High school geography compulsory 2 chapter 3 chapter 4 summary of knowledge points

Production activities and regional relations

First, the main knowledge points

1, the main factors of agricultural location selection

Influence of agricultural location factors on agricultural production and agricultural location selection

Natural conditions, climate, light and heat conditions are most closely related to crop species distribution, multiple cropping system and yield; Different organisms need different water conditions for their growth and development. According to the local climatic conditions, select the appropriate crop varieties and farming systems.

Topographic plain area is flat and has deep soil layer, which is suitable for developing planting industry. Mountainous areas are suitable for developing forestry and animal husbandry, and the vertical differentiation of natural conditions in mountainous areas makes the distribution of crops vary with altitude. Mountainous areas with a slope greater than 25 degrees should not develop farming, but should develop animal husbandry or forestry. This plain is suitable for planting.

Soil is the material basis of crop growth. Different soils are suitable for growing crops. According to different soil types, develop crops suitable for growth.

Socio-economic conditions and market demand ultimately determine the type and scale of agricultural production. Pay attention to market trends and develop crop varieties with great market demand.

Transportation To develop commodity agriculture, there must be fast and convenient transportation, gardening, dairy industry and animal husbandry. Should be arranged in areas with convenient transportation.

Government Policy The government formulates corresponding policies, directly intervenes in agricultural production, responds to government decisions, and develops agricultural production within the scope stipulated by the policies.

Mechanized agriculture can liberate the labor force and improve labor productivity. The development of commodity agriculture in sparsely populated areas should be based on mechanization.

The quantity and quality of labor force affect the type and management mode of agricultural production. Labor-rich areas can be intensively cultivated and intensively managed.

(Note: Characteristics of agricultural production: ① regionality (according to local conditions); (2), seasonal and periodic (timely); Textbook P44 Case 1 Agricultural Changes around the Mediterranean)

2. Agricultural development and change: ① People have expanded the location range of a certain crop through technological reforms such as cultivating improved varieties and improving farming systems; (2) According to the economic and technical conditions, people transform natural factors that are not suitable for agricultural production to make them suitable for agricultural development (emphasizing the improvement of temperature factors of crop growth according to the principle of greenhouse effect and artificially adjusting factors such as light, ventilation and humidity); ③ The change of market location and demand has the most prominent influence on agricultural location; (4) The improvement of traffic conditions and the development of technologies such as preservation and refrigeration of agricultural products have greatly expanded the influence of the market on agricultural location (natural factors are relatively stable, while socio-economic factors are developing rapidly).

3. Main types of agricultural areas

Geographical type: the classification characteristics of representative areas and main distribution areas.

Mixed agriculture Murray-Darling basin (leeward slope; Irrigation has become a restrictive condition for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry; Commodity agriculture in Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand

Intensive agriculture. Benign agricultural ecosystem; ② Effective use of time to arrange farming activities; ③ Agricultural production has greater flexibility and adaptability to the market; ④ Large mechanized family farm ⑤. Broad market; ⑥ Convenient transportation

Seasonal geomantic omen

Agriculture in East Asian subtropical monsoon region south of Qinhuai, China; South subtropical monsoon region; Rainforest areas in Southeast Asia are labor-intensive.

Self-sufficient agriculture (1), with a large population and little land, operated by small farmers; ② High yield per unit area and low commodity rate; ③ Low level of mechanization and technology; (4) The site is small and the amount of water conservancy projects is large.

Geographical type: the classification characteristics of representative areas and main distribution areas.

Commodity valley

Commodity agriculture in the northeastern and northwestern United States, Canadian, Argentine, Australian, Russian, Ukrainian and China.

Crop planting

Intensive agricultural production has large scale, high commodity rate, high degree of mechanization and high level of science and technology. Highly specialized production

ranch

Animal Husbandry in pampas Grassland of Argentina Intensive Agriculture in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina and South Africa

Commercial agriculture has a large scale of production, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization.

Dairy-intensive agriculture in the suburbs of the Great Lakes region of Western Europe, North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and China.

