The founders and representatives of the hundred schools of thought in the novelist, the vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, military, medical school

Introduction of the Hundred Schools of Thought

I. Confucianism: Representative characters: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi

Confucianism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, which took Confucius as its teacher during the Spring and Autumn Period, and took the Six Arts as its law, advocating "propriety and music" and "benevolence and righteousness," advocating "loyalty and forgiveness" and the impartial "middle way," advocating "virtue" and "benevolent government," and emphasizing the education of morals and ethics and the cultivation of human beings themselves as a scholarly school.

Confucianism emphasizes the function of education, believing that emphasizing education and punishment is the way to stability and prosperity for the people. It advocated that "there should be education without discrimination" and that both the rulers and the ruled should be educated so that the whole nation would become morally upright.

Politically, it also advocated the rule of the state by rituals and the subduing of people by virtues, calling for the restoration of the "Rites of the Zhou", which it regarded as the ideal path to the realization of ideal politics. By the time of the Warring States period, Confucianism was divided into eight schools, the important ones being the two schools of Mencius and Xunzi.

2. Taoism: Representative figures: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuang Zi

Daoism is one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States period, also known as "Taoism". This school of thought takes as its theoretical foundation the doctrine of Laozi on "Tao" in the late Spring and Autumn Period, which explains the nature, origin, composition and changes of everything in the universe. They believed that the Way of Heaven is inactive, and that all things are born naturally. They denied that God, ghosts and gods dominate everything, and advocated that the Way should follow nature and go with the flow of nature, advocating quietness and inaction, and guarding the female and the soft to overcome the hard. His political ideals were "a small country with few people" and "rule by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different schools of thought, with four famous schools: Zhuangzi, Yangzhu, Songyin, and Huanglao.

Three, Mohism: Representative figure: Mozi. Works: "Mozi"

Moism is one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.

This school of thought based its doctrines on the principle of "love one another and benefit one another": to love one another is to treat others as oneself; to love one another is to love one's neighbor as oneself. The school of thought was based on the principle of "love for one another": "love for one another" meant treating people as one's own; "love for one another" meant loving people as one's own. Politically, he advocated Shang Xian (尚贤), Shang Tong (尚同), and Non-Attacking (非攻); economically, he advocated strengthening the fundamentals of the economy; and ideologically, he proposed to respect heaven and serve the demons. At the same time, they also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing the importance of relying on one's own strength.

The Moists were a tightly organized group of people from the lower strata of society, all of whom were rumored to be able to go through fire and swordfighting in order to inspire their own suffering. Their disciples were called "Mo Defenders" for those who engaged in debate, "Mo Chivalry" for those who engaged in martial arts, and "Ju (Ju) Zi" for their leader. Their discipline was strict, and it was rumored that "the law of the Mozi is to kill those who kill, and to punish those who injure" (Lü Shi Chun Qiu - Going to the Private Side).

After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. At the end of the Warring States period, the three schools converged into two: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, and was called "the post-Moist school" (also called "late Moist school"), while the other was transformed into the rogues of the Qin and Han societies.

Fourth, Legalism: Representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si. Works: Han Fei Zi

The Legalists were one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period. They were called Legalists because they advocated the rule of law, which is "a law that does not discriminate between the close and the distant, the noble and the lowly, but a law that breaks down the law". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of Legalism. At the beginning of the Warring States period, Li Yul, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Zhi founded the School of Legalism. At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei synthesized the "law" of Shang Yang, the "power" of Shen Zhi, and the "art" of Shen Buhai to form a comprehensive school of thought and doctrine of the Legalists.

This school of thought advocated the abolition of the well-field, emphasizing agriculture and commerce, and rewarding cultivation and war; politically, it advocated the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of counties, monarchical autocracy, and the use of power and tactics, and ruled by harsh and severe laws; and ideologically and educationally, it advocated the banning of all schools and schools of thought, and the use of the law as a means of teaching, and the use of the mandarins as teachers. The doctrine provided a theoretical basis and a strategy for the establishment of a monarchical monarchical dynasty.

Two hundred and seventeen writings of the Legalists were recorded in the Han Book of Arts and Letters, nearly half of which have survived, the most important of which are the Book of the Lord of Shang and the Book of Han Fei Zi.

V. Famous writers: Representatives: Deng Analytics, Huishi, Gongsun Long and Huan Tuan. Works: "Gongsun Longzi"

Mingjia was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and it was called "Mingjia" by the later generations because it was engaged in the main academic activity of debating the name (name, concept) and the reality (fact, reality). At that time, they were called "apologists", "Chashi", or "criminal (form) Mingjia". Representative figures were Huishi and Gongsunlong.

Sixth, yin and yang family: representative: Zou Yan

Yin and yang family is one of the most important schools of thought in the Warring States period, named for the promotion of yin and yang and the five elements, and its interpretation of social personnel. This school of thought originated from the ancient ruling class that was in charge of astronomy and calendar, and was represented by Zou Yan, a Qi man during the Warring States period.

The doctrine of yin and yang is that yin and yang are the two opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to explain the laws of development and change. The doctrine of the five elements that everything is composed of wood, fire, earth, gold and water, between which there are two major laws of phases of life and phase victory (Saparilla), which can be used to illustrate the origin and change of the universe. Zou Yan synthesized the two, and based on the theory of the phases of the five elements, he interpreted the attributes of the five elements as the "five virtues" and created the "five virtues of the end and the beginning", which was used as the law for the rise and fall of dynasties, providing a theoretical basis for the establishment of the emerging great unification of the dynasty.

Twenty-one works of this school were recorded in the Han Book of Arts and Letters, all of which have been lost. In the late Warring States period, the Book of Rites - Monthly Orders was said to be the work of the yin-yang family. Some of the articles in "Guanzi" also belong to the work of the yin-yang family, "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals - should be the same", "Huainan Zi - Qi custom training", "Shi Ji - Qin Shi Huang's Chronicle" in the retention of some of the yin-yang family material.

