round and round, unrestrained and smooth, in one go. He is as famous as Zhang Xu, another cursive writer in Tang Dynasty, and is called "Zhang Diankuang" or "Zhang Dian Zui".

Su Shi

Su Shi (1037 65438+10.8-165438+August 24) was born in Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan, Meishan City, Northern Song Dynasty), with the word Zizhan and the word Hezhong. The world called him "Dongpo lay man". My ancestral home is Luancheng. A famous writer, painter, poet and gourmet in the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the eight great poets in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and a representative of the unrestrained poets. His poetry, ci, fu and prose all have high achievements, and he is good at calligraphy and painting. He is a rare all-rounder in the history of literature and art in China, and he is also recognized as one of the most outstanding literary and artistic attainments in the history of China for thousands of years. His prose and Ouyang Xiu are called Ou Su; Poetry and Huang Tingjian are also called Su Huang; Ci and Xin Qiji are collectively called Su Xin; Calligraphy ranks among the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty: Su, Huang, Mi and Cai. His paintings initiated the Huzhou School of Painting.

Huang tingjian

Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105) was born in Lu Zhi, a Taoist in the valley, and was born in Fenning, Hongzhou (now xiushui county, Jiangxi). A famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School. Calligraphy is one of Song Sijia. Yingzong Zhiping for four years (1067), Jinshi. Professor Ye Xianwei from Beijing, Professor Lang Xianping from imperial academy, School Book Lang, Cao Zuolang, Secretary Cheng, Fuzhou Biejia, Guizhou Resettlement House, etc. Ting Jian believes in Buddhism and worships Taoism. Although he is an official, he washes the toilet himself. He is also one of the 24 filial piety. Huang Tingjian, one of the four bachelor's degrees of Su Men, was the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School, and was as famous as Su Shi before his death. Known as Su Huang. The author of "Valley Ci".

Mi Fu

Mi Fei [fú] (1051-kloc-0/107), self-styled as Mi, Qian, Bi or Fu [fú]. Painter of Northern Song Dynasty. Originally from Wuwei, Anhui, he moved to Xiangyang, Hubei, and then settled in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). High talent, scattered characters, and so clean and addictive. Being served by the Tang people, he accumulated more strange stones. Calligraphy and painting are a family. Can draw dead wood and bamboo stones, innovative, but also can draw landscapes, creating an ink painting Yunshan ink painting drama, covered by clouds, simple and naive. Good poetry and calligraphy, accurate appraisal. He is good at seal script, official script, regular script, running script and cursive script, and is good at copying ancient books, which is confusing. One of Song Sijia.

Cai Xiang

Cai Xiang (10 12- 1067), whose real name is Mo Jun, is a famous calligrapher, politician and tea expert in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the first brother of the traitor Cai Jing. Originally from Dong 'an Village, Fengting Township, Xianyou, Fujian, he moved to Cai 'an Village, Putian, and 1030 (Tiansheng eight years) was a scholar. He worked in the central government of the Song Dynasty successively, serving as a collator of Guan Ge, an admonition court, a history museum, an imperial historian, a bachelor of Longtuge, a bachelor of Privy Council, a bachelor of Hanlin, a third secretary and an envoy. The pawn was given the title of assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites and sounded the bell. He presided over the construction of Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, which is the oldest existing cross-sea beam stone bridge in China. Cai Xiang is honest, upright, trustworthy, knowledgeable and profound in calligraphy. In the history of calligraphy, he talked about the calligraphy of the Song Dynasty, and was called the four great calligraphers with Su, Huang, Mi and Cai. Cai Xiang's calligraphy is self-contained, with profound solemnity, simplicity and beauty.

Evonne

Song Huizong Evonne (65438+May 5, 0082 -65438 +065438+June 5, 035), the 11th son of Song Shenzong, the younger brother of Song Zhezong, and the eighth emperor of the Song Dynasty. He was successively named King Suining and King Duan. In the first month of A.D. 1 100, Zhezong died of illness, and in the same month he was made emperor. In the second year, the year number was changed to "Jianzhong Guo Jing". After 26 years in office (165438+February 23, 2000-165438+1October 18), Guo Wu was captured and tortured to death at the age of 54, and was buried in You Yongling (now southeast of Keqiao District, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province) He created a calligraphy font, which was later called "thin gold body". He is a rare artistic genius and all-rounder in ancient times. Song Huizong can do whatever he wants, but not for your ears! Historians who wrote the history of the Song Dynasty also said with emotion that if Zhang Dun's opinions were adopted, the Northern Song Dynasty might be another ending. He also said, for example, "If Hui Zong was not established in the Song Dynasty, why did it become a separatist regime in the Song Dynasty, even though Jin Qiangsheng was strong? ".