Commodity agriculture ①. High commodity rate; ② High degree of mechanization; ③ High degree of intensification; ④ Most of them are distributed around big cities.

4. The location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia: ① mild climate, moderate precipitation, fertile soil, flat terrain and abundant water resources; (2) The market is vast (the main producing areas of wheat and livestock products in the world), the labor force is abundant, and the production methods and technologies are advanced.

5. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture: ① The climate is dominated by monsoon (rain and heat are in the same period, and the water and heat conditions are good), and high temperature and rain are suitable for rice growth (rice habit: temperature and humidity); (2) The plain and estuary delta in the middle and lower reaches of the river are flat and suitable for paddy field management; (3) dense population and sufficient labor force are conducive to intensive cultivation; (4) The population is large and the living habits lead to a large demand for food (rice is the most important food crop for local residents); ⑤ Rice production has a long history (7000 years).

6. Location conditions of commodity grain agriculture: ① superior natural conditions (flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant water resources and mild climate); (2) Convenient transportation (the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes are connected with the national railway and highway network); 3. The land is vast and sparsely populated; ④ Highly developed industries provide modern agricultural machinery, electricity, fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural production; ⑤ Advanced agricultural science and technology

7. The location conditions of ranch animal husbandry: ① vast land with few people, low land rent and large-scale mechanized operation; ② The climate (temperate continental climate) is mild, with lush grass and excellent natural pasture; (3) Close to the seaport, convenient transportation, promoting commercial operation and broad market demand (note: the reason why beef is exported to Western Europe; The development measures of pasture grazing in Argentina are as follows: ①. Fence grazing; (2) rotational grazing; (3) planting feed; (4) opening up water sources; ⑤. Cultivate thoroughbred cattle and strengthen the study of cattle diseases)

8. Location conditions of dairy industry: ① The climate is cool and humid, which is suitable for the growth of succulent pasture; ② The high level of urbanization and the influence of living habits have a great demand for dairy products.

9, the main factors of industrial location

Reasons for location selection of general industrial sectors.

Raw material-oriented industries, such as sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, canned fruit processing industry and other industries that are inconvenient for long-distance transportation of raw materials or have high transportation costs, should be close to the origin of raw materials.

Market-oriented industrial beer, furniture manufacturing and other products are not convenient for long-distance transportation or industries with high product costs should be close to the market.

Power-oriented industries, such as electrolytic aluminum industry, need a lot of energy and should be close to thermal power plants or hydropower stations.

Labor-intensive industries such as clothing industry and electronic assembly industry, which need to invest a lot of labor, should be close to places with a lot of cheap labor.

Industries with high technical requirements, such as technical industrial aircraft, integrated circuits and precision instruments, should be close to areas with advanced education and technology.

(Note: the range of raw materials (industrial raw materials are more and more extensive, and there are more and more substitute raw materials; The improvement of transportation makes the transportation cost lower and lower), transportation (the transportation network in developed countries is very perfect, and the transportation in all parts is very convenient, so it is not necessary to consider the traffic situation when choosing the industrial site), ordinary labor (the progress of industry makes the technical requirements of industrial production higher and higher; The influence of labor-intensive industries on industrial location is weakening; Market (can quickly respond to market changes, which is conducive to the survival of enterprises; A large number of material-oriented industries have been transformed into market-oriented industries), transportation (ports, railway hubs and highways with convenient transportation have narrowed the distance from raw materials and markets), information (information is increasingly becoming the key to the survival of enterprises, cities with the largest information exchange are attracting industries more and more, and industries in information-blocked areas will be difficult to develop), and high-quality labor (the technical content in industrial production is getting higher and higher; The proportion of technology-intensive industries in industry is increasing) and the influence on industrial location is increasing)

10, site selection of heavily polluting industries

Location selection of pollution types in industrial sectors

The air pollution of cement plants and breweries makes the plants in the upwind area with the minimum wind frequency in residential areas or the downwind area with the prevailing wind direction all the year round.

