The main content of compulsory second part of high school geography?

Compulsory Part II (Senior) Chapter 1 Changes in Population §1 Changes in the Number of Population 1. Changes in the number of people in an area include both natural and mechanical growth of the population (migration of people). Among them, the decisive factor affecting the change in the number of population is natural growth, while the influence of mechanical growth on the number of population diminishes as the scope increases.2. Temporally, the change in the number of the world's population is different in different periods of history, and from the general trend is growing, after World War II, it is into a period of rapid growth, and the growth rate slowed down in the 70's. The number of the world's population has increased in the past few years, and the number of people living in the world has decreased. From a spatial point of view, developed countries concentrated in Europe, North America and Oceania have a lower natural population growth rate, and the phenomenon of negative population growth has even occurred in Japan, Russia, Germany, France and Hungary, while developing countries concentrated in Asia, Africa and Latin America have a higher natural population growth rate. Therefore, the population policies adopted by different countries and regions are different. 3, the world's population growth pattern is composed of birth rate, mortality rate, natural growth rate of three indicators **** the same, can be divided into three types of primitive, traditional, modern type. 4, the curve in the figure ① indicates the birth rate, the curve ② indicates the mortality rate, A indicates that the population growth pattern is primitive, B indicates that the population growth pattern is traditional, C indicates that the population growth pattern is traditional, C indicates that the population growth pattern is traditional, C indicates that the population growth pattern is traditional, C indicates that the population growth pattern is traditional. The population growth pattern indicated by C is the modern type. Fill in the table with the relevant characteristics of each population growth pattern. The main factor affecting the transformation of the population pattern is social productivity. In the process of the transformation of the population pattern, the mortality rate is the first to show a downward change. 6. The global growth pattern is in the transition stage from the traditional type to the modern type from a general point of view. From a local point of view, the developed countries, as well as a few developing countries, such as China, have already entered into the modern type, while most of the developing countries are still in the transition stage from the traditional type to the modern type. The transition from the traditional to the modern model is still in progress in most developing countries. §2 Spatial Changes in Population 1. Population migration can be divided into international and internal migration according to whether or not it crosses national borders. 2. International migration is generally characterized by group and large-volume migration. ① Before the 19th century, the main migration to the newly discovered continents, such as from Europe to the Americas, Oceania, the development of the new continent, the dissemination of industrial civilization, changed the spatial distribution of human races. ② The main feature of population migration after World War II is the reduction of settled immigrants, short-term mobile population increase, the direction of migration mainly from developing countries to developed countries and the world's large energy bases, the main out-migration area is Latin America, the main in-migration area of Europe, North America and West Asia, North Africa.3, China's population migration is divided into two stages: ① Before the 1980s, in order to develop the border, mainly to policy-based migration. ② after the 1980s, the main characteristics of the population migration scale, accelerate the frequency of migration direction is mainly from rural to urban, from inland to the coast. 4, the main significance of China's population migration: ① regulating the spatial distribution of population; ② regulating the talent surplus and deficit; ③ to strengthen the integration of nationalities and cultural exchanges; ④ to promote economic development, narrowing the gap between the regional economy. 5, factors affecting the migration of population include Natural factors, socio-economic factors, personal motives and needs, etc. On the whole, the most important influencing factors are often economic factors. §3 reasonable population capacity 1, ① environmental population capacity: the most important indicator of environmental carrying capacity, indicating the maximum number of people a region can support; ② reasonable population capacity indicates the maximum number of people a region can support under the premise of sustainable development. Both have uncertainty. 2, factors affecting the environmental population capacity mainly include resources, scientific and technological level, living and cultural consumption level, etc., of which the most important factor is resources, and the environmental population capacity is directly proportional to the resources and scientific and technological level, and inversely proportional to the level of living and cultural consumption. 