Zhao Mengfu

Zhao Mengfu (1254- 1322) was born in Song Xue, a Taoist priest in Song Xue, a Taoist priest in Water Mirror Palace, and a native of Goulpeau. He is a middle-aged Mengfu native, Han nationality, from Xing Wu (now Huzhou, Zhejiang). Famous painter in Yuan Dynasty, one of the four masters of regular script (Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and Zhao Mengfu). Zhao Mengfu is well-read, good at poetry and prose, familiar with economy, industrial calligraphy, fine painting, good at epigraphy, fluent in temperament and appreciation. In particular, calligraphy and painting achieved the highest achievements in the Yuan Dynasty, creating a new style of painting, which was called "the crown of Yuan people". Good at seal cutting, official script, authentic works, calligraphy and cursive script, especially regular script and running script.

Xianyushu

Xian Yushu (1257— 1302), a native of Yuyang county, Hebei province, now lives in Hangzhou. With Zhao Mengfu, it is also called "Southern Zhao and Northern Xian". His achievements in calligraphy mainly lie in cursive script. Huai Su and innovation in cursive writing. His writing method is very distinctive, adopting a unique wrist-returning method; Like to use wolf hair, writing emphasizes bone strength. Representative works include An Shi Miscellaneous History Volume, Jin Xuejie Volume and Su Shihai Tang Poetry Volume. Together with Zhao Mengfu and Deng, they are called "everyone in three years".

Dong Qichang

Dong Qichang (1555— 1636), whose real name is Xuanzai, was named Sibai and Xiangguang. Han nationality, from Huating, Songjiang (now Maqiao, Minhang District, Shanghai), was a painter and calligrapher in Ming Dynasty. I once lived in Songjiang. In the seventeenth year of Wanli, Zhongjinshi was awarded editing by the Hanlin Academy. He was an official of Nanjing Ritual Department and died after Wen Min. He is good at painting landscapes, learning from Dong Yuan, Huang and Ni Zan, and his brushwork is beautiful and neutral, quiet and elegant; Clean and bright with ink fragrance, gentle and plain; Green is simple and generous. He advocated the theory of "North-South School" by using Buddhism and Zen as a metaphor for painting, and was an outstanding representative of "Huating Painting School". His painting and painting theory had a great influence on the painting world in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Calligraphy in and out of the Jin and Tang dynasties, sui generis, can make poetry. Existing works include Rock Residence Map, Eight Scenes in Autumn, Zhou Jintang Map, etc. He is the author of Essays on Painting Zen Rooms and Collected Works of Rong Tai. , and engraved with Xihongtang post. His calligraphy has both the beauty of "Yan Gu Zhao Zi".

Liu Yong

Liu Yong (17 19 ~ 1804), whose real name is Confucianism, is Shi 'an, Shi 'an, Mu 'an, Qingyuan, Xu Zhai, Hua, and Japanese Taoist. Born in Zhucheng, Shandong Province. During Qianlong's reign, he was an important minister, and served as editor of imperial academy, bachelor of Jiangsu Cabinet, governor of Hunan, Zuodu censor, official of Ministry of Industry, official of study room, and co-organizer of university students. At the beginning of Jiaqing, a university student in Tijen Pavilion, who cared less about the Prince, died in Wen Qing. He is the author of Shi An's Poems. His calligraphy started from Dong and Zhao, and reached various schools in Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, especially Su Dongpo and Yan Zhenqing in Jin and Tang Dynasties, and became a self-contained system. His book is short, plump and thick, with great strength and strong contrast; The words are restrained and simple, but they are never congested, and the ending is heavy and calm. The composition is patchy, and Shu Lang is elegant. The overall style is subtle and profound, the essence is introverted, muddy like Tai Chi, the appearance is quiet and harmonious, and it has the dignity of a Confucian scholar and an old minister, but it seems all-encompassing, unfathomable and respectable. Because he likes to use thick ink, the time number is "Prime Minister of Thick Ink".

wu changshuo

Wu Changshuo (1844 ~ 1927), whose real name is Jun, is also known as Cang Shi and Cang Shuo.

Lin Sanzhi

Lin Sanzhi (1898- 1989), a native of Wujiang, Jiangpu, Jiangsu Province, was nicknamed three, the third idiot, an old man on the river, with a left ear and a semi-disabled old man. "The Three Masterpieces of Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting", especially cursive script, is world-famous and is called "the sage of grass".

qigong

Qi Gong (19 12—2005), surnamed Ai Xin Qiao Luo, also known as Yuan Bo, was a layman in Yuanbei, Manchu in Beijing, after the royal family of Qing Dynasty. China is a famous contemporary painter, educator, classical philologist, appraiser, redologist, poet and master of Chinese studies.