The water pollution in sewage outfalls, a printing and dyeing factory, a paper mill, an electroplating factory and a leather factory, is far away from water sources and the upper reaches of rivers.

Chemical plants and oil refineries not only pollute the atmosphere, but also pollute water sources.

Air pollution and solid waste pollution in power plants and steel plants. Located in the upwind area of the minimum wind frequency in residential areas or the downwind area of the perennial prevailing wind direction; ② Stay away from residential areas and farmland.

1 1, industrial connection → industrial agglomeration → industrial region → industrial city (note: industrial agglomeration can strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation among enterprises, reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products, thus reducing production costs, improving production efficiency and profits, realizing economies of scale, and industrial agglomeration can also * * use infrastructure and save investment in production and construction; According to the formation time, industrial zones can be divided into: spontaneous industrial zones (based on industrial links in the production process, aiming at reducing production costs), planned industrial zones (some for the same reason, some plan industrial land, first build infrastructure to attract investors to build factories, and form industrial links between space and information * * *), and according to the degree of development, they can be divided into: highly developed industrial zones (large areas).

12. The traditional industrial zones are mainly distributed in Ruhr, central Britain, industrial zones in the northeastern United States, and industrial zones in central and southern Liaoning, China.

13, the location characteristics of the development of traditional industrial areas (taking Ruhr District as an example) ①, rich coal resources; (2), close to iron ore; (3) abundant water sources; (4) Convenient transportation; ⑤ Broad market (Note: Ruhr has formed an industrial zone with coal industry as the main industry, steel industry as the main industry and a few heavy industries highly concentrated).

14. the main reasons for the decline of traditional industrial areas (taking Ruhr as an example): ① the production structure is single; ② The energy status of coal is declining; (3) global steel surplus; (4) the influence of the new technological revolution; (5) Land shortage and serious environmental pollution (note: the five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr District are coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemical industry).

15. Measures for comprehensive transformation of traditional industrial zones (taking Ruhr District as an example): ① Adjusting industrial structure (reducing the number of iron and steel industries, expanding the production scale of individual factories and mines, building or introducing small and medium-sized enterprises with high technical level in electronics, petrochemical, automobile and machinery departments); (2) adjust the industrial layout (the industrial layout expands to the west and south, and the steel industry shifts to the coast); ③ Developing the tertiary industry (developing science and technology education, industrial tourism and financial services); ④ Optimize the environment (strictly control the discharge of industrial wastewater and waste gas, establish a perfect waste recovery device and pollution treatment system, and plant trees).

16. The main distribution areas of new industrial zones are: northeast and central Italy, Munich in southern Germany, the "Silicon Valley" in the United States and the "Silicon Island" in Japan (Kyushu Island).

17, the conditions for the formation of industrial zones in central and northeastern Italy: ① a large number of cheap labor; (2) In 1970s, the prices of raw materials and energy rose sharply; (3) a developed credit system; ④ Italy's highly open economy; (5) Strong support from the government

18. Characteristics of industrial zones in central and northeastern Italy: ① Small and medium-sized enterprises are the main ones, with employees generally below 250; (2) Light industrial products with low production cost, exquisite technology, excellent texture and novel style; ③ A large number of similar or related enterprises are concentrated; ④ Production is highly specialized, and enterprises only engage in single specialized production; ⑤ Enterprises are located in small towns, even in rural areas, and the production process is decentralized (Note: Italy's new industrial zone is a unique development model, with small and medium-sized enterprises as the main industrial zone; Enterprises cooperate rather than compete)

19, the main characteristics of high-tech industries (compared with traditional industries): ① employees have high-level knowledge and skills, among which scientists and engineers account for a large proportion; (2) the growth rate is much faster than that of traditional industries, and it is constantly changing, and the product upgrading cycle is short; (3) R&D expenses account for a high proportion of sales; ④ The products are oriented to the world market.