3, to maintain a reasonable capacity of the population, the key is to both improve the quality of life, but also to maintain a good ecological, economic, social and sustainable development development. The key to maintaining a reasonable population capacity is to improve the quality of life while maintaining good ecological, economic, social and sustainable development; the key measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity are different for different countries and regions; developing countries should do their best to keep the population within a reasonable size, while developed countries should establish a fair order to ensure that the majority of the people pursue the quality of life of the right to equality. Chapter 2: Cities and Urbanization §1 Internal Spatial Structure of Cities 1. The urban form is divided into clusters (Chongqing), clusters (Beijing, Chengdu, Hefei, and Washington), radial (Yan'an), and strips (Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, and Yichang), etc. 2. Factors affecting the urban form are the natural conditions (topography, rivers, etc.) and the socio-economic conditions (transportation, economy, culture, and history, etc.). For example, the urban form of the plains is mostly mass, and the urban form of the mountainous and hilly areas is mostly grouped.3. The most common functional areas in the city are mainly residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas. There is no obvious boundary between the functional areas; each functional area may be combined with other land use; different sizes and types of cities, the composition of their functional areas are different. 4, residential areas: the most extensive land use in the city, the middle and high level and low-level residential areas are backward. 5、Business district: need convenient transportation and a large number of consumers; distribution to the market optimal or the principle of optimal traffic; mostly located in the city center, on both sides of traffic arteries or corner intersections; most of the point or strip. 6、Industrial zone: high degree of specialization, strong collaboration between each other; constantly moving to the outer edge; distributed in the traffic convenience area (near highways, railroads, rivers, etc.) 7、Influence the internal urban spatial structure of the The most important factors affecting the internal spatial structure of the city are economic factors, such as the level of land rent (mainly depends on the degree of accessibility and proximity to the city center), various types of land use, rent-paying capacity, etc. 8, A in the figure represents industry, B represents residential, C represents commercial, from the city center to the outer edge of the fastest change in commercial, ① - ③ suitable for the development of residential areas is ②, suitable for the development of industrial areas is ③, suitable for the development of commercial areas is ①, suitable for the development of commercial areas is ①, suitable for the development of industrial areas is ③. The one suitable for the development of commercial area is ①. 9、The representative urban territorial structure includes concentric circle pattern, fan pattern and multi-core pattern. 10、The rationality of urban planning must take into account the ecological, economic and social benefits. For example, there should be convenient transportation conditions; coordination of mutual location to reduce pollution; setting up of necessary protective belts; necessary construction of satellite cities and so on. §2 Service functions of cities of different grades 1. The higher the grade of a city, the greater the variety of its services, the higher the level of service, and the greater the scope of service. The service scope of a city is usually not fixed and has no obvious boundary. The general city service area includes the city itself, the surrounding small towns and the vast rural areas; the service area of the provincial capital city covers the surrounding counties and even the whole province; the service area of the cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and so on can be extended to the whole country.2 The size and grade of the city is related to its geographic location, which is located in the area of rich resources and convenient transportation, which is conducive to the improvement of the grade of the city.3 Principles of rational layout of the city: ① The number of high grade cities is small, and the grade of low grade cities is small. The number of high-grade cities is small, the number of low-grade cities; ② low-grade cities are distributed around high-grade cities; ③ high-grade cities are farther away from each other, low-grade cities closer to each other; ④ different levels of service areas of cities nested (high-grade city service area includes the service area of low-grade cities) § 3 urbanization 1, the concentration of population in towns and cities, expanding the scope of the city, the countryside into the towns and cities. Urbanization is the process of population concentration in cities