Zhao Puchu

Zhao Puchu,/kloc-0 was born in Anqing on October 5th, 1907 165438, an outstanding Buddhist leader, an outstanding calligrapher, a famous social activist and a great patriot. ?

Li Zhimin

Li Zhimin (1925- 1994), a senior professor and calligrapher in Peking University, took the lead in advocating and practicing. His exploration accurately grasped the development direction and trend of contemporary calligraphy, which has important theoretical significance and practical value.

Animal hair used for writing can be divided into soft (soft) and hard (hard), and soft hair is mainly goat hair; Hao Jian is made of rabbit's spine hair and weasel's tail hair, while Rouhao and Hao Jian are called double brushes. The nib is composed of a bunch of long hair called the front end in the middle, which is the nib; There is a short hair around it, called secondary hair. A good brush has four advantages: sharp, neat, round and healthy. From the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, Xuanzhou, Anhui Province was the most famous place of producing brush. Roshi rabbit brushes are the best, and their prices are as high as gold. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was replaced by a well-made lake pen produced by Shanlian Town, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, which has been in use ever since.

Four Treasures of the Study

Chinese brush

The brush holder is generally controlled by bamboo, some by spotted bamboo, some by rhinoceros horn, ivory or gold and silver, all of which are handicrafts.

black

Ink appeared very early, and the book said that Xing Yi began to make ink in the Western Zhou Dynasty, saying that it was made of ash, but it was actually after the Western Han Dynasty. Its raw materials are different and can be divided into oil smoke ink, lacquer smoke ink and Song Yanmo. They are made of tung oil, raw lacquer, pine cigarette, gelatin, musk and borneol. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the paper in Mohe County, Yizhou was very famous.

paper

Paper is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. Hemp paper has appeared in the cultural relics unearthed from the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, but it is very rough. Since the Han dynasty, it has spread all over the world.

inkstone

Calligraphy and painting are based on mulberry paper (also called Chinese paper). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun adopted a variety of raw materials and improved the papermaking methods, which greatly improved the quality and output of paper. Because of the widespread use of paper, Emperor Jin 'an ordered the abolition of bamboo slips that have been used since ancient times, pushing history to the era of comprehensive use of paper. The paper industry in the Tang Dynasty was very developed. Xuanzhou produces Xuan paper, Jiangxi Linchuan produces thin slip paper, Yangzhou Liuhe paper and Guangzhou bamboo paper, all of which are fine products.

inkstone

Ink was used in the Western Han Dynasty. Ink unearthed from Fenghuang Han Tomb in Jingzhou, Hubei Province. There are four traditional inkstones in China, namely Duanyan inkstone, Sheyan inkstone, Yantao inkstone and Chengni inkstone.

learning method

Find; to find out

Pen-holding posture: five-finger pen-holding method: first, hold the thumb and middle finger tightly, and the position vacated by the palm should be like a cube of about 4 cm, and then naturally put the ring finger and little finger behind the brush to make the body straight and keep the arm at a proper distance from the table.

Common methods: Cover the manuscript with thin paper (silk) and write or draw as it is. Painting in red is one of the methods.

Xie Lin

The learner writes on another piece of paper as accurately as possible against the original calligraphy post.

Pro-writing must use scientific methods. Many people who like calligraphy have not been able to enter the hall of calligraphy for a long time because they have not mastered the scientific method of pro-calligraphy. The Fundamental Principle of Temporary Writing of Chinese Characters —— There are countless calligraphers in the past five thousand years. Although they left quite a few excellent calligraphy works, they didn't leave any scientific writing methods, such as why they are like temporary writing? Why doesn't Lin write like this? Liu Xiangdong, a primary school teacher in Dalian, put forward the basic principles of temporary writing of Chinese characters, and wrote the book "Secrets of Temporary Writing of Chinese Characters", which solved the fundamental problem of temporary writing of Chinese characters. This method is not only suitable for the temporary writing of Chinese characters, but also suitable for the temporary writing of all characters in the world. The book The Secret of Writing Chinese Characters is a milestone in the history of China's calligraphy.

Beilin

After writing it many times, I wrote it again according to the original picture left in my mind.

create

According to the constantly revised writing habits and styles, re-select writing content and expression style, and write new works.

