What are the ancient books?

1, "Poetry Classic"

"Poetry Classic", is the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry, the earliest of a general collection of poetry, collected the early Western Zhou to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (the first 11th century to the first 6 centuries) of poetry, *** 311, of which six for the pith poem,

that is, only the title, not the contents of the pith poem, known as pith poem six (the "South New", "Baihua", "Huaibi", Geng", "Chongqiu", and "Yuyi"), reflecting the social landscape from the early Zhou to the late Zhou period of about five hundred years.

The authorship of the Shijing is anonymous, and the vast majority of it is no longer verifiable; it is rumored to have been collected by Yin Jifu and compiled by Confucius. In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Poetry was known as the "Poems" or, to round it up, the "Three Hundred Poems".

When it was honored as a Confucian classic in the Western Han Dynasty, it became known as the Classic of Poetry, and is still in use today. The Poetry Scriptures are divided into three parts: the Winds, the Elegance, and the Ode. The "Winds" are the songs of the Zhou Dynasty; the "Elegance" is the proper sound and elegant music of the Zhou people, which is divided into the "Minor Elegance" and the "Great Elegance"; and the "Ode" is the music and song for the rituals of the Zhou king's court and the temples of the aristocrats, which is divided into the "Ode of the Zhou", the "Ode of the Lu", and the "Ode of the Shang".

2. Shangshu

Shangshu, the earliest book titled "The Book", was written around the fifth century before, and the traditional Shangshu (also known as the "Shangshu of the Present") was passed down by Fusheng. Legend has it that it is a leftover work from the ancient culture of the Three Graves and Five Classics.

The twenty-eight Shangshu dictated by Fu Sheng, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, is the present-day Shangshu, and another Shangshu, the ancient Shangshu, was discovered by King Gong of Lu when he demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence. Western Jin Dynasty Yongjia years of war, the present and the ancient text of the "Shangshu" are all scattered. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Mei Ze, the inner historian of Yuzhang, presented a copy of the Shangshu to the court, including 33 pieces of the Shangshu in the modern language and 25 pieces of the pseudo Shangshu in the ancient language.

"Shangshu" is one of the important core Confucian classics, "Shang" means "on", and "Shangshu" is the book of the ancient times, which is a compilation of historical documents and some writings tracing the ancient deeds in China, and it is the earliest compilation of historical documents in China. It is the earliest compilation of historical documents in China.

3, "Zhouli"

"Zhouli" is a Confucian classic, one of the thirteen classics. It is rumored to have been written by Zhou Gongdan, but it was actually written between the two Han dynasties. The Zhou Li, the Yi Li, and the Li Ji are collectively known as the "Three Rites", which are the theoretical form of the ritual culture of the Chinese nation in ancient times, and which provide the most authoritative records and explanations of the ritual laws and meanings, and have the most far-reaching influence on the ritual system of successive generations.

The master of scripture Zheng Xuan made an excellent note for the Zhou Rites, and due to Zheng Xuan's high academic reputation, the Zhou Rites jumped to the top of the Three Rites and became one of the brilliant Confucian canons.

The Rites of the Zhou was initially known as the Zhou Guan during the Han Dynasty, and was first published in the Shiji - Book of the Feudal Chancellors. The Zhou Rites recorded in the pre-Qin period of social politics, economy, culture, customs, rituals and laws, many historical data can be collected, the content of the extremely rich, all-encompassing, can be regarded as a treasure trove of China's cultural history.

4, "Rites of Passage"

"Rites of Passage" is one of the thirteen Confucian scriptures, is the compilation of Chinese rites of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods. ***It is a compendium of Chinese rituals from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. The content of the Zhou Dynasty, such as crown, marriage, funeral, sacrifice, township, shooting, court, hire and other rituals, to record the etiquette of the scholar. Before the Qin Dynasty, the title is unknown, and in the early Han Dynasty, Gao Tang Sheng passed down the rituals.

There are 56 other ancient rituals, which are now lost.

5. The Records of Rites

The Records of Rites, also known as the Records of the Rites of Xiaodai and the Records of Xiaodai, was written in the Han Dynasty and was compiled by Dai Sheng, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty. The Book of Rites is an important anthology of ancient China's canonical systems,*** twenty volumes and forty-nine articles, the contents of the book are mainly written about the pre-Qin ritual system, reflecting the philosophical ideas of pre-Qin Confucianism (such as the concept of the Way of Heaven, the concept of the Universe, the concept of life),

educational ideas (such as personal cultivation, the education system, teaching methods and school management), political ideas (such as the teaching of politics, the commonwealth, the system of rites and criminal law), Aesthetic thought (e.g., the theory of object-movement and heart-feeling, the theory of rites and music neutrality and harmony), is an important source for the study of pre-Qin society, and is a compilation of information on Confucian thought.

6. The I Ching

The I Ching is an ancient classic expounding on the changes in the world of heaven and earth, and it is a philosophical book of profound dialectics. It consists of three books: Lianshan, Guizang, and Zhouyi, of which Lianshan and Guizang have been lost,

and only Zhouyi is extant in the world. The I Ching is known as the source of the Great Dao, the first of all the sutras, and is the general program of traditional Chinese culture. It contains simple and profound laws of nature and harmonious and discriminative thoughts, and is the crystallization of the wisdom of the Chinese nation for 5,000 years.