and towns, the expansion of city boundaries, and the transformation of villages into towns. The main criteria for measuring the level of urbanization include the proportion of urban population, the number of urban population, and the size and area of urban land, among which the most important criterion is the proportion of urban population.2 The reasons for the development of urbanization include the following: Rural areas (push): overpopulation (high pressure on land), frequent and serious natural disasters, low income, and shortage of social services; Cities (pull): many employment opportunities, High degree of social welfare protection, complete cultural facilities, convenient transportation.3. Developed countries have an early start in urbanization, a high level of urbanization (the proportion of the urban population is large), a slow pace of development, and have already entered the later mature stage of urbanization, with the phenomenon of counter-urbanization occurring more often than not, resulting in the emergence of numerous satellite towns.4. Developing countries have a late start in urbanization, a low level of urbanization (the proportion of the urban population is small), and a fast pace of development, and have already entered the middle stage of urbanization. Has entered the middle stage of urbanization, more suburban urbanization phenomenon, resulting in the continuous expansion of the city scale and area. 5, the impact of urbanization on the geographic environment is multifaceted, that is, it can improve the environment, such as leveling the land, the construction of water conservancy facilities, greening the environment, and so on, but also can damage the environment, resulting in environmental pollution problems (atmospheric pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, Electromagnetic radiation pollution, etc.) and ecological damage (such as the reduction of biodiversity), in addition to poor transportation and living conditions, unemployment and employment problems, social disorder, the decline of the inner city and other phenomena. 6, human solutions to the problem of urbanization (the construction of eco-cities) of the main countermeasures: ① the development of energy-saving buildings and green transportation, reduce environmental pollution.　　② Keep the city in harmony with the natural environment and establish a virtuous cycle: for example:?8?3 A. The development of urbanization should be compatible with economic and social development and coordinated with environmental protection.8?3 B. Control the scale of big cities, decentralize the functions of big cities, build new urban districts and construct satellite towns.8?3 C. Rationalize the planning of the city, and deal with the relationship between the various functional districts of the city.8?3 D. Improve the greening of the city.8?3 E .Other measures: rational transportation reconstruction, housing reconstruction, strengthening social order management, rational adjustment of industrial structure Chapter 3: Formation and Development of Agricultural Territory §1 Location Choice of Agriculture §1 Location Conditions Affecting Agriculture: Natural Factors: Terrain, Climate, Soil, Water Socio-Economic Factors: Transportation, Markets, Labor Force, Machinery (Industrial Basis), Policies, Science and Technology, Historical Reasons (Production Habits) 2. The essence of agricultural location selection is the rational use of agricultural land. Location factors affecting agriculture are constantly changing, natural conditions are relatively stable, socio-economic conditions are more likely to change. 3, the main types of agricultural territories: ① planting-based agricultural territories: monsoon paddy field agriculture; commercial grain agriculture. ② livestock-based agricultural territorial types: ranching; dairy farming. (iii) Agricultural territorial types with both cultivation and animal husbandry: mixed agriculture. § 2 to planting-oriented types of agricultural regions 1, mixed agriculture is the simultaneous development of planting and animal husbandry types of agricultural regions, such as southeastern Australia, Murray - Darling Basin is a wheat planting and sheep husbandry is mainly mixed agricultural areas. Main features: ① can form a benign ecosystem; ② high efficiency of time use; ③ strong adaptability to the market. 2, monsoon paddy field agriculture is mainly distributed in the Asian monsoon area (East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia), to planting of rice, the basic features: ① labor-intensive agriculture; ② mainly small farmers (family as a unit of production); ③ high yield per unit area, but the rate of commodities is relatively low; ④ mechanization and technology level is relatively low (except in Japan); ⑤ water conservancy project is large (need government investment, management of drought and water disasters). 