Writing posture

It is very important to learn the correct posture of calligraphy, especially for teenagers who have just learned calligraphy. Incorrect posture is not only difficult to correct, but also affects the health of bones and eyes. Therefore, the posture of learning calligraphy must be correct, that is, head, body and hands. Calligraphy probably has the following postures:

sitting position

Anyone who writes within three inches can sit in the book. The height of desks and chairs for reading should be moderate. Keep your head straight, but lean forward slightly, but don't lean sideways. Hips should be straight, waist should be straight, chest should be straight, don't lie prone on the table, and the chest should generally keep a distance of 3-5 inches from the table. Spread your legs naturally, put your feet flat, and press the paper with your left hand (the paper should also be put straight). The position of the pen should be about 6 inches from the nose. Some people advocate that when writing, the pen is aimed at the tip of the nose, which is too mechanically stiff and easy to distract attention. It is not so rigid, as long as the pen is located around the nose and the words written are in the middle of the eyes.

pear

When writing in big letters of more than three inches, you should stand up and write cantilever, so that you can work hard and take care of the overall situation. When standing, you should keep your feet steady, with your right foot slightly stepped out, slightly in a T-step, your right half slightly stretched forward, your waist slightly leaned forward, and your left hand pressed the paper or spread it backwards. Predecessors advocated concentrating the strength of the lower body on the waist, pushing the shoulders with the strength of the waist, driving the upper limbs with the strength of the shoulders, and sending the strength to the pen tip through the upper limbs and wrists, that is, the so-called "strength comes from the waist and roots in the feet". This can be achieved step by step in practice.

Kneel and read a book

To write big characters more than two feet, you can write on your knees or on your stomach, which makes it easy to master the structure of the characters. The method is to kneel on the left knee, bend the right knee to support the body, and straighten the left hand to help the ground. This method is too flexible to be effective. If possible, it is best to prepare a short case to write.

Whether reading while sitting or standing, keep an appropriate distance between your eyes and the paper when writing, and this distance will change with the size of the written words. Small characters should be close, and big characters should be far away. Usually you should write in block letters and big characters, about a city ruler, and the small characters should be slightly smaller than this distance. When writing a large character of more than one foot, there should be a distance of more than two feet, otherwise it will be difficult to take care of the relationship between strokes and the overall structure.

Mi Zige

The usage of the word "meter" has always been controversial among calligraphy learners and enthusiasts. On page 48 of Introduction to Calligraphy published by Mr. Qi Gong 1986, the interpretation of the word "meter" is wrong. Today, I wrote in detail what Qigong told me and my practical experience, so that others can practice calligraphy structure without detours.

The word "meter" mentioned by Mr. Qi Gong is an important rule of calligraphy structure and a great contribution to calligraphy art, which is different from the word "meter" or "well" printed on the red mold. The grid on the red mold is for beginners to arrange the stroke position for reference. The structural rule of "Mi" is that ∠ 1 less than ∠3, ∠2 less than ∠4, ∠5 less than ∠7 and ∠6 less than ∠8 when writing rice.

In other words, the two points in the upper part of the rice word should be slightly correct, and the lower part should be slightly flat, so that the word looks good.

The most common misunderstanding is that writing two points and one left and one right of Chinese characters on the diagonal grid with a 45-degree angle on the red grid is considered as the standard. This is as bad as the so-called writing should be horizontal and vertical, so the words written in this way have no aesthetic feeling

There are many characters in Chinese characters that can use the rule of "meter" case.

The first category is the two-point and one-vertical figures in the upper half, such as light, time, dang and Xiao.

The second category is the characters with one left, one right and one vertical in the lower part, such as: wood, east, etc. Writing these words in violation of the "meter" rule, the effect is clear at a glance.

Draw the outline of a character stroke

The "five fingers method" (double bracts) of double hook calligraphy, also called "double bracts", is a writing method. Han, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, said in "Tips for Giving Pens": "The beauty of Fu Shu lies in its principle, that is, it is both a two-finger tube and a five-finger tube. It should be a virtual palm, and it is also called a delivery, preparing for oral delivery. " The method is to press outward with a big point, hook the food with the middle finger inward, expose the ring finger outward, and get the little finger stuck under the ring finger, so that all five fingers will come in handy. Five-finger method is also a kind of "double hook". The origin and introduction of double hook calligraphy The so-called "double hook calligraphy" refers to writing a certain style of hollow characters directly in a single line. This method originated in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, because there was no printing technology, in order to spread the works of famous calligraphers, people drew hollow characters according to the original works and filled them with black ink, so that viewers could get works similar to the original works. Later, this copying method became a way for people to learn calligraphy, and developed into a splendid calligraphy art treasure in China. "Double hook" is also a calligraphy term. Calligraphy is called "double hook", which is used to draw a stone and hook it out along the outer edges of both sides of its stroke with thin lines. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui said in "Continued Book": "The double hook method requires that the pen and ink should not faint out of the word, or the outline should be filled in it, or Zhu Qi's back should be fat and thin." Lu Fangweng, a great poet in Song Dynasty, praised the charm of "double hook" with his quatrains of "Mo Miao's double hook post".