What are the types of traditional operas in China and how should they be classified?

There are many kinds of plays in China. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of operas in minority areas of China. The five major operas in China are generally expressed in the following order: Peking Opera (known as "national opera"), Yue Opera (known as "the second largest opera in China" and "the second national opera"), Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera and Henan Opera. There are dozens of books and publications that use this expression, involving education, tourism, opera, movies, internet, folk customs, culture, television, Chinese studies, art, comics and other fields.

1. Peking Opera

Peking Opera is the quintessence of China, with a history of more than 200 years. The name of Peking Opera first appeared in Shenbao in the second year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1876). Historically, it has been called Pihuang, Huang Er, Huang Qiang, Peking Opera, Pingju, National Opera and so on. In the fifty-fifth year of Qing Qianlong (1790), four Anhui Huizhou classes entered Beijing, where they became attached to Kunqu opera, Han opera and Yiyang. Its rich repertoire, the number of performing artists, the number of troupes, the number of audiences and the profound influence are the highest in the country. Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art, that is to say, singing (singing), reciting (reciting), doing (acting), fighting (martial arts) and dancing (dancing) are integrated, and stories are told, characters are portrayed and thoughts and feelings of "happiness, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and sadness" are expressed through programmed performance means. Roles can be divided into four categories: raw (male), Dan (female), pure (mighty male, nicknamed "big face") and ugly (both men and women, nicknamed "little face"). Characters are divided into loyalty, ugliness, good and evil. Every image is vivid. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Peking Opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing, as the national political and cultural center, had a very active opera stage. Kunqu Opera and other local operas win glory in the same city. At the end of Qianlong, Anhui Hui Opera Troupe went to Beijing to perform, which was all the rage. During the Daoguang period, Hubei Han opera artists went to Beijing to participate in the performance of Huizhou class, forming a situation of "the confluence of Huizhou and Han". Through the performance practice of artists returning to Han Dynasty, Hui Opera and Han Opera merged with each other, accepted the singing, repertoire and performance methods of other folk tunes, and formed a new kind of opera, which was later Beijing Opera. During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu, Peking Opera matured and famous artists such as Cheng Changgeng and Tan Xinpei emerged. Peking Opera has spread to all parts of Beijing and become a popular drama in China. Since the Republic of China, it has gradually gone to the world and has been appreciated by people all over the world.

2. Yue Opera

Yue Opera is a traditional opera form in China. Mainly popular in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Shaanxi, Hubei and other places, including many areas in Northeast China. Yue Opera is good at lyricism, focusing on singing, with clear and beautiful voice and beautiful performance. It is really moving and has a strong local color in the south of the Yangtze River. Shaoxing opera actors were first performed by male classes, and later changed to mixed classes or all-female classes. The late Qing Dynasty originated in Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province, and was named after the location of the ancient Yue State. Developed from local folk songs, they are mainly popular in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and parts of the north, and have high popularity and broad mass base overseas. The predecessor of Yue Opera is the popular rap form of "singing the earth script" in Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province (mainly in Matang Village, which can be said to be the origin of Yue Opera, and the origin of Yue Opera should be in Matang, so Yue Opera should have a history of nearly 150 years). In the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1906), it began to evolve into a form of traditional Chinese opera that was performed in a rural grass platform, and was once called a small song class. The artist's initial basic knowledge

3. Huangmei Opera

Huangmei Opera, formerly known as Huangmeidiao or tea-picking opera, is one of the five major dramas in China. Huangmei Opera is the main local opera in Anhui Province. Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Taiwan Province and Hongkong all have professional or amateur Huangmei Opera performance groups, which are widely welcomed. Huangmei Opera, formerly known as "Huangmei Tune", is a folk opera formed in Huangmei in the neighboring areas of Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in the late18th century. One of them gradually moved eastward to Anqing, Anhui Province, and combined with local folk art, sang and spoke in the local language, forming its own characteristics, known as "Huaiqiang" or "Huangmei Tune". This is the predecessor of Huangmei Opera today. The name "Huangmei Opera" was officially put forward for the first time in Susong County Annals (192 1) published in 0/0.

Step 4 get together by chance

Pingju is a local opera in northern China, which is very popular in North China, Northeast China and other areas. Pingju is a kind of China opera, commonly known as Bouncing Opera and Luozi Opera, also known as Pingqiang Bangzi. Today it was renamed as 1935. 19 10 was formed in Tangshan. Pingju is developed on the basis of folk songs and dances, and its original form is monotonous. After the reform of adult artists, the third person was changed to the first person, and the actors played the characters in the play. On the basis of jumping music, absorbing the material of Jidong folk music, creating a travel aria; With a full set of Hebei Bangzi musical instruments, it was named Pingqiang Bangzi Opera. Pingju is one of the most influential local operas in China. As early as the end of the last century, poor farmers in Tangshan, Hebei Province made a living by singing lotus in their spare time, and professional lotus artists gradually appeared around 1890. Lotus Flower Fall, also known as "Lotus Flower Fall", is a kind of rap art popular among the people for a long time, and Pingju is developed on the basis of Lotus Flower Fall. Later, the northeast folk song and dance "Bouncing" was introduced into the pass, and the Lotus Flower Fall artists in Hebei quickly absorbed this art and began to sing such plays as Wang Erxiao Catching Feet, Wang Erjie's Private Service, Yang Er Sheyuan, Wang Auntie Seeing the vat, Lilac Cutting Meat and Safe Rice Delivery, which were deeply loved by local farmers. These artists then entered the industrial city of Tangshan from the countryside: Tangshan workers, especially coal miners and steel workers, became enthusiastic audiences and active supporters in the early stage of the play. However, it formed a relatively complete opera art around the Revolution of 1911.

5. Henan Opera

Henan Opera, also known as Henan Bangzi and Henan Gaoqiang. Because early actors sang with their own voices, they turned up the ending tape with falsetto when they started and closed the cavity, which is also called "Henan Fu". Most of the performances in the mountainous areas of western Henan province are based on mountainous areas and Heping, which is called "Shout at the Back of the Mountain" locally. Because Henan Province is called "Yu" for short, it was named Yu Opera after liberation, which is one of the main operas in Henan Province. Henan Opera came into being in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. At first, it was mainly oratorio, which was deeply loved by the people, so it developed very rapidly. The origin of Henan opera has always been difficult to verify, and there are different opinions. On the one hand, after Shaanxi Opera and Zhou Pu Bangzi were introduced into Henan in the late Ming Dynasty, they were combined with local folk songs and minor tunes. On the other hand, they are directly developed from the chords of Beiqu; On the other hand, it developed from the folk singing art in Henan, especially on the basis of the fashionable tunes prevailing in the Central Plains in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and absorbed artistic achievements such as "chord tune".

Others describe it as "Peking Opera, Pingju Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera and Huangmei Opera", and there are several books and publications that use this expression.