20. The reasons for the rise of "Silicon Valley" in the United States are: ① superior location and beautiful environment; The climate is pleasant, belonging to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid; (3), the world talent highland (Stanford University); (4) Convenient transportation, quick access, mainly road and air transportation; (5) Military orders (unique conditions); 6. Innovative environment and culture

2 1. Comparison of technical and economic characteristics of main modes of transportation (from big to small, from fast to slow, from good to bad): ① According to the volume of transportation: sea-railway-river-highway-aviation; ② According to investment: railway-highway-aviation-river transport-sea transport; ③ According to freight price: air-road-railway-river transport-sea transport; ④ According to speed: air-railway-highway-sea-river transport; ⑤ Flexibility: highway-aviation-railway-river transport-sea transport; ⑥ According to production efficiency: sea transportation-river transportation-railway-aviation-highway; ⑦ According to continuity: railway-highway-aviation-sea transportation-river transportation; ⑧ According to stability: railway-highway-air-sea-river transportation (note: the mode of transportation should be selected according to the nature, quantity, distance, price, timeliness and other factors of the goods, and each mode of transportation has its own advantages and disadvantages in technology and economy, and has the most suitable scope of use).

22. The influence of the change of traffic layout on the settlement form: ① The spatial form of the settlement often expands along the traffic trunk lines (railways, highways, rivers, etc.). ), and these traffic trunk lines have also become the main development axis of settlements; (2) Changes in the main traffic routes in a region will cause changes in the spatial form of settlements in this region (note: examples mentioned in textbooks P82~P83; The reasons for the decline of Yangzhou city are as follows: ① the Grand Canal is silted up; (2) the development of shipping; (3) Completion of beijing-shanghai railway

23. Each commercial enterprise is represented by points of different sizes in spatial form. In addition to a certain number of points, various means of transport, lines and warehouses on which a certain number of goods flow in a spatial form, many points and lines are interrelated, and they are interrelated, restricted, staggered and interrelated in the movement cycle of purchase, sale, storage and adjustment, forming commercial outlets.

24. A business center is a city or an area within a city that performs business functions (a broad business center includes a national business center and a local business center; Narrow business center includes commercial street, commercial community and other organizational forms, which is a relatively advanced form of commercial outlets.

25, the impact of traffic on the density of commercial outlets

Reasons for the dense regional commercial outlets

The mountainous area is small, undulating, with few transportation lines and single mode of transportation, and it is difficult to establish and develop commodity circulation and extend commercial networks.

The plain is flat, there are many traffic routes and various ways, and commodity circulation is easy to establish and develop.

26. The influence of traffic on the distribution of commercial outlets.

(Note: the principle of commercial network layout is the best market and the best flow)

Harmonious development of humanities and geographical environment

First, the main knowledge points

1, the evolution of human-land relationship

Looking at the relationship between man and land from the productivity level at that time: the environmental problems of human activities

The era of gathering, fishing and hunting is low and its development is slow. Humans are resigned to their fate, relying on and worshiping nature gathering, fishing and hunting. The ability of human beings to transform the environment is weak, and biological resources are destroyed, resulting in species extinction. But the threat of environmental problems to human beings is not serious.

In the period of agricultural civilization, we can't correctly understand the disharmony between man and land, and the concept of destiny and theism dominate people's thoughts. However, with the germination of science, human beings have developed and utilized resources on a large scale, and their antagonism with the environment has been obviously enhanced, and the environment has been destroyed. For example, large areas of forests and grasslands have been cut down and burned on a large scale; With the expansion of farmland and the decrease of biodiversity, the ecosystem has become more and more simple and fragile.

During the period of industrial civilization, human beings have made great progress, trying to become the masters of nature, and their ability to transform nature has been continuously enhanced. More and more resources and energy are obtained from the environment, and a large amount of waste is discharged into the environment. The relationship between man and land has been completely uncoordinated, and the contradiction between man and land has intensified sharply. Resource shortage and environmental degradation gradually spread from local to global.

2. Manifestations of major environmental problems faced by human beings: ① When human beings ask for resources from the environment.

When the source speed exceeds the reproduction speed of the resource itself and its substitutes, the resource will appear.

Shortage, ecological damage and other issues; (2) Whether the quantity of waste discharged into the environment by human beings exceeds?

