What is Bauhaus's design philosophy?

The influence of Bauhaus's development on modern design

In today's social life, modern design participates in and influences people's production and life. Art design, environmental art, industrial modeling and other fields are directly or indirectly influenced by Bauhaus, and they are more or less conscious of their design concepts, such as the guiding ideology of "combining art with technology" and the dialectical relationship between product use value and aesthetic value.

Bauhaus College in Germany, founded in 19 19, is the earliest college in the world to carry out design education. It was founded by Gropius (1883- 1969), a famous German architect and founder of modernist architecture and design.

The word "Bauhaus" is transformed from the medieval "folk guild", which means to establish a cooperative relationship similar to that of medieval craftsmen, trying to break the boundary between pure art and craft technology, unite artists and craft technicians, and create a perfect work of art with a unified spirit and material. Its essence is to promote the creation of plastic arts under modern new technology. Bauhaus College is the first architectural industrial design school in the world, and its birth is a milestone of modern architectural industrial design. (1) According to his principal's term, Bauhaus can be divided into three stages:19 1928 when Gropius was principal,1928 when Meyer was principal, and 1930 when Mies was principal. President Droz Qin's 1930- 1933. The role of the principal is of great significance to Bauhaus. ② According to the three relocations of the school site, Bauhaus experienced Weimar period (191924), Dubai period (1925- 1930) and Berlin period (1930).

Many great changes have taken place in the school structure, teaching philosophy, professional courses, teacher system and design concept of Bauhaus College. That is, Gropius's idealism and its romantic utopian spirit, Meyer's political goal, Smith's pragmatic direction and rigorous working methods. All these have a strong and distinct brand of the times, but at the same time, they have achieved the richness of Bauhaus spiritual content and the complexity of cultural characteristics, laid the foundation for modern design education, made great contributions to modern architecture and industrial design revolution, and also had a far-reaching impact on world culture.

19 19 April 1, after World War I, Bauhaus was formally established in Weimar. Gropius personally drafted and published the Bauhaus Declaration, in which he proposed: "A complete building is the ultimate goal of visual art ... architects, sculptors and painters, and we should turn to applied art ... art is not a special subject. There is no fundamental difference between artists and technical experts ... Let's establish a new artist organization, in which there is absolutely no concept of career stage that creates huge obstacles between technicians and artists ... "(3) In the Bauhaus Declaration, Gropius's core idea is: First, break the boundaries of art types. The second is to raise the status of craftsmen to the level of artists. This is what Gropius called "the new unity of art and technology".

Johannesburg? John eaton (1888— 1967) is a Swiss painter, who is recognized as the first person to systematically create the basic course of modern design in the world and the first host of the basic course of Bauhaus Foundation. In the basic course, he particularly emphasized two aspects: first, the in-depth understanding and experience of form, color, material and texture, including the discussion and understanding of plane and three-dimensional form. Second, through the analysis of painting, find out the laws of visual forms, especially the laws of rhythm and structure, and gradually make students have a special visual development sensitivity to natural things. At the same time, Eaton was one of the earliest educators who set up modern color teaching, but Eaton was obsessed with early Christian philosophy and China philosophy, with sensitivity and strong religious consciousness. Therefore, its teaching methods and contents are often a mixture of scientific visual forms and mysticism, some of which interfere with normal teaching and are criticized and attacked by many people. Finally, he left Bauhaus on 1923 and went to Zurich to engage in artistic creation and continue to study China's philosophy.

1922 10 October, Laszlo? Moholi? Laszlo moholy nagy (1895— 1946) succeeded Eaton. He is young, active and brilliant. He was once praised by Gropius as "one of the most active colleagues in establishing Bauhaus education, and many achievements of Bauhaus are his achievements". (4) Najib made the Bauhaus preparatory school get rid of the philosophical tendency, which has obvious technical tendency. In art design, he adapts aesthetics to structural logic. He arranged three groups of courses of technology, art and science for preparatory students, so that students can understand the properties of materials, master the contents of concepts such as formal surface, structure, volume, space and movement, learn to use hand tools and production equipment, be familiar with the principle of modeling expression, and combine students' image perception with rational thinking. Najib is a major theorist who applied Bauhaus's artistic ideas to industry and architecture. After Gropius, he became the most influential figure in the spread and development of Bauhaus's thoughts, and influenced a whole generation of artists, architects and designers. [Next] José Alba (1888- 196 1), the third host of Bauhaus Preparatory School, also has a tendency to think rationally, but Binaghi is more practical. He attaches great importance to students' understanding of the characteristics of materials and processes, so that students can completely approach the actual task of manufacturing industrial products. Albers often discusses and analyzes his works with students. He believes that two-way communication is more helpful to develop students' structural thinking than one-way teaching by teachers.