3, commodity grain agriculture is mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Ukraine and so on (all to family-run business), and in addition to China's northeastern and northwestern regions are also distributed (state-run mainly). Commodity grain agriculture is a kind of wheat and corn as the main planting crops, typical commodity agriculture. The main features of commodity grain agriculture: ① large-scale production; ② high level of mechanization, ③ high rate of commodity rate. § 3 livestock-based agricultural geographic types 1, ranching belongs to the livestock industry, mainly in the United States, Argentina, cattle-based sheep-based Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. The main features of the ranching industry: ① market-oriented (high commodity rate); ② large-scale production; ③ high degree of specialization. 2, the dairy industry belongs to the livestock industry, mainly dairy cows as the object of production, the production of milk and related products. Dairy industry is mainly distributed in the Great Lakes in North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other economically developed regions. Because the dairy industry products are not resistant to storage, transportation inconvenience, its layout must be close to the consumer market, so more layout in the suburban areas of large cities. The main features of the dairy industry: ① for the urban market; ② commercialization; ③ intensive. Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Territory § 1 industrial location factors and location choice 1, the impact of industrial location conditions: ① natural conditions: land (terrain; rent), water. ② socio-economic conditions: market, transportation, labor, raw materials, power, policy, science and technology, agricultural base 2, from the point of view of economic efficiency: ① sugar cane or sugar beet sugar, aquatic products processing, canned fruit manufacturing and so on belong to raw material-oriented industries; ② food, bottled beverage manufacturing (beer, soda), furniture manufacturing, printing, petrochemicals and so on belong to market-oriented industries; ③ non-ferrous metal smelting (aluminum, copper, nickel , tin ......) belongs to the power-oriented industry; ④ clothing, electronic assembly, bag and belt, umbrella, shoes, quilt factory, etc. belongs to the labor-oriented industry; ⑤ satellites, airplanes, integrated circuits, precision instrumentation and so on belongs to the technology-oriented industry; 3. Considering from the point of view of environmental benefits, enterprises of high-technology products, food products, etc., are very sensitive to the environment. High-quality environment should be the leading location factor. ① air pollution caused by the industry, should be set up in the residential areas of the prevailing wind downwind zone, the minimum wind frequency of the wind zone, and the suburbs perpendicular to the direction of the monsoon; ② caused by the water pollution industry, sewage discharge away from the upper reaches of the river; ③ caused by the pollution of solid waste industry, away from residential areas and farmland. 4, the phenomenon of the influence of the national policy, the concept of business decision-makers and psychological factors and other social factors : ① China before the 80's in the interior to build large industrial bases in the west of some non-textile raw material producing areas, consumption-intensive areas, less economically developed areas to build a number of textile industry centers; ② the implementation of reform and opening-up policy, the rapid economic development of coastal areas; ③ to narrow the economic gap between the East and West, vigorously promote the development of mainland industry; ④ in recent years many Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, overseas Chinese overseas Chinese investment in our country. 5, modern industrial development, ① due to the development of science and technology (refrigeration and preservation technology) and transportation, raw materials on the industrial location of the impact of the gradual weakening of the market on the industrial location of the impact of the gradual strengthening of the ② important hubs and trunk routes still have a greater attraction to the industry, but part of the developed countries due to the improvement of the transportation, industrial layout is no longer traffic as the main location factors; ③ the accessibility of the information and communication network on the impact of industrial More and more prominent; ④ the quality of the labor force is more and more demanding. § 2 the formation of industrial territories 1, the types of industrial links: ① process industrial links, that is, there is a supply of products and raw materials between different industries; ② spatial utilization of industrial links, that is, there is no link between the production process of industrial enterprises, because of the need to * * * use of a variety of infrastructure, service facilities, and the impact of cheap labor and other factors, can be laid out in the same area, for example: many of China's economic and technological development zones; ③ information links Technological development zones; ③ information links, etc. 2, the formation of industrial territory: industrial links → industrial agglomeration → industrial territory. Industrial agglomeration can be formed spontaneously, can also be formed by planning. 