Self-purification ability of the environment (products of human metabolism and consumption activities are discharged into the environment,

The ability of the environment to contain and remove human production and domestic excreta will lead to

Environmental quality declines, resulting in environmental pollution (Note: the relationship between human society and the environment: ①,

Follow the laws of nature, make rational use of resources, protect and improve the environment; (2) Unreasonable

Make good use of resources, reduce and worsen environmental quality)

3. The feedback function of environment: When human beings act on the environment, the environment makes them yield.

In turn, the impact on mankind itself.

4. Causes of environmental problems: ① Population pressure; ② Unreasonable utilization of resources; (3) One-sided pursuit of economic growth (Note: The traditional development model only focuses on activities in the economic field, and its goal is the growth of output value and profit, the increase of material wealth, and the economic growth at the expense of the environment, which brings environmental problems. The essence of environmental problems is development)

5. Differences between urban and rural environmental problems.

Causes of regional environmental problems

Cities are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. Due to the excessive concentration of traffic, industrial activities and human settlements, pollutants are concentrated.

The main characteristics of rural areas are ecological destruction, such as soil erosion, desertification, soil salinization, forest reduction, water resources depletion and species reduction. Improper or intensive use of resources.

6. The reasons why the environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed countries are as follows: ① In the primary stage of economic development, the population is growing rapidly, and the environment is under the dual pressure of development and people; (2) Limited by the level of economy and technology, they do not have enough ability to carry out environmental protection, and environmental problems cannot be fully solved in time; (3) The developed countries transfer the heavily polluted industries to the developing countries.

7. Sustainable development is a kind of development that continuously improves people's quality of life and environmental bearing capacity, meets the needs of contemporary people without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs, and meets the needs of one region or country without compromising the ability of people in other regions or countries to meet their needs.

8. Connotation of sustainable development: ecological sustainable development, economic sustainable development and social sustainable development (note: ecological sustainable development is the foundation, economic sustainable development is the condition and social sustainable development is the goal; The sustainable development of ecology, economy and society is interrelated and restricted, and * * * forms a compound system, in which people are the core. Cultivating people's awareness and concept of sustainable development is the core task of realizing sustainable development)

9, the principle of sustainable development: ①, the principle of fairness (development does not endanger the survival of other creatures; The development of resources does not harm other countries, or they enjoy resources and environment); (2) the principle of sustainability (human activities and social development remain within the carrying capacity of resources and environment, and the population size remains moderate); (3) Same-sex principle (solving global problems requires international cooperation and formulating global goals and policies acceptable to all countries)

10, the inevitability of China taking the road of sustainable development: ①, a large developing country; (2) The population pressure is huge (China is facing a huge population base, and is facing the severe challenges of insufficient per capita resources and serious environmental pollution); (3) There is a serious shortage of resources (China is a country with less natural resources per capita, and the level of production technology is still relatively low, which further aggravates the shortage of natural resources); (4) Serious environmental pollution (focusing on air, water, solid waste gas and noise) is still developing and spreading rapidly from cities to rural areas; The scope of ecological damage characterized by soil erosion, desertification, sharp decline of forest and grassland resources and reduction of biodiversity is still expanding and the degree is increasing)

1 1. In order to solve the problems of population, resources and environment in the development of China, we have no choice but to take the road of sustainable development. 1In March, 1994, the State Council issued "China 2 1 Century Agenda-China 2 1 Century White Paper on Population and Environment Development", and put forward the overall strategy, countermeasures and action plan for China to implement sustainable development.

12, circular economy (a new practice mode to promote sustainable development): ①, industrial circular economy-cleaner production (cleaner production is a mode that can rationally utilize natural resources, minimize the harm to human environment, fully meet human needs and maximize social and economic benefits in the process of product production and expected consumption); (2) Agricultural circular economy-ecological agriculture (Note: Circular economy is an economic development model based on the continuous recycling of materials. According to the three principles of resource input reduction, resource reuse and waste recycling, economic activities are organized into a process of repeated circulation of materials;