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Biodiversity refers to a stable ecological complex formed by the regular combination of various organisms (animals, plants and microorganisms) within a certain range.

This diversity includes the species diversity of animals, plants and microorganisms, the genetic and variation diversity of species and the diversity of ecosystems. Among them, species diversity is the key to biodiversity, which not only reflects the complex relationship between biology and environment, but also reflects the richness of biological resources.

At present, we know about 2 million species of organisms, and these various biological species constitute the diversity of biological species.

Biodiversity is the sum total of organisms, their ecological complexes with the environment and various related ecological processes, and it is composed of genetic (gene) diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity refers to the diversity of genetic factors and their combinations that determine traits in organisms. Species diversity is the expression of biodiversity in species, which can be divided into regional species diversity and community species (ecological) diversity. Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of habitats, biological communities and ecological processes in the biosphere. Genetic diversity and species diversity are the basis of biodiversity research, and ecosystem diversity is the focus of biodiversity research.

Someone asked what characteristics can be inferred from the study of nature? It is said that the British scientist J.B.S Haldane replied, "I love beetles too much." Because beetles are the biggest animals on earth. Terry Erwin of the Smithsonian Institution in the United States concluded that most unknown beetle species may exist in the canopy of a tropical forest 30 meters high that we can't get close to.

Biodiversity and health

Biodiversity is also related to our health and the health of this planet. In fact, your health is inseparable from the health of this planet.

When we are sick, we rely on the natural environment to help us recover. For many years, people have been looking for ways to treat injuries from nature. Plants provide effective ingredients for modern medicine, such as ingredients for making aspirin. Homeopathic drugs also use a lot of plant ingredients. From the point of view of money, the value of medicinal plants is immeasurable. The total value of these botanical drugs in the world is about 600 billion.

The economic value of biodiversity is not known to most people, but scientists of pharmaceutical companies are busy looking for specific pharmaceutical ingredients from plants to treat some specific diseases. Not long ago, experts found plant components used to treat cancer in Pacific yew trees and Madagascar Catharanthus roseus. Perhaps, one day, we can find the plant ingredients that kill HIV from a plant.

Doctors in traditional medicine have long relied on plants and herbs to treat diseases. In modern times, people also appreciate the efficacy of traditional medicine. For example, Masai people in East Africa will add some bark when making meat, milk or blood products in the traditional way. Bark can lower cholesterol.

However, the harvest of medicinal plants and animals is not all good. In fact, the demand for these plants and animals makes these species endangered. Traditional medicine used turtles as medicine, which led to the extreme decline of this species.

We searched for medicine from the earth's medicine chest again and again. We need to protect biodiversity, so that medicine cabinets in nature can store the ingredients of existing drugs and the ingredients needed to make new drugs when new diseases need to be resisted in the future.

Biodiversity and the air you breathe

In some cities, especially in summer, it is unhealthy to breathe the outside air. We know that we must reduce automobile exhaust pollution, factory exhaust pollution and power plant air pollution to ensure modern life. Yes, we all know, but do you know what role biodiversity plays in automatically cleaning the environment? Do you know that biodiversity helps to purify the air?

Trees and other green plants inhale carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas mainly produced by automobile exhaust and factory emissions, and then reduce it to natural pure oxygen. Biodiversity is the air purifier of this world.

However, we continue to cut down trees and transport them everywhere. There are 492 species of trees in the world that are endangered. We have cut down about half the trees used to decorate the earth. We cut down but don't repair it, which has hurt the lungs of the earth. Just like an addict who smokes 10 packs of cigarettes a day, he keeps smoking, and his damaged lungs are cut off one by one. How big are our lungs left?

In addition, in many places, we introduce alien invasive species. In the past 200 years, we have transported some tree species from one end of the world to the other. Some of this behavior has developed to the scale of an industry, such as eucalyptus and rattan. There are also some retirees or travelers who bring native plants or trees from their hometown and travel together.

The problem is that these plants are completely adapted to the original growing place, but they are not adapted to the new growing place. They may need more water than local species, or need pesticides to help them not be eaten by local insects.

We must respect the arrangement of nature and cannot force certain characteristics to change. In this way, let nature take its course, and the lungs of the earth can breathe more comfortably.

Biodiversity and the water we drink

All life is inseparable from water, so biodiversity is also related to water resources.