Seventh, the Zongheng family: representative figures: Su Qin, Zhang Yi. The main statements in the "Strategies of the Warring States"

Zongheng and Hengjia is China's Warring States period to the strategy of vertical and horizontal lobbying the lords, engaged in political and diplomatic activities of the strategists. It is listed as one of the Hundred Schools of the Zunzi (诸子百家). The main representatives are Su Qin, Zhang Yi and so on.

In the Warring States period, the south and the north were merged into a vertical column, and the west and the east were connected into a horizontal column. Su Qin was the main leader of the combined columns of Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu in order to reject the Qin, and Zhang Yi was able to break through the combined columns and work with the Qin in the six countries, which gave the Zongheng and Hengshi families their name. Their activities had a significant impact on the changes in the political and military landscape of the Warring States period.

The "Strategies of the Warring States" has a lot of records of their activities. According to the Han Shu - Yiwen Zhi, the Zongheng and Hengjia had written "sixteen schools and one hundred and seven articles".

Eighth, the Miscellaneous School: Representative figure: Lu Buwei

The Miscellaneous School was a comprehensive school of thought at the end of the Warring States period. Because of the "combination of Confucianism and Mohammedanism, the name and law", "in the hundred schools of thought are not comprehensive" ("Han Shu． Art and Literature Zhi" and Yan Shigu's note). The Lü Shi Chun Qiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lü Shi), compiled by Qin Prime Minister Lu Bu wei, was a typical collection of writings by a variety of scholars.

9. Nongjia,

Nongjia was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States period. It was named for its focus on agricultural production. This school came from the officials who managed agricultural production in ancient times. They believed that agriculture was the basis of food and clothing and should be put in the first place of all work. Mengzi. Teng Wengong" recorded Xu Xing's person, "for the words of Shen Nong", put forward the wise man should "with the people and plowing and food, food and entertainment and governance", expressed the agrarian socio-political ideals. This party also paid attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production techniques and experiences. The Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals (吕氏春秋), which includes the chapters of 〈Shang Nong〉, 〈Ren Di〉, 〈Dian Tu〉, and 〈Appraisal of Time〉, are considered to be the most important materials for the study of pre-Qin agriculturalists.

Ten, novelist,

Novelist, one of the pre-Qin nine streams of ten, is the collection of folklore discussion, in order to examine the people's customs. The Han Book - Arts and Letters" cloud: "the stream of novelists, cover out of the barnyard. The street talk, the Tao listen to the creation of those who say also."

Brief description of the Hundred Schools of Thought

Among the Hundred Schools of Thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out among the Hundred Schools of Thought because of his inheritance of the cultural orthodoxy of the Central Plains in the three generations. As a result, Confucianism has not only gained a prominent position among the hundred schools of thought, but has also become the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, and has had an unparalleled influence on the formation of the spirit of the Chinese people. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school of thought in the usual sense; the doctrine of Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and a manifestation of its inherent value system. It has permeated every capillary of traditional culture and greatly influenced every area of Chinese culture. All the doctrines and thoughts and religious sects that have emerged from Chinese soil, and even foreign cultures and religions, cannot avoid bearing the traces of Confucian culture. This is not the only case today. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (we know that the promotion of Confucianism in Japan and the Four Little Dragons was a remedial measure taken to solve the crisis of faith and the problem of moral decline brought about by modernization after they had already achieved or basically modernized. The so-called "Southeast Asian Cultural Circle" is basically a model of cultural composition with Confucianism as the main body. It has given a strong impetus to social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. (With the development of history, Confucian ethics are entering the Western countries).

On the categorization of the schools of thought of the hundred schools of thought, Sima Tan listed six schools, "It is the main point of the discussion of the six schools of thought that says: Yi Dazhuan: 'The world is unanimous but a hundred considerations, and the same return, but different paths." The yin and yang, Confucianism, ink, name, law, and morality, this service for the rule of the people also" ("Historical Records - Preface to the Duke of Tai Shi"). The Han Book - Art and Culture Zhi" in Liu Xin "seven strategies" of the plurals are divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, yin and yang, law, name, ink, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, novels. Excluding the novelists do not talk about, so called "nine streams of ten".

Eleven, the military. The military school focuses on guiding the war, how to use force when you have to use force to achieve your goal. The founder was Sun Wu, and the School of War is divided into four categories: military power and strategy, military situation, military yin and yang, and military skills.

The main representative of the military family, the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Wu, Sima Joji Tho; the Warring States Sun Bin, Wu Qi, Wei Wu Ji, Wei Wuji, Bai Qi and so on. The existing military writings are "Huang Di Yin Fu Jing", "Six Towers", "Three Slightly", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Sima Law", "Sun Bin's Art of War", "Wu Zi", "Wei Wuji", "Wei Liao Zi and so on. Although there are differences and similarities in the doctrines of various schools, they contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of the military schools had a great influence on the time and later generations, which is a valuable heritage of military thought in China's ancient times. From Si Ma Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian - Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng": "Jia Sheng was a young man, but he was well versed in the books of the various schools of thought and the hundred schools of thought. Emperor Wen summoned him to be a doctor."

XII, medical doctors:

Representative: Bian Magpie

The formation of Chinese medical theories took place from the second half of the fifth century B.C. to the middle of the third century A.D.*** after more than seven hundred years. In the second half of the fifth century BC, China began to enter a feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of the feudal system was a period of great upheaval in Chinese history. The changes in the social system contributed to economic development and the emergence of new situations in ideology, science and culture, including the development of medicine. The term "healer" refers to all those who practiced medicine.