Paul klee (1897- 1940), an expressionist painter, and wassily kandinsky (1897- 1944), a pioneer of abstract painting, are also the most influential members of Bauhaus, who have played a positive role in perfecting the college education system. With rich theoretical knowledge, Klee is highly sensitive to modern art. His concern is not the distinction between abstraction and concreteness, but how to liberate all elements from unified norms, decompose, combine and reconstruct them to form a whole with multiple voices, and create eternal harmony through dynamic balance, so as to make them close to the core of creation. ⑤ Klee's courses such as Analysis of Natural Phenomena and Modeling, Space, Motion and Perspective Research discuss the relationship between nature and physics, mathematics and human cognition from the role of modeling. He tried his best to simplify and clarify the theory, paying attention to the analysis of form, being good at combining elements and emphasizing the relationship between feeling and creation. Kandinsky is a great expressionist master and a pioneer of modern abstract art. His teaching starts with completely abstract color and shape theory, and then links these abstract contents with concrete design. His exposition on point, line and surface has played an important role in Bauhaus's basic course teaching. These contents have become the forerunner of plane composition in modern design education system.

Bauhaus emphasized the combination of plastic arts and put forward the idea of combining art with technology. Emphasize the dialectical relationship between the use value and aesthetic value of new industrial products; Emphasize the application of new materials, new technologies and modern abstract forms determined by practical functions; Emphasize the combination of artistic design ability and craft production labor; Emphasize the cooperation between artists and break down the barriers between artists and craftsmen. Bauhaus laid the foundation of modern design education system, and its curriculum structure and teaching methods became the starting point of design education in many schools around the world. The outstanding designers have pushed modern design to a new height, and their spirit, ideas and methods have long been regarded as the classics of modernism. Bauhaus advocates free creation in design, opposes imitation and conformism, advocates understanding the characteristics of modern design while mastering handicrafts, vigorously carries out international and domestic exchanges and cooperation, and cultivates new talents with modern design culture, creative thinking ability and art, craft and design.

Bauhaus's design thought provides the basis and criterion for the expansion and perfection of modern design thought, which makes modern design thought more systematic and standardized. The functional design principle advocated by Bauhaus makes modern design rediscover the material carrier of product function, make effective use of the carrier, make the carrier multi-functional, and make a more in-depth study of materials, modeling, use environment and other factors. The development of Bauhaus is bumpy and short-lived, but it has a great influence in the world. While absorbing Bauhaus's design theory and educational thought, we should combine the spirit of scientific exploration and modern aesthetic consciousness with Chinese traditional culture to better promote the development of modern design.

Nowadays, mankind has entered the 2 1 century, and modern design has mushroomed, showing a rapid development trend, which has penetrated into all fields of production and life closely related to people and crossed many disciplines and systems. Although 86 years have passed since Bauhaus was founded in 14, Bauhaus's design thought has had a far-reaching impact on modern design.

Precautions:

(1) Zhang Tong. A summary of the theoretical framework of overall regional architecture [J]. huazhong architecture, 1993 (3): 22.

② Ling, Xu Hengchun. Art design [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2000.

③ Wang Shouzhi. History of modern world design [M]. Beijing China Youth Publishing House, 2002: 142.

④ Zhang Fuye. History of foreign arts and crafts [M]. Beijing: China Translation Publishing House, 1999: 525.

⑤ Wang Bingzhang. Bauhaus's industrial design and its development [J]. Journal of Anhui Institute of Architecture and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2005( 12):36.