Because we only have limited water-not to say that we can ship from Mars at any time in the future-biodiversity, special different ecosystems purify our water: forests, soil and bacteria, streams and clouds work together-in fact, filtering, so that we can drink water again. Without biodiversity, the world will become barren and toxic-more like Mars-and then we can't regenerate on the earth.

So, the question is, are you ready to move to another planet?

Biodiversity, climate and disasters

Do you know that we have encountered a strange climate recently?

The scientific evidence is irrefutable: the earth's climate is changing. Strange things are happening everywhere on the earth-coral reef deaths, large-scale mudslides, unusual rainstorms and persistent droughts in some areas. Whether due to industrial emissions or natural factors, the world's coping mechanisms for these phenomena are still closely related to each other, from ecosystems to all kinds of life in ecosystems.

For example, in many parts of the earth, people find that when they cut down forests, their villages and towns are prone to floods. When this flood came, it was fiercer and faster than previous floods. Why? It is not the thrust of rockets that makes them run faster, but because trees can keep water and soil with their roots. Roots absorb water in rainy season and release water in summer. This is a natural adjustment method.

Now you have two choices:

1, to help protect biodiversity

2. Do nothing but endure.

We want you to choose the first option. That's what we did!

Similarly, people don't consider biodiversity at all, and even rarely consider the danger that storms may bring when they clear all coral mangroves. Mangrove is a good buffer zone for natural rainstorm and an ecosystem with rich biodiversity. When they are cut down, this buffer zone no longer exists, whether for humans or other species.

When we ignore the lessons we should learn, the practices of people in this world lead to such a result: the hillside collapses and the whole community is washed away, leading to the loss of life. The loss of biodiversity is also hurting us in an extremely sad way. Maybe it's time for us to learn the lesson we should have learned a long time ago.

What is biodiversity?

The word "biodiversity" appeared in nature conservation publications in the early 1980s. Article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity defines "biodiversity" as follows: "Biodiversity refers to the variability of living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and their ecological complexes, including the diversity within species, between species and between ecosystems.

From 65438 to 0995, Global Biodiversity Assessment (GBA) published by the United Nations Environment Programme (NNEP) gave a simple definition: "Biodiversity is the overall diversity and variability of organisms and their systems". Generally speaking, biodiversity is composed of all plants, animals and microorganisms on the earth, as well as all their genes and various ecosystems.

The value and significance of biodiversity

The significance of biodiversity is mainly reflected in the value of biodiversity. For human beings, biodiversity has direct use value, indirect use value and potential use value.

Direct value organisms provide human beings with food, fiber, building and furniture materials, medicines and other industrial raw materials. As far as medicines are concerned, 80% of the population in developing countries rely on traditional medicines provided by plants or animals to ensure basic health. 40% of the drugs used by western medicine contain substances originally found in wild plants. For example, according to a recent survey, more than 1 10,000 kinds of plant medicinal materials are used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Biodiversity also has aesthetic value, which can cultivate people's sentiments and beautify people's lives. If there are no colorful animals and plants with different expressions in the world, people's travel and rest will be boring. The combination of majestic and beautiful famous mountains and rivers with colorful flowers, birds, fish and insects constitutes a pleasing and lingering beauty. In addition, biodiversity can stimulate people's literary and artistic creation.

Indirect use value Indirect use value means that biodiversity has important ecological functions. No matter what kind of ecosystem, wild animals are an indispensable part. In the ecosystem, wild creatures depend on each other and restrict each other, and they maintain the structure and function of the ecosystem. Once the wildlife is reduced, the stability of the ecosystem will be destroyed and the living environment of human beings will be affected.

There are many kinds of wild animals with potential utilization value, but only a few of them have been fully studied by human beings, and the utilization value of a large number of wild animals is still unclear. But what is certain is that these wild creatures have great potential utilization value. Once the wildlife disappears from the earth, it can't be regenerated, and its potential use value no longer exists. Therefore, wild animals with unclear potential utilization value at present should also be cherished and protected.

Three levels of biodiversity

At present, it is recognized that the three main levels of biodiversity are species diversity, gene diversity (or genetic diversity) and ecosystem diversity. These are the three basic levels of biodiversity.

Species diversity is usually expressed by species richness. The so-called species richness refers to the total number of species in a certain area. Up to now, there are about 1 .60 billion biological species that have been described and named, but scientists' estimates of the total number of biological species actually existing on the earth vary greatly, ranging from 5 million to1100 million. Among them, insects and microorganisms account for the largest proportion.