7, "Zuo Zhuan"

"Zuo Zhuan" was originally named "Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals", and was renamed "Spring and Autumn Annals Zuo's Biography", or "Zuo Zhuan" for short, which is an ancient Chinese historical work in the form of a chronicle. It was also known as Spring and Autumn Zuo's and Zuo's during the Han Dynasty. Only after the Han Dynasty was it more commonly known as Zuo Zhuan (左传). It is also known as "The Three Spring and Autumn Biographies", together with "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan". It is said to have been written by Zuo Qiu Ming at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in order to explain the Spring and Autumn Annals of Confucius.

Zuo Zhuan is essentially an independently written history book. It began in the year of the Duke of Yin of Lu (722 BC) and ended in the fourteenth year of the Duke of Mourning of Lu (453 BC), and is one of the important classics of Confucianism, as it is based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, and illustrates the outlines of the Spring and Autumn Annals by recounting the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn period.

8, "Gongyang Chuan"

"Gongyang Chuan", also known as "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Chuan", one of the Confucian classics. It was written in the year of the Duke Yin of Lu, and ended in the fourteenth year of the Duke Ai of Lu, which is the same time as the beginning and end of the Spring and Autumn Annals. It is said that its author was Gongyang Gao, a disciple of Zixia, a Qi man during the Warring States period. At first, it was just an oral tradition, but when Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, it was passed on to his grandson, Gongyang Shou, who, together with Hu Misheng (Zidu), wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals on bamboo and silk.

The "Biography of Gongyang" has been written by He Xiu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who compiled the "Explanation and Exegesis of the Spring and Autumn Annals of Gongyang"; Xu Yan of the Tang Dynasty, who made the "Sparse Biography of Gongyang"; and Chen Li of the Qing Dynasty, who compiled the "Sparse Biography of Gongyang".

9, "Ceres Liang Biography"

The "Ceres Liang Biography" (pinyin: gǔliángzhuàn) is also known as the "Ceres Liang Spring and Autumn Annals" and "Spring and Autumn Ceres Liang Biography". The Spring and Autumn Period (春秋穀梁传) is one of the Confucian classics. Along with Zuo Zhuan and Gongyang Zhuan, it is one of the three biographies interpreting the Spring and Autumn Annals. It began in the first year of the reign of Duke Yin of Lu (722 BC) and ended in the fourteenth year of the reign of Duke Ai of Lu (481 BC).

The Cerulean Chronicle emphasizes the need to respect the authority of the king, but not to restrict it; that the king and his ministers each have their own duties and their own code of conduct; and that the distinction between the nobility and the inferiority and the superiority of the nobility must be treated with strictness, while at the same time it hopes that the king will be mindful of his own behavior. However, it rejected political and social changes.

10, "Analects"

"Analects" is a collection of quotations by Confucius and his disciples, written by Confucius' disciples and re-transmitted disciples, to the early Warring States period. The book ****20 articles and 492 chapters, mainly in the form of quotations, supplemented by narrative, mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and reflects the political ideas, ethical thinking, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius in a more concentrated manner.

This book is one of the classic works of Confucianism, together with the University, the Meanwhile, and Mencius, it is known as the Four Books, and together with the Book of Songs, the Book of Songs, the Book of Songs, the Book of Rites, the Book of Changes, the Zhouyi, and the Spring and Autumn Period, it is known as the Four Books and Five Classics.

11, "Er Ya"

"Er Ya" is the ancestor of the dictionary. Er Ya" was first recorded in "Han Shu - Arts and Letters", but did not contain the name of the author. The book has a relatively rich collection of ancient Chinese vocabulary. It is not only the ancestor of dictionaries, but also a canonical book, the Jing, one of the Thirteen Classics, which is a core component of traditional Han culture.

12, The Book of Filial Piety

The Book of Filial Piety is an ethical work of Confucianism in ancient China. One of the thirteen Confucian scriptures. Legend has it that it was written by Confucius, but it was already suspected in the Southern Song Dynasty that it was written out of a later attachment.

Ji Yun in the Qing Dynasty pointed out in the "Siku Quanshu General Catalog" that the book is Confucius "seventy sons of the last words", written in the Qin and Han Dynasties. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties, there were hundreds of commentators and interpreters. The current popular version is written by Li Longji of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, with a commentary by Xing Bing of the Song Dynasty. The book is divided into 18 chapters.

13, "Mengzi"

"Mengzi", by the Southern Song Dynasty Zhu Xi listed as "four books" (the other three for the "University", "Medievalism", "Analects"). It was written by Mencius and his disciples Wan Zhang and Gong Sun Chou in the middle of the Warring States period. The earliest is found in Zhaoqi's "The Inscription of Mencius": "This book, which was also made by Mencius, is therefore always called "Mencius"".

The Book of Han - Art and Literature records eleven articles of Mencius, and there are seven articles and fourteen volumes in existence. The total word count is more than 35,000 words and 286 chapters. It is rumored that there are four other books of Mencius, which have been anonymous (the present book of Mencius is a forgery of Yao Shijian of Ming Dynasty). The book contains the political, educational, philosophical, ethical and other ideological views and political activities of Mencius and his disciples. In ancient times, the examination mainly examined the Four Books and the Five Classics.