3, the role of industrial agglomeration: ① to strengthen the exchange of information between enterprises and technical cooperation; ② to reduce the transportation costs of intermediate products and energy consumption; ③ to reduce the cost of production, improve production efficiency and profitability, and to achieve economies of scale; ④ * * * with the use of infrastructure, saving the production and construction investment. 4, the development of a high degree of industrial geography, for example: the Iron and Steel Industrial Zone (Anshan). Industrial Zone (Anshan), petrochemical industrial zone (Daqing), automobile industrial zone (Shiyan) and machinery manufacturing industrial zones, etc., their characteristics include: ① collaborative enterprises, complex industrial links; ② large-scale production, covering a wide area. 5, the development of a low degree of industrial regions, such as the food industry, etc. (flour mills, pastry factories, confectionery factories) and so on, their characteristics include: ① the use of local natural resources and agricultural products, the development of primary processing industries. Natural resources and agricultural products, the development of primary processing industry; ② fewer factories, industrial linkage is simple; ③ smaller scale of production, covers a small area. 6, the requirements of decentralized layout of the industry, mainly based on transportation and communication as the basis for linkage, more common in developed countries, easy to form multinational corporations. The more common decentralized industries are mainly products "thin, light, short and expensive" high-tech industries (such as the electronics industry), complex structure and a large number of parts and components of complex products (such as the automotive industry). §3 Traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones 1, Germany's Ruhr Industrial Zone, Britain's Central Industrial Zone, the U.S. Northeast Industrial Zone (Great Lakes Industrial Zone), China's Liao-Zhong-South Industrial Zone and so on belong to the traditional industrial zones, and their main characteristics: (1) established in the rich coal, iron ore, and other raw materials and fuels near the base; (2) to coal, iron and steel, machinery, chemical industry, textiles and other traditional industries; (3) to large-scale enterprises as the core. 2, the traditional industrial zone is the core of the traditional industrial zones. The current development of traditional industrial zones: (1) high consumption of raw materials and energy, heavy transportation, and serious pollution; (2) decline since the 1970s, in urgent need of transformation.3. Ruhr industrial zone in Germany: (1) the main location conditions: (1) rich coal resources (less iron ore, which need to be imported from France and Sweden); (2) abundant water; (3) convenient transportation; (4) a wide range of market. (2) reasons for decline: ① production structure is too single; ② decline in the status of coal; ③ worldwide surplus of iron and steel; ④ the impact of the new technological revolution. (3) Remedial measures: ①adjustment of industrial structure; ②development of tertiary industry; ③adjustment of industrial layout; ④improvement of transportation network; ⑤elimination of pollution and beautification of the environment. 4, the basic characteristics of the new industrial zones: (1) time new: appeared after the Second World War; (2) region new: formed in rural areas without a traditional industrial base; (3) form new: mainly small and medium-sized enterprises; (4) new sectors: mainly export-oriented light industry or high-tech electronics industry. high-tech electronic industry. New industrial zones mainly include two types: (1) industrial zones dominated by new industries, i.e., high-tech industries, such as Silicon Valley in the United States, Munich in Germany, Kyushu Island in Japan, Scotland region in the United Kingdom, and Novosibirsk in Russia. (2) export-oriented light industry-oriented export-oriented industrial zones, such as Italy, Sassuolo, Prato. 5, Italy's industrial district model: a business activity as the center, there is a relatively solid collaborative relationships and production, supply and marketing system. Basic features: ① small and medium-sized enterprises; ② light industry; ③ concentrated in a large number of similar or related enterprises; ④ highly specialized production; ⑤ enterprises are distributed in small cities and even rural areas, the implementation of family labor and other forms of decentralization of the production process. 6, the United States of America, Silicon Valley Electronics Industrial Zone: (1) the dominant location: science and technology, the environment, transportation. (2) The main advantages: ① superior geographical location, beautiful environment; ② pleasant climate; ③ concentration of institutions of higher learning, developed science and technology, talent concentration; ④ convenient transportation; ⑤ stable market (the U.S. Department of Defense's military order); ⑥ innovative environment and innovative culture. (3) Main features: ① Employees with a high level of knowledge and skills; ② faster growth than traditional industries, short product replacement cycle; ③ high proportion of research and development costs in sales; ④ products for the world market. Chapter V Transportation Layout and Its Impact §1 Mode and Layout of Transportation 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Major Modes of Transportation: ① Railway: the most important mode, large capacity, suitable for long-distance transportation; ② Road: the most widely used, the most mobile and flexible, adaptable to the natural conditions, suitable for short-distance transportation; ③ Waterway: large capacity, low cost, slow; ④ Aviation: fast speed, small capacity, high freight costs; ⑤ Pipeline: Transportation tools and lines into one, large capacity, continuity. 2, modern transportation development trend: high-speed, large-scale, specialization. 3, the main point transportation facilities: ports, stations, airports; the main line transportation facilities: railroads, highways, airways routes. 4, factors affecting the layout of the traffic and transportation network: ① natural conditions: location, topography, climate, rivers, etc.; ② socio-economic conditions: the level of economic, Technical conditions, social factors. §2 the impact of changes in the layout of transportation 1, the spatial form of settlements tend to expand along the traffic arteries, so that the traffic arteries become the main axis of development of settlements, for example: Zhuzhou, Tsukuba; the rise and fall of the traffic lines (changes in the mode of transportation, highway rerouting, the extension of the river waterway and change) will cause changes in the spatial form of the settlements, for example: Jiaxing. 2, mountainous areas with great topographic relief, the transportation lines are sparse and a single, commercial outlets Density is small; plains terrain undulation is small, dense and diverse traffic routes, commercial outlets density. 3, the layout of urban commercial centers, commercial districts are mainly two cases: ① traffic as the optimal principle, close to the traffic line (urban arterial roads and road intersections, the edge of the urban ring road, along the highway, etc.); ② market as the optimal principle, close to the city's geometric centers, residential areas. Chapter VI Coordinated development of mankind and the geographic environment § 1 the evolution of the idea of human-earth relations 1, the evolution of human-earth relations: worship of nature (the primitive period) → transformation of nature (the agricultural period) → conquest of nature (the industrial period) → harmony between man and the earth (i.e., population, resources, the environment and the development of the harmonization of the (now) 2, human beings continue to obtain material and energy from the environment through production activities; human beings continue to metabolism and consumption activities to the environment, emissions of waste and consumption activities to the environment. Activities to the environment through the discharge of waste and energy; human attitudes and behaviors towards the environment, will get the environment a different response (environmental feedback). 3, human beings to the environment to ask for resources faster than the regeneration of resources themselves and their substitutes, will cause resource shortages and ecological damage and other problems; human beings to the environment to discharge the amount of waste more than the environment's self-purification capacity, will cause environmental pollution and other problems. 4, environmental problems are mainly divided into environmental pollution and ecological damage. From the point of view of its distribution, ① city to environmental pollution, the countryside to ecological damage; ② developed countries to environmental pollution, developing countries, due to the double pressure of population and development, and the developed countries will be many polluting industries transferred to developing countries, its environmental pollution and ecological damage are more serious. 5, the root cause of environmental problems is the one-sided pursuit of economic benefits, ignoring the ecological and social benefits, that is, the essence of environmental problems is development problems.6. The connotation of sustainable development: ecological sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability, of which ecological sustainability is the foundation, economic sustainability is the condition, and social sustainability is the purpose.7. The principles of sustainable development: the principle of fairness, the principle of continuity, the principle of ****similarity. §2 China's practice of sustainable development.1 The main reasons for China to take the road of sustainable development are: ① large population base, large annual net increase in population, and relatively low quality of the population; ② low efficiency in the use of resources, serious waste and destruction, and a relative shortage of resources; ③ various environmental problems continue to aggravate.2 The most important way to implement sustainable development is the development of a circular economy, and the basic principles of which are: reduction of resource inputs, resource reuse, waste recycling, and resource recovery, The most important way to implement sustainable development is to develop a circular economy, the basic principles of which are: reduction of resource inputs, reuse of resources, and recycling and resourcing of wastes. 3.