Genetic diversity represents the variation of genetic structure within and between biological populations. Each species includes several populations composed of several individuals. Due to mutation, natural selection or other reasons, each population is usually genetically different. Therefore, some populations have gene mutations (alleles) that are not found in other populations, or alleles that are rare in one population may appear in many in another population. These genetic differences enable organisms to reproduce and adapt more successfully under specific conditions in the local environment.

Not only the genetic characteristics of different populations of the same species are different, that is, there is genetic diversity among populations; Genetic diversity also exists in the same population-some individuals in a population often have genetic mutations. Genetic diversity in this population is the substance of evolution. In groups with high genetic diversity, some individuals may tolerate adverse changes in the environment and pass on their genes to future generations.

The accelerated change of environment makes the protection of gene diversity play a very important role in biodiversity protection. Genetic diversity provides breeding materials for cultivated plants and livestock, enabling people to choose individuals and populations with traits that meet people's requirements.

Ecosystem diversity exists not only between ecosystems, but also within an ecosystem. In the former case, different habitats and different ecosystems are formed under different backgrounds in various regions; In the latter case, the community of an ecosystem is composed of different species, and their structural relationships (including vertical and horizontal spatial structures, relationships in nutritional structures, such as predators and captured people, herbivores and plants, parasites and hosts, etc. ) are diverse and perform different functions, so their functions in the ecosystem are different.

In a word, species diversity is the most intuitive embodiment of biodiversity and the center of the concept of biodiversity; Gene diversity is the internal form of biodiversity, and a species is a unique gene pool, so it can be said that each species is the carrier of gene diversity. The diversity of ecosystem is the external form of biodiversity, and the most effective form to protect biodiversity is to protect the diversity of ecosystem.

General characteristics of biodiversity in China

China is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity on earth. It occupies a very unique position in the world. 1990, biodiversity experts ranked China as the eighth richest country in the world 12. Among the countries in the northern hemisphere, China is the country with the richest biodiversity. The characteristics of biodiversity in China are as follows.

1. Highly Rich Species There are more than 30,000 kinds of higher plants in China, second only to Brazil and Colombia, which have the richest higher plants in the world.

2. There are many endemic genera and species. Among higher plants in China, there are the most endemic species, about 17300 species, accounting for more than 57% of higher plants in China. Among 58 1 species of mammals, about 1 10 is endemic, accounting for about 19%. People pay special attention to giant pandas, baiji dolphins, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Ginkgo biloba, Cryptomeria fortunei and Cycas Panzhihua.

The origin of this flora is ancient. Because most areas of China rose to land at the end of Mesozoic and were not affected by continental glaciers during the Quaternary Glacier Period, the ancient remains of Cretaceous and Tertiary were preserved to varying degrees. For example, conifers, among the seven existing families in the world, there are six families in China. Giant pandas, baiji, antelopes, alligators and giant salamanders are all ancient relics.

4. Cultivated plants, domestic animals and their wild relatives are extremely rich in germplasm resources. China has a history of farming for thousands of years, and the rich and colorful genetic resources contained in the natural environment have been developed and cultivated for a long time, so the richness of cultivated plants and livestock in China is unique and unparalleled in the world. For example, there are more than 65,438+0,000 economic trees in China. China is one of the origins of rice, with 50,000 local varieties. It is the hometown of soybean, with 20 thousand local varieties; There are 1 1 000 kinds of medicinal plants and so on.

5. The types of ecosystems are very rich. China has various types of terrestrial ecosystems, including forests, shrubs, grasslands and savannahs, grasslands, deserts and alpine tundra. Due to the different climate and soil conditions, it is further divided into about 600 subtypes. For example, there are coniferous forests, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests and broad-leaved forests in China; Meadows include typical meadows, halophytes, swamp meadows and alpine meadows. In addition, the types of marine and freshwater ecosystems in China are also very complete.

6. The spatial pattern is complex and diverse. China has a vast territory, undulating terrain and complex and changeable climate. From north to south, the climate spans cold temperate zone, temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. Biological communities include cold temperate coniferous forest, temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and tropical monsoon forest. From east to west, with the decrease of precipitation, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests and deciduous broad-leaved forests were replaced by meadow grassland, typical grassland, sandy grassland, grassland desert, typical desert and extremely dry desert in the north. In the south, there are obvious differences in nature between the eastern subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (distributed in the hills of the south of the Yangtze River) and the western subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (distributed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau), and many species of